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ThesisItem Open Access Socio-Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Jammu Division(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Ridham; Khandi, S.A.The livestock sector plays an important role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries like India. However, the effects of several infectious diseases and natural calamities are mostly felt by people with rural backgrounds as they entirely depends on agriculture and animal rearing practices for their source of income. The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the socio-economic impact of lumpy skin disease on the dairy farmers of UT of Jammu and Kashmir. An ex-post facto/exploratory research design was used for the study with the selection of 2 districts, Jammu and Udhampur through purposive sampling whereas selection of 8 blocks, 16 villages and 160 respondents was done through simple random sampling technique. The data was collected with the help of structured interview schedule through personal interview technique. Majority of the farmers were middle aged, having poor education with diversified occupation, having medium herd size of 3-4 animals. They had poor social participation, extension contact and mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents (81.25%) observed that the cross-bred cattle were significantly more affected than the desi cattle (p<0.01) for LSD. The sale and price of milk was significantly affected during the outbreak as reported by 88 per cent respondents (p<0.01). Sale and transportation of livestock across districts or states were badly affected due to the ban imposed by the state/UT government as reported by 63 per cent respondents. Significantly higher percentage of respondents (62.50%) observed delayed heat period in their cattle after vaccination (p<0.01). One of the major finding of the study was mortality in the cattle herd as observed by 61.25 per cent respondents (p<0.05). Majority of the respondents (95%) had already vaccinated their livestock against LSD (p<0.01) and found the vaccine effective in combating the disease (93.75%).The outbreak trends of the disease revealed that district Ramban surpassed other districts in percentage of positive cases of desi/non-descript cows (64.50%) while Rajouri (100%) was the district with maximum percentage of positive cases of cross-bred cows. Our results indicate a significant socio-economic impact of LSD on the farmers of Jammu division.ThesisItem Open Access Surveillance of antibiotics use and development of alternative therapeutic product for the management of mastitis in dairy cattle.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Balaji, N.; Sharma, NeeleshMastitis is a serious economic loss inducer of small, medium, and large farmers in India and worldwide. The inappropriate use of large quantities of antibiotics to treat mastitis poses a considerable threat to both humans and animals due to the development of antimicrobial resistance(AMR). Alternative medicine is a long-standing pillar that hides many novel compounds and is still helping us to find a way to fight the present problem with the old solutions. In our surveillance study on the consumption of antibiotics in the Jammu region revealed that Enrofloxacin(843.9 Liters) and Cephalexin (8294 Kg) were the highest-selling antibiotics, and the most commonly used antibiotics for various diseases by field veterinarians were Cefoperazone for mastitis, Oxytetracycline for tick-borne diseases, ceftriaxone+ Tazobactam for respiratory diseases, Sulpha drugs for gastrointestinal disorders, and Enrofloxacin for urogenital and skin diseases. This study also found E. coli (21.05%) as the major mastitis-causing bacteria, followed by S. aureus (10.52%) and Pseudomonas spp. (7.89%), as well as yeast and Mold species such as Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida spp., and Penicillium thomii.38 bacterial isolates were tested against 28 antibiotics used in human and animal medicine. The results showed that Enterococcus spp. is resistant to 10 antibiotics, E. coli to 3, Pseudomonas spp. to 5, and Klebsiella spp. to 6. The Multi Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was calculated on these isolates, with Staphylococcus spp. showing the highest MARI at 92.9% and Klebsiella spp. the lowest at 57.1%. One animal extract and 03 plant extracts chosen for this study were subjected to phytochemical analysis (TPC, TFC, radical scavenging activity), agar well diffusion assay, MIC, and MBC. On the basis of higher activity in phytochemical analysis, MIC, and MBC, only AE and PE 3 have been considered for developing new formulations for the management of mastitis in dairy cattle. 1% hydro-glycerol formulation was used as a teat dip in lactating dairy cows (n-24) for a period of 30 days post-milking and exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.005) in the milk somatic cell count and CMT results. Furthermore, a 1% PEG-based intramammary formulation was used in the mouse mastitis model (n-30) to study its effect on the mouse milk somatic cell count and TVBC. A remarkably significant decrease (p<0.005) in reducing the somatic cell count and TVBC was observed, proving the fact that the formulation developed can provide an alternative approach for the management of mastitis in dairy cattle and prevent the economic loss due to mastitis and also can prevent the development of AMR in humans and animals.ThesisItem Open Access Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus and the evaluation of the extracts of Carica papaya and Juglans regia for their scolicidal effect(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-17) Ahmad, Peerzada Rouf; Malik, M. A.The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis was determined in 1254 small ruminants (723 sheep and 531 goats) and 305 dogs, including 122 pet dogs visiting small animal clinics, 183 stray dogs in Jammu division for a period from March, 2021 - August, 2022. Among sheep and goats, 209 animals (sheep = 137 and goats = 72) were found infected with hydatidosis with the overall infection rate of 16.67% (sheep = 18.95% and goats = 13.56%). Among different organs examined, the highest infection rate was recorded in liver as 56.94% (sheep = 59.85% and goats = 51.39%), followed by lungs as 31.58% (sheep = 29.93% and goats = 34.72%) and least as mixed infection in liver and lungs as 11.48% (sheep = 10.22% and goats = 13.89%). The overall fertility rate of hydatid cysts from slaughtered sheep and goats was found to be 66.03%. A total of 23.44% of the cysts were found to be sterile and 10.52% cysts were calcified. