Thumbnail Image

Theses

Browse

 Reset filters

Settings

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 4045
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION ANALYSIS BASED ON HIGH RESOLUTION AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Thakur, Sakshi; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Tripathi, M.P.; Naik, R.K.; Tandon, Ambika; Verulkar, S.B.
    Soil moisture content is the amount of water which is present In soil and required for the growth of any plant. Soil moisture is an important variable in land surface hydrology. It has very important implications for agriculture, wildlife, and public health. To calculate the moisture content of soil we used drone images instead of satellite images because of its high resolution and ability to work in cloudy conditions.There are many methods for measurement of soil moisture either directly or indirectly some of them are gravimetric method, electrical conductivity method, measurement by using tensiometers, neutron scattering method however these methods are laborious and time taking also inaccurate when using on large scale analysis. For large scale & accurate measurement remote sensing techniques can be used due to its potential for covering large area with real time information. These techniques include aerial or satellite platform, in which UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is most popular these days. The UAV is a small aircraft (Quadcopter) that can fly for an hour at a speed of 30 miles per hour at an altitude of 100-150 feet. Mainly fixed wing and