Epidemiology of paramphistomosis in ruminants of Uttarakhand and comparative efficacy of some ethno-medicinal plants
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Date
2014-01
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
An epidemiological study of paramphistomosis of domestic ruminants (cattle buffalo, sheep and goat) was carried out in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand during 2009-11. A total of 6241 faecal samples were screened with an overall percent prevalence of 10.06 (13.33% cattle, 10.57 % buffalo, 8.40% sheep and 7.68% goats). An overall 1.88 mean eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) (cattle 2.68, buffalo 2.16, sheep 1.34 and goats 1.3) was recorded. Overall monthly highest prevalence of paramphistomosis was observed in July (16.12%) followed by June (15.48%) and August (15.7%) and lowest was recorded in December (4.6%), January (5.82%) and February (7.03%) with highest mean EPG being observed in August (3.65) and July (3.51) and lowest during December (0.7) and November (1.12). In cattle, highest monthly prevalence was found in August (25.33%) and lowest in December (5.3%). In buffaloes, the highest percentage of infection was observed in July (16.0%) and lowest in December (7.07%). In sheep, the highest monthly infection was recorded in July (16.36%) and lowest in November (1.33%). The same in goats were recorded in June (12.67 %) and December (3.33%), respectively. Maximum overall seasonal prevalence was observed in monsoon and post monsoon (12.91%) followed by summer (11.3%) and least in winter (6.06 %). The paramphistome species identified included Paramphistomum cervi, Fischoederius elongatus, Cotylophoron cotylophoroum and Gastrothylax crumeniform from rumen and reticulum and Gigantocotyle explanatum from bile ducts. Overall 18.57% (20.69% buffaloes, 19.68% sheep and 14.74% goat) of slaughtered ruminants were found to be positive for mature paramphistomes. The results of epidemiological study revealed that the domestic ruminants of Tehri - Garhwal region of Uttarakhand suffered from paramphistomosis throughout the year and certainly it cannot be treated as a casual entity. Therefore to control paramphistomosis in this area, it is suggested to treat animals with antitrematodal drug twice in a year- once in the beginning of summer (April/May) and second at the end of monsoon season (July/August/September). Six medicinal plants namely Emblia ribes, Butea frondosa, Andrographis paniculata, Argemone maxicana, Azardichta indica and Prunus persica were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy against P. cervi and analysed for presence of different phytochemical groups and fractionated through HPTLC. The maximum cumulative antitrematodal efficacy (80%) was observed by chloroform extracts of E. ribes and methanol extract of A. maxicana followed by aqueous and methanol extracts of B. frondosa (73.33%) at 2% concentration whereas at 3%, maximum efficacy (83.33%) was observed in aqueous and chloroform extracts of E.ribes followed by B. frondosa (76.67%). Therefore, E.ribes and B .frondosa may be explored their antitrematodal activity. Maximum histopathological changes (vacuole formation and necrosis etc.) in tagument and other internal organs, were also observed in the sections of paramphistome exposed to above mention plants extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed tannins in all extracts except aqueous extract of A. maxicana. Coumarins was present in chloroform and methanol extracts of A. paniculata and E. ribes; chloroform and aqueous extracts of A. mexicana and all extracts of B. frondosa. Triterpenes were found in chloroform and methanol extracts. Sterols were found in only five extracts (aqueous extract of A. paniculata, methanol and aqueous extracts of A. Maxicana and chloroform and methanol extracts of B. frondosa). Glycosides were present in chloroform extract of A. paniculata and E. ribes, methanol extract of A.maxicana and aqueous extract of E. ribes; proteins in aqueous extract of A. paniculata and B. frondosa and methanol extract of B. frondosa and A. paniculata and saponins in aqueous extract of A. paniculata and B. frondosa and chloroform extract of E. ribes and B. frondosa. Reducing sugars were found chloroform extract of A. paniculata and A. maxicana and aqueous extract of E. ribes. Alkaloids were observed in chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of A. maxicana and A. paniculata and only in aqueous extract of E. ribes. Flavonoids were found only in methanol extract of A. maxicana. On densitometric analysis the above mentioned different phytochemicals groups were fractionated by HPTLC. Plants like A. paniculata, B. frondosa, A. maxicana, E. ribes had components like tannins and/or alkaloids which have anthelmintic properties and can be exploited as dewormers or as neutraceuticals.
Description
Thesis-PhD
Keywords
epidemiology, domestic animals, goats, cattle, sheep, buffaloes, medicinal plants, neutraceuticals, paramphistomosis