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered sheep, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 60.87%, 75.42% and 50.0% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. In terms of the different cyst size of slaughtered goats, the fertility rate of hydatid cysts was 52.38%, 84.21% and 46.15% for cyst size <4cm, 4-8cm and >8cm, respectively. Among dogs, high prevalence was observed in stray dogs (34.43%) as compared to pet/companion dogs (2.45%). Molecular prevalence based on copro pcr was conducted, in which the overall prevalence of Echinococcus was found to be 14.09% [stray (22.95%); pet (0.82%)]. The ethanolic extracts of Juglans regia and Carica papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in-vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “Praziquantel”. Against Juglans regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against Carica papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). For the identification of Echinococcus species from cyst of sheep, goats and humans, a PCR protocol employing the Cox1 primers was used. The amplified products of PCR were electrophoretically separated on agar gels (1%) and analysed in a gel documentation system. Clear amplification was noticed at 440 bp for sheep, goat and human. The eluted products were commercially sequenced in an automatic DNA sequencer at Biokart India Pvt. Ltd. Kasturi Nagar, East of NGEF, Bangalore. A total of five sequences were submitted to NCBI GeneBank. The generated Cox1 partial sequences were assigned the accession numbers as: dog (ON427821), goat (ON427822), sheep (ON427823), human1 (OP215294) and human2 (OP215295). All the Cox1 sequences from Dog, goat, sheep and humans were clustering in same clade, irrespective of their geographical location, representing the cycle of transmission in Jammu region as Echinococcus granulosus G1-G3 complex.ThesisItem Open Access Awareness and Consumer Acceptance of Cultured Meat(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-12-12) Choudhary, Farzana; Khandi, S. A.The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness and acceptance of cultured meat in UT of Jammu and Kashmir (n = 400) and to study the perception of meat scientists of India (n=51) about cultured meat. The post-graduate students (n = 295) and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (n = 105) were selected as respondents by random sampling method. The data was collected with the help of an interview schedule developed for the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir and through questionnaire for meat scientists. Questionnaire was developed as a google form to evaluate meat scientists’ perception of cultured meat in India. The link to the questionnaire was sent to the meat scientists through email and the responses were received in Google drive. Majority of the respondents of Jammu and Kashmir were male (54.25%), ate meat at least twice a week (40.50%) and preferred red meat (65.75%). About (17.00%) of the respondents supported cultured meat and also choose it as the preferred meat whereas the majority (81.25%) preferred conventional meat. About (27.50%) of the respondents agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (11.25%). Liking for regular meat (36.25%), fear of new untested technological products (27.50%) and high cost (13.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The respondents believed that, cultured meat does not seem to be healthier (91.00%) and society should not rely on this type of production (22.50%) and quick transition can be risky (48.75%). The respondents agreed that it seems to be harmful to the health (86.00%) and there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (52.50%). The study also evaluated perception of meat scientists and SWOT analysis of cultured meat using meat scientists (n=51) as a respondents. The majority of the meat scientists were male (70.00%), ate meat at least twice a week (34.00%) and preferred red meat (80.00%). About (25.00%) of the scientists supported cultured meat whereas the majority (49.00%) preferred conventional meat. About (38.00%) agreed to try cultured meat at least once and at a higher price (6.00%) and were willing to replace conventional meat with it (6.00%). Liking for regular meat (58.00%), fear of new untested technological products (21.00%) and high cost (19.00%) were the main reasons for unwillingness to try cultured meat. The meat scientists believed it does not seem to be healthier (44.00%) than regular meat as its benefits are often grossly overstated (61.00%) and quick transition can be risky (58.00%). The meat scientists agreed that there is not enough scientific evidence yet to prove its safety (61.00%) and low carbon footprint (61.00%). The results of the SWOT analysis revealed that ‘highly skilled ambitious professionals’ was perceived as the main strength by a majority of the meat scientists (80.85%). The meat scientists (93.33%) perceived ‘difficult, challenging