LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF TRIBAL WOMEN IN HIGH ALTITUDE AND TRIBAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

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Date
2013
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ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Abstract
The present study was conducted with broad objective of studying the Livelihood security of tribal women in High altitude and tribal zone of Andhra Pradesh and to examine the livelihood systems and livelihood security of tribal, factors determining the livelihood systems and relationship between personal characteristics of tribal women with their livelihood security. The problems perceived and their suggestions to develop a strategy for enhancing their livelihood security. Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. The study was conducted in High altitude and tribal zone of Vishakapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The sample of the study comprised a total of 180 tribal women. A comprehensive interview schedule covering all the facets of livelihood security was developed. The collected data was coded, tabulated and analyzed statistically and the results were interpreted accordingly. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to middle aged category followed by young and old age categories. Majority of the tribal women were having medium family size followed by large family size and small family size. It was revealed from the study that majority of the tribal women were illiterates followed by functionally literate and education upto primary school. xiii It was found from the study that majority of the tribal women had medium level of annual income followed with low and high levels of annual income. It was indicated that majority of the tribal women had medium level of information seeking behaviour followed by high level of information seeking behaviour and low level of information seeking behaviour. Majority of the tribal women had medium level of market facilities followed with low and high levels of market facilities. It was identified that majority of the tribal women had medium extension contact followed by low level and high level of extension contact. It was indicated that majority of the tribal women had medium level of achievement motivation followed by low and high level of achievement motivation. It was found that most of the tribal women had low level of mass media exposure followed by medium and high levels of mass media exposure. Majority of tribal women had medium level of credit orientation followed by low and high levels of credit orientation. Majority of the tribal women were involved were involved in Forest based activities + wage earners followed by Agriculture + Forest based activities + wage earners, Agriculture + wage earners + Animal husbandry, Agriculture alone and Agriculture + petty business. Most of the households in the study area had better livelihood security followed by poor livelihood security and rich livelihood security. Age, education, annual income, extension contact and achievement motivation were found to be positively significant. Annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure and credit orientation were found to be the major variables to explain the livelihood security of tribal women. From the study it was revealed that the respondents expressed lack of credit facilities, illiteracy, exploitation of money lenders, poor connectivity, lack of accessibility to nearby markets. On the other hand respondents expressed limited social participation, lack of access and control of productive resources and services and less than 20 per cent of respondents indicated location of isolated villages, limited extension staff, no access to basic amenities. xiv Most of the tribal women suggested creation of transport facilities followed by creation of market facilities, regular visit of extension worker, creating awareness about income generating activities, conducting training programmes, establishment of training centers, providing access to credit and other financial services, access to better health facilities, reducing the dependence on external source of finance and access to appropriate technologies and information.
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Keywords
biological phenomena, markets, credit, marketing, mass media, manpower, economic systems, selection, area, participation
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