Evaluation Of Effects Of Ace Inhibitors In The Control Of Progression Of Chronic Renal Disease In Dogs
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Date
2008
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Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of ACE inhibitors in the
control of progression of chronic renal disease in dogs. Ten apparently
healthy dogs from Tamilnadu Commando School, dog squad were selected
as control animals for comparison of various parameters under study. In the
clinical study dogs with clinical signs suggestive of chronic renal disease were
subjected to detailed physical examination, blood pressure measurement,
hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, nephrosonography, radiography
and electrocardiography. Based on these parameters one hundred and two
dogs were identified as having chronic renal disease and were classified into
4 stages as stage-I, stage-II, stage III and stage IV according to IRIS staging
system for chronic renal diseases. Dogs from stage I to stage III were
randomly subjected to treatment trial with enalapril @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt and
benazepril @ 0.5 mg /kg b.wt p/o separately over a period of 6 months.The parameters studied were history, clinical signs, blood pressure
measurement, urinalysis, haemogram, leukogram, nephrosonography,
radiography, electrocardiography and ophthlamoscopy. In the treatment group
clinical signs, blood pressure, hematobiochemical examination and urinalysis
were studied during the course of treatment (i.e) 1 st month, 3 rd month and 6 th
month of treatment.
The predominant clinical signs observed in stage I and II were polyuria,
polydipsia, and anorexia. In stage III and IV gastrointestinal signs such as
anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomatitis, melena, and other manifestations
such as emaciation, pale mucous membrane and uremic encephalopathic
signs were observed.
Normal arterial blood pressure was recorded from stage I to stage III
degree and systemic hypertension was recorded in stage IV CRD dogs.
Urinalysis revealed isosthenuria and mild to moderate proteinuria in all the
dogs with CRD. Anemia was characteristic in all stages of CRD. Leukocytic
neutrophilia was observed in stage IV CRD dogs. Nephrosonography
revealed hyperechoic cortex, indistinct cortico medullary junction and altered
renal architecture. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed hypertensive retinal
changes such as tortuous vessels, retinal hemorrhage in five dogs with stage
IV CRD. Hyperkalemic changes in electrocardiography was observed in stage
IV dogs. Postmortem examination was performed in dogs that died from stage
IV CRD.
In the treatment trial, improvement in appetite, body weight, coat
condition, general behaviour was observed. No hematobiochemical changes
were observed during course of treatment. Reduction in proteinuria was
observed in both the treatment groups in all the stages. Marginal decrease in
systemic arterial blood pressure, serum creatinine and SUN was observed in
both treatment groups.
The response to treatment based on serum creatinine, SUN, blood
pressure and urinary protein, revealed no progression to severity of disease in
stage- I and II and reduction of serum creatinine (improvement) in stage III
CRD in dogs.