and time-consuming technological advancements and small-scale and high-cost of production’ as the main weaknesses. Meat scientists (87.23%) perceived ‘high demand for meat products’ and ‘growing middle class and population growth’ as the major opportunities. Majority of the scientists (91.30%) perceived a ‘lack of information about social acceptance’ as the major threat.ThesisItem Open Access “Effect of dietary inclusion of phytogenic feed additives on the performance of layer quail”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Kour, Gagandeep; Khan, NazamIn order to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different phytoadditives (PFA) over the performance of layer quails, 360 birds of same hatch (6 weeks old) were randomly distributed into eight groups (n=45), having three replicas of fifteen quail layers. These eight dietary groups were: Negative control (NC; basal diet with no additive), positive control (PC; herbal growth promoter- Reproforte plus™ @ 500gm per ton feed), whereas T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups were supplemented with 1% dietary additive viz. turmeric, garlic, fenugreek, cumin, aloe vera and oregano powder, respectively. These additives were fed for 22 weeks. Results of body weight change (g) and feed intake showed no difference, but egg number and FCR was improved in treatment groups during first three months of production. PFA supplementation significantly increased the egg weight, being higher in PC, T1, T2, T4 whereas, shape index was higher in PC and T1 groups. Haugh unit and albumin index was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1, but yolk index showed no change. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly reduced on PFA supplementation (lowest in T1, T2, T3), whereas antioxidant activity of quail eggs was significantly improved in all PFA fed groups with highest in T1. At trial completion, yolk color estimated by hunter’s colorimeter was also higher in T1. No effect was observed on nutrient metabolizability and carcass traits, but intestinal micrometry parameters viz. length of villi and villi to crypt ratio in duodenum; luminal epithelial height and gland diameter in jejunum and gland diameter in ileum was found higher in PFA fed groups. In blood biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol was reduced (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups, whereas, LDL was significantly reduced in T3. Sensory evaluation of meat revealed that color and appearance was better in T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups, whereas overall acceptability was higher in PC, T3, T4, T5 and T6. Egg sensory attributes were not affected during first three months, but at 4th & 5th month, yolk color was higher in T1 and aroma was better in T2 during the 5th month. The cost benefit ratio was highest in T1, T3 and T5 groups, with lowest values in T6. It may be concluded that all supplemented phytoadditives improved the production traits, but turmeric fed group performed the best among all additives.ThesisItem Open Access “Molecular Identification and Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) from Cattle in Jammu”(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-11) Akhter, Shaista; Gazal, SabahatThe present study was undertaken for molecular identification and characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) from cattle in Jammu district and phylogenetic analysis of LSDV. A total of 277 nasal swab samples were received from Animal Husbandary (AH) Department Jammu and were screened for the presence of LSDV by Real Time PCR (qPCR). The viral DNA was extracted by using viral nucleic acid extraction kit as per manufacturer’s protocol and LSDV P32 gene was targeted by using specific primers as recommended by OIE by using qPCR. Out of total samples tested, 99 were found to be positive for LSDV in Jammu district with occurrence of 35.74%. The breed wise occurrence of LSD was found to be highest in Sahiwal (50%) and lowest in Jersey (0%) whereas age wise occurrence of LSD was found to be highest in young animals in the age group of 0-2 years i.e., 58.33% and lowest in the age group of 6-8 years (23.40%). Higher disease occurrence was recorded in male animals i.e., 50% while only 35.63% females were found to be positive for LSD. The χ2 value was found to be non-significant for sex and breed but significant for age group affected with LSD. One of the GPCR gene amplicon was sequenced by Sanger sequencing and submitted to GENBANK under accession no. OR209679. BLAST searches were made on the sequence obtained which revealed 12bp nucleotide deletion in the GPCR gene. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Neighbour-Joining tree constructing method in MEGA 11 software and maximum homology was observed with sequences of Russia, Serbia, Greece and Pendik.ThesisItem Open Access Study on management practices in migratory and sedentary goat population of north-western himalayan region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-28) Pareek, Anmol; Khan, AsmaThe present study was aimed to analyse managemental practices between migratory and sedentary goat population of North-West Himalayan region. For this general managemental practices followed by farmers were documented. The physiological and biochemical parameters of animals along with relative mRNA expression of genes related to inflammasome components, heat shock response (HSR), pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidative enzymes of migratory and sedentary goat herds were also studied. In this study, it was evident that managemental practices adopted by migratory herds were traditional in nature lacking recent scientific practices as compared to sedentary herds. Comparison of somatic cell counts among different goat breeds revealed lower