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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON FOLLICULAR OOCYTE RETRIEVAL AND IN VITRO MATURATION IN GOAT
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-02-22) Raashid Lateef Dar; Dr. Sudhir Kumar
    The present study was conducted to know the effect of oocyte harvesting techniques on recovery rate of oocytes along with the effect of follicular size and different additives on in vitro maturation (IVM) of follicular oocytes retrieved from abattoir derived goat ovaries. Ovaries were collected from municipal slaughter house, Jammu in two distinct seasons, viz., winter and summer. The study was done in three phases viz., Phase-I: Study the effect of oocyte collection techniques (aspiration, puncture and slicing) on recovery rate of oocytes, Phase-II: Effect of follicular size on in vitro maturation percentage of oocytes and Phase-III: Effect of Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Cysteamine on rate of in vitro maturation of oocytes. In phase I, the recovery rate of good, fair, and total oocytes by slicing (2.94 ± 0.06, 2.85 ± 0.03, 6.46 ± 0.03) and Puncture (1.23 ± 0.04, 1.64 ± 0.07, 4.12 ± 0.14) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the aspiration (0.74 ± 0.06, 0.85 ± 0.05, 2.94 ± 0.13) technique. Comparatively recovery of good and fair and total oocytes was significantly higher (P<0.05) for slicing than puncture and aspiration technique. The mean number of good, fair, and total oocytes recovered in winter season was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in summer season. The mean number of good, fair and total oocytes recovered from left ovaries did not differ significantly than right ovaries. The mean number of good, fair, and total oocytes yield in ovaries without corpus luteum was significantly higher (P<0.05) than ovaries with corpus luteum. In phase-II, the in vitro maturation percentage of oocytes based on cumulous cell expansion and 1st polar body extrusion was significantly higher (p<0.05) for large follicles (64.73%, 41.58%) than medium (46.47%, 28.23%) and small follicles (42.00%, 26.66%), respectively. In phase-III, the maturation percentage based on cumulous cell expansion and 1st polar body extrusion for EGF containing Group 1, Cysteamine containing Group 2 and control Group 3 was 69.61 and 46.07, 48.57 and 31.41, 46.23 and 29.03 percent, respectively. The maturation percentage based on cumulous cell expansion and 1st polar body extrusion was significantly higher (P<0.05) for EGF containing medium than Cysteamine containing medium and control medium.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Study on thoracic radiography in dogs”
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-06-26) Rupali Khajuria; Dr. R. B. Kushwaha
    The present study was conducted on 34 dogs brought with a history of respiratory and/or cardiac signs to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura-Jammu from November, 2020 to July, 2021 with the objective to study the occurrence of different thoracic diseases in dogs, to correlate the physical, clinical and haematological observations with that of the radiographic findings and to study the suitability of different radiographic views in interpretation of different thoracic diseases. Patient data, physiological, haematological, and radiological parameters were recorded. The obtained data were compared with mean ±SE values of 6 normal dogs. The occurrence of thoracic diseases at VCC during the study period was 1.79%. Cardiac and pulmonary diseases was common than other diseases. Male, aged dogs and Labrador retriever breeds were affected more. The chief clinical signs were dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, coughing, and inappetence to anorexia. There was no significant differences in the haematological parameters amongst the different thoracic diseases except TLC value which was significantly higher in the cases of tracheal collapse. VHS values were non-significantly higher in cardiac patient. CTR values were significantly higher in cardiac and tracheal collapse cases. A/R4, V/R4, A/V, CVC/Ao, CVC/VL, CVC/R4 ratios were reliable than their individual values. Radiographic parameters were not changed significantly in different views. Increased lung opacity, airbronchogram, and loss of cardiac silhouette were the characteristic radiographic signs of pulmonary edema. In cardiac diseases, overall or individual enlargement of heart with higher VHS/CTR value were common radiographic signs. In pleural effusion, loss of cardiac and diaphragmatic silhouette and leafing of lung lobes were radiographic signs. Narrowing of trachea was the characteristic sign of tracheal collapse. There were no relation with physiological, clinical, and haematological values with different thoracic diseases.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic divergence Studies in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2023-11-23) Ali, Anayat; Kumar, Sanjeev
