SURVEY OF INSECT PESTS OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) AND MANAGEMENT OF KEY PEST Plocaederus ferrugineus L. (CASHEW STEM AND ROOT BORER)
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Date
2009
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Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out at the Shaheed Gundhadhur College
of Agriculture and Research Station, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur
under campus Jagdalpur (Chhattisgarh) and surrounding areas during the year 2007-08
and 2008-09.
The objectives of the studies were: (i) survey the insect pests of cashew in
Bastar, (ii) screening of varieties of cashew against major pest (Cashew stem and
root borer), and (iii) evaluation of the pest management strategies for major pest
(cashew stem and root borer) of cashew.
Total 39 species of different insect pests and their natural enemies were
recorded in cashew; in which some were damaging the cashew and some were only
visiting or traces in number. The infestation of cashew stem and root borer (CSRB),
Plocaederus ferrugineus L. was most serious and its occurrence was noticed through out
the year with maximum (19.20%) during summer months. The Tea mosquito bug
(TMB), Helopelfis antonii Sig. was observed in flushing to fruiting stage with maximum
(3.66%) infeastation recorded in April as another major pest of cashew. The incidence
of leaf thrips (0.78 mean numbers) was observed through out the year, yellow thrips and
black thrips were recorded from January to May. The leaf caterpillars, leaf folder and
leaf miner damage was noticed through out the year with 33.14, 17.14 and 9.20 per cent
mean damage, respectively. The leaf and blossom webber, aphid, slug caterpillar, mealy
bug, were appeared as minor pest in spring and cooler season, While, the coleopteran
pests (leaf beetle, leaf weevil, ash weevil and leaf twisting weevil) as well as coreid
bug, leaf hopper, tephretid fly, gundhi bug and termite were observed almost
throughout the year with minor status. In natural enemies, the brumus, spiders, lady bird
beetle, rove beetle(Paederus), black ants, red ant, green lace wings (Chrysopa), praying
mantis and mirid bug were also observed round the year with mean population of 0.85,
0.59, 0.05, 0.02, 0.96,0.29,0.10,0.01, and 0.1 l respectively.
The abiotic factors, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and wind
velocity had significantly positive effect and relative humidity had significantly
negatively effect on CSRB infestation. The maximum temperature, rainfall and
evaporation positively influenced the TMB damage; while, relative humidity (morning
& evening) influenced negatively. The minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity
(evening) and vapour pressure (I) had negative influence on leaf thrips; whereas, bright
sunshine hours correlated positively. Panicle thrips was positively influenced by
maximum temperature, evaporation and bright sunshine; while relative humidity
(morning and evening), vapour pressures (I and 11) and rainy days were negatively
correlated. The maximum temperature and evaporation negatively influence the leaf
caterpillar damage; while, relative humidity (morning) was positively correlated.
Out of seventeen cashew cultivars screened against CSRB, three cultivars were
found under tolerant category in which only one cultivars (Sel-2) had no infestation of
CSRB; while, two cultivars (Ullal-2 and VRI-2) were having the lowest level of mean
CSRB infestation (2.78%). Whereas, six cultivars were under the moderately tolerant
group (5.56 to 8.33 % CSRB infestation) and six cultivars under susceptible group
(1 1.1 1 to 13.89 % CSRB infestation); while only two cultivars were found under
category of highly susceptible (>I 5.0% CSRB infestation).
On the basis of overall performance and cost, among 10 prophylactic treatments
evaluated against CSRB, the grease banding was significantly superior with cost of
Rs. 10.00 per tree which have lowest CSRB infestation (8.33 %) followed by
swabbing of Coal Tar + Kerosine (1:2) with cost of Rs. 12.00 per tree which have
9.38 per cent CSRB infestation. The distance of freshly infested free from heavily
infested trees was minimum (4.82 m) in grease banding. The trees have more than
I00 cm of stem girth were more prone to attack of CSRB (6.88 % infestation). The
preferential zone of attack by CSRB was collar zone (9.17% trees infested).
In ten curative treatments applied against CSRB, the chlorpyriphos (0.2%) was
most suitable with cost of Rs.10.40 per tree which have lowest (12.96 %) re-infested
trees followed by Fipronil 0.003%G and monocrotolphos treatment with cost of Rs.
6.20 and Rs. 6.72 per tree which have 16.67 and 20.37 per cent re-infested tree by
CSRB, respectively. The mean duration free from CSRB re-infestation was highest in
rnonocrotophos (81.67 days). The re-infestation was found maximum (38.52 %) in
collar + stem zone.
Description
Keywords
nuts, biological interaction, vegetative propagation, animal developmental stages, relative humidity, developmental stages, biological phenomena, bugs, wastes, oils