count in Gaddi (<1x105 cells/ml) and Bakarwali (1-2x105 cells/ml) breeds and moderately high (2-5 x105 cells/ml) in Beetal breed. Significant difference in faecal egg count (FEC/gm) was found between Gaddi and Bakarwali, Bakarwali and Beetal whereas no significant difference was found between Gaddi and Beetal. Observation on physiological parameters revealed no significant difference among breeds. Among biochemical parameters significant difference among breeds was found for serum albumin concentration and sodium ion concentration. Relative expression pattern of inflammatory genes showed that mRNA level of ASC gene increased after grazing in both breeds. The relative mRNA expression of HSPA1L expression significantly (p<0.05) decreased after grazing. HSPA8 expression was significantly (p<0.01) increased after grazing in both breeds. Among pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines INFG expression was significantly increased (p<0.05) after grazing. In anti-oxidant enzymes, GPX showed significant increase (p<0.05) in both breeds.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of dietary incorporation of treated waste silkworm pupae meal on nutrient utilization and performance of broiler chicken(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-26) Aanvi; Sharma, R.K.In broiler chicken cost of protein ingredient makes up around 45% of the total cost of the feed, making it significantly more expensive than the other feed ingredients. The most expensive ingredient in chicken feed formula is the protein of animal origin. A lot of stress is being laid to identify newer protein sources to reduce the cost of feeding. Based on this a study was conducted to scrutinize the effect of the incorporation of ethanol treated waste silkworm pupae meal (WSWPM-ET) in the broiler chicken ration on the production parameters, nutrient parameters, carcass traits, immunological parameters, blood-biochemical profile and micrometry of different components of the small intestine. The WSWPM-ET (DMB) contained, 51.97±0.67 % CP, 9.23±0.06 % EE, 4.58±0.28 % CF, 4.89±0.07 % TA, 29.31±0.79 % NFE, 0.23±0.01 % Ca and 0.90±0.01% P. The EE content of the untreated sample was 37.43%±1.48, which indicated that treatment procedure employed in this study was effective in accomplishment of desired goal of partial defatting. A total number of 225 broiler chicks (VenCobb; unsexed) were randomly divided into 5 groups, with each group comprising 3 replicates of 15 chicks each. The control (C) group was fed a basal diet; whereas four treatment groups viz. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were diets with meat and bone meal (MBM) replaced with WSWPM-ET at the rate of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. All the rations formulated were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and the nutrient requirements were met as per ICAR (2013). At the end of the growth trial (42 days age), two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. No adverse effects were observed with regard to nutrient utilization, production parameters, carcass traits and micrometery of small intestine of experimental birds at the replacement of MBM with WSWPM-ET up to 75% and on immunological parameters and blood-biochemical profile (ALT, AST activity, and serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol) at the replacement of MBM with WSWPM-ET up to 100 % level. It may be concluded that WSWPM-ET may replace MBM up to 75 % level in the broiler chicken ration with no adverse effects on health and production performance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of rumen liquor extract as a component of synbiotic on the performance of broilers(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-03-26) Kour, Kanwaljeet; Rastogi, AnkurSoluble fibre extracted from rumen liquor (RL) have shown potent prebiotic activity in broiler chickens. Present research evaluated the effect of supplementing RL extract as a component of synbiotic over performance of broiler chickens. RL of sheep and goat origin was collected from the slaughter house and processed in the laboratory to isolate a soluble fibre extract. A growth trial of 42 days duration was conducted on 192 day-old broiler chicks divided into four treatment groups: CO, PO, RL and SN. Each treatment group consist of six replicates with eight chicks in each replicate. The CO group chicks were fed a basal maize-soybean diet, whereas PO group diets were supplemented with probiotic (Bacillus subtilis @ 0.02%); RL group with RL fraction (0.1%) and SN group with a combination of both. In the finisher stage, significantly higher growth was observed in all the supplemented groups. Significantly lower feed intake during finisher stage was recorded in SN group birds. Cumulative FCR was significantly higher in CO group as compared to other three groups, whereas cumulative PER was significantly higher in PO, RL, and SN group as compared to CO group. No significant effect of dietary treatments was recorded on nutrient metabolizability and carcass characteristics. Calcium balance, tibial ash and calcium content were significantly increased in the RL group. Significantly higher serum cholesterol, HDL levels and catalase activity was observed in SN group. Significant increase in jejunal villi height was observed in PO and RL groups and villi height: crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in RL group. However, villi height and crypt depth in ileum were highest in PO group. It is concluded that supplementation of B. subtilis along with RL extract does not offer any additional advantage than that achieved with RL supplementation alone in the diet of broiler chickens, however, altered lipid profile and improved antioxidant status in synbiotic supplemented chickens warrant further exploration.