    The present investigation entitled “Genetic Divergence Studies in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) was conducted during the year 2022-2023 in the Experimental Field of Division of Vegetable Science. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 20 genotypes. Data on 22horticultural traits was recorded as per standard procedure. Data on mean performance of genotypes revealed that Khanyari (SKUAST-K)was the highest yielder followed by Saag Kashmiri Munawari andKhanyari also performed better for other importantdesirable traits viz. plant height,number of leaves per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pickings per plant, duration of picking. The analysis of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variance revealed highermagnitude of PCV than the corresponding GCV for all characters which indicated effect ofenvironment on the trait expression. Highest PCV and GCV were obtained for number of siliqua per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance wasobserved for number of siliqua per plant showing the influence of additive gene action on thecharacters hence, may be useful for selection. Seed yield per plant with number of pickings per plant showed positive and significant correlation, leaf yield per plant and leaf yield per hectare showed negative and significant correlation with days to first leaf picking. Leaf length, plant height, no. of siliqua per plant and germination percentage showed maximum directeffect on seed yield per plant. Genetic diversity was evaluated using D2analysis. Seven differentconstellations were formed comprising of 17 genotype of Kale as three genotypes did not enter the reproductive phase. Maximum number ofplant progenies were present in Cluster I followed by Cluster II. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between Cluster II and Cluster IV, whereas maximum intra cluster distance was observed in Cluster II. Cluster III had maximum mean value for charactersviz, plant height, number of leaves per plant, no. of nodes per plant no. of pickings per plant, duration of pickings,leaf yield per plant, leaf yield per hectare and germination percentage. This indicated that plantprogenies from these clusters can be selected for specific economic characters for furtherutilization in hybridization programme.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiology and Management of Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii in Maize
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, 2023-11-23) Dar, Nisar Ahmad; Singh, A.K.
    The present research study entitled , “Epidemiology and Management of Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii in Maize” was carried out to study the various aspect of the disease i.e., status of BLSB and the relationship of weather parameters with disease development and manage the disease through host resistance and chemical means and biocontrol agents. During the Kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022, data revealed that the overall disease incidence and disease severity in the Jammu Division ranged from 24.54-38.82 per cent and 9.71-26.70 per cent with an overall mean disease incidence and disease severity of 31.46 and 19.53 per cent respectively.The BLSB of maize had a significantly negative correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and non significantly positive correlation with rainfall and showed positive significantly correlation between morning and evening relative humidity.Among Ninety one maize cultivars/genotypes were screenedunder artificially epiphytotic conditionsonly three cultivars/genotypes were found resistant.Among nine fungicides, antibiotic and three biocontriol agents, trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole, fluxopyroxad+ difenocanozole and Trichoderma harzianumproved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the test fungus (Rhizoctonia solani). Under artificial (field) conditions, the maximum per cent disease incidence was controlled by the treatments T9 (Trichoderma harzianum (ST) + Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin (FS)) (22.08 %) with per cent disease control of (56.64 %) and T11 (Trichoderma harzianum (ST) + Fluxapyroxad + Difenoconazole (FS) ) (23.95 %) (54.19) respectively.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Identification of Sustainable Forage Cropping Systems for Round the Year Green Fodder Supply in Irrigated Sub Tropics of Jammu
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-01-02) Mehta, Swati; Sharma, Neetu
    An experiment entitled, “Identification of Sustainable Forage Cropping Systems for Round the Year Green Fodder Supply in Irrigated Sub Tropics of Jammu” was conducted at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST - Jammu. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon & available nitrogen and medium in available potassium and phosphorous. The experiment consisted of 24 treatments which were laid out in RBD and replicated thrice. The nutrients were applied according to the recommended package of practice. The experimental results revealed that among the different forage cropping system, significantly higher green forage yield of kharif fodder crops was recorded with multicut Sorghum + Maize with root slips of Napier planted in July. However, significantly higher green forage yield of rabi fodder was recorded with Berseem + Oat with root slips of Napier planted in July. Significantly higher nutrient uptake in terms of nitrogen uptake, phosphorus uptake and potassium uptake by kharif and rabi annual fodder with perennial grasses was recorded in multicut Bajra + Maize- Berseem + Barley with root slips of Napier planted in July. However, significantly higher ADF, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose content at each cut was observed in multicut Sorghum + Maize with root slips of Napier planted in July during kharif season and Berseem + Oat with root slips of Napier planted in July in rabi season. Henceforth, based on two years study, it was concluded that multicut Bajra + Cowpea - Berseem + Oats with root slips of Napier planted in July was found to be the best feasible sustainable forage cropping system for round the year availability of quality fodder with the maximum biomass and economic returns it realized higher B:C ratio with the minimum land requirement to feed 10 Adult Cattle Units.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical Characterization And Protein Expression Analysis Of Common Bean Under Mineral Stress
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2024-01-04) Farooq, Asmat; Sharma, Vikas
    Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important legume for human consumption and majorly limited by reduced phosphorus levels in soil. Improving P use efficiency in legumes is a worldwide challenge and the present study was carried out on P stressed common bean to compare differences in the morphological, physiological, biochemical and structural parameters under in vitro conditions. The study was a multi-omic approach (such as proteomics, transcriptomics, phenomics, ionomics as well as metabolomics) to analyze the impact of mineral stress. The results indicated that mineral stress induces large disturbances inside the plant which causes profound metabolic changes (e.g., in photosynthesis, energy generation, cell wall composition, generation of secondary metabolites, free amino acids, antioxidants, osmolyte production) and leads to inhibition of plant growth and development. It was observed that there was significant variation in the morphological, physiological, biochemical as well as structural parameters of common bean shoot under P stress as compared to the plant growing in presence of P or control (P+). FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, SEM-EDX and fluorescence spectroscopy, assisted in validating the modifications in structural and metabolic composition of plant under P deficiency stress. The proteomic analysis was carried out using SDS-PAGE (gel based) as well as LC-MS (gel free) to identify the proteins that are responsible for providing adaptation to the plant under essential mineral deficiency stress. Candidate proteins identified may contribute shoot adaptation to P deficiency and may be useful for improvement of common bean. The two differentially identified shoot proteins - homocysteine methyltransferase and DDB1-CUL4 associated factor 1 like, are located in the cytoplasm and nucleus respectively. Both genes expressed 2.56 and 3.13 fold expression under P deficiency common bean shoot which validated their expression at the transcription level using qRT-PCR. To conclude, common bean is thus, an excellent model to understand the biology of mineral stress tolerance.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Exploring Anticancer, Antioxidant And Antibacterial Potential Of Some Medicinal Plants Of Bhaderwah Region Of Jammu And Kashmir
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-30) Thappa, Chandan; Sharma, Vikas
    The present research work was carried out to evaluate in vitro anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial efficacy of three medicinal plants namely Arisaemajacquemontii, Berberis lycium, Plectranthusrugosus, collected from village ChilliKelar, Bhaderwah, Jammu and Kashmir. The extracts of above mentioned medicinal plants were prepared in different solvents like n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and evaluated for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, in vitro anticancer potential, antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content was observed in the methanolic extract of B. lyciumroot part. The maximum antioxidant potential assayed via DPPH, FRAP, metal ion chelation, was displayed by the methanolic extract prepared from the root part of B. lycium. Similarly, methanolic extract of B. lyciumroot part displayed the lowest MIC value against all the test bacterial strains, viz., Staphylococcus aureus MTCC7443, Micrococcus luteus MTCC4821, Bacillus subtilis MTCC2389, Escherichia coli MTCC2127, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC7172. The root part of B. lyciumchloroform extract showed remarkable in vitro anticancer potential against six human cancer cell lines from five different tissues - Breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), Colon (HCT-116), Lung (A-549), Pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2), Prostate (PC-3) viaSRB assay.The isolation for active ingredients was carried out from the chloroform extract of B. lyciumroot and the characterization was done by NMR (1H and 13C), mass spectroscopy that led to the isolation / characterization of two compounds namely Beta-sitosterol and Berberine. Further, berberine, at different molar concentrations, showed significant results against seven human cancer lines from five different tissues with IC50 values for MCF-7 (15.72±1.69 μM), MDA-MB-231(23.52±1.51 μM), HCT-116 (5.27±1.19 μM), A-549 (28.15±1.72 μM), MIA PaCa-2 (22.26±1.63 μM), PANC-1 (9.24±1.88 μM) and PC-3 (23.31±1.81 μM), where HCT-116, a human cancer cell line from colon origin, showed minimum IC50 value. Accordingly, a couple of mechanistic assays of berberine were performed on HCT-116 cell lines where apoptosis was detected using DAPI staining, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial matrix potential assay. To conclude, berberine could serve as a lead molecule for the development of anticancer drugs and will provide great service to cancer patients especially with colon carcinoma.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biofortification Of Fruit Juices Using Probiotics And Its Effect On Biochemical, Physico-Chemical, Functional And Sensory Characteristics
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-30) Roy, Proloy Sankar Dev; Sharma, Vikas
    The present research work was carried out on biofortification of fruit juices using probiotics and its effect on biochemical, physico-chemical, functional and sensory characteristics.The fruit juices ofkaronda (Carissa carandas), phalsa (Grewiaasiatica), jamun (Syzygiumcumini), were used as a matrix for biofortification using probiotics. The results demonstratedan increasing trend in the phenolic and flavonoid profile. Thehighest total phenolic (771.01±1.37 mg GAE/ml) and flavonoid (394.09±2.66 mg QE/ml) contentwas shown by phalsa juice fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisaeas compared to control. The juice of karonda, fermented by S.cerevisae. displayed the highest free radical scavenging activity viaDPPH assay, whereasjamun juice,fermented byLactobacillusacidophilusshowed highest reducing power activity andin case of FRAP assay,phalsa juice fermented by S.cerevisae exhibited enhanced FRAP value.The highest α-amylase activity(84.20±1.87)was seen in karonda juice, fermented by S. cerevisaewhile the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity(84.45±1.28) was recorded by phalsa juice,fermentedby S. cerevisae. Moreover, highest anti-hypertensive activity was observed in karonda juice, fermented byS. cerevisae (89.88±0.79%).Effect of fermentation on various physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, total acidity, total soluble solids, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, was determined andthe phalsa juice fermented by Lactobacilluscasei demonstrated the lowest pH value.The most significant rise in total acidity was observed in L. caseifermented phalsa juice. L. acidophilus fermentation in phalsa juice led to maximum increase in total soluble solids. The quantification of reducing sugar was conducted post-fermentation with probiotics and the study revealed that the level of reducing sugar was decreased that may be due the probiotics, feed on the sugars present in the juices. The phalsa juice displayed augmentation in its mineral composition.The potassium (K) content showed significant increase, whereas the increase was less prominent for zinc (Zn), as compared to non-fermented juice. Employing the hedonic scale to assess sensory attributes, most volunteers indicated a preference for both the color and odor of the juices.Furthermore, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was also performed and the results displayed significant increasein TPC and TFC content of the three juices. To conclude, fermentation based biofortification of fruit juices can be used as an alternative natural mechanism for improvement of phytochemicals/ bioactive ingredients in phalsa, jamun and karonda.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Market Integration And Export Performance Of Apple Of The Union Territory Of Jammu And Kashmir
    (Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-21) Sharma, Eva; Kachroo, Jyoti
    Apple (Malus pumila), an economically significant crop cultivated in the temperate regions of India, contributes majorly to the revenue of the UT of Jammu and Kashmir. It, therefore, becomes imperative to study its conduct internationally. For this reason, the present study entitled as “Market integration and export performance of apple of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir” was undertaken to bring forth an analysis of trends in area, production, productivity and export of apple; examine the extent of integration among the domestic markets and the markets of top importers of apple from India and determine the direction and instability in apple exports. The data collected through secondary sources like Directorate of Horticulture, Kashmir; Directorate of Horticulture (Planning and Marketing), Narwal, Jammu; UN Comtrade; APEDA Agri-exchange etc, was scrutinized using statistical and econometric measures like Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), cross-correlation formula and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)-Revealed Trade Advantage (RTA) indices. The results had shown a CAGR (%) value of 3.06, 3.61, 0.54 and 3.18 for area, production, productivity and exports of apple of the UT, indicating growth during the time frame under study. It was also found that the J&K apple market was moreclosely correlated in terms of prices with Iran and UAE, whereas the overall average apple prices in India influenced the markets of all major apple importers (Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Bangladesh and Nepal) and hence, showed healthy relationship with all of them. However, the RCA-RTA indices revealed that the rate of increase of apple exports has been comparatively lower than that of imports resulting in trade disadvantage for the country and loss of competitiveness in global apple trade. The instability index for the UT of J&K which considered factors like area, production, productivity and export of apple, the outcomes showed relatively low instability, falling within the range of 0-15. In simpler terms, the study found out that while India’s apple exports have been growing, they haven’t kept up with imports, leading to trade challenges, but the apple industry in J&K remains relatively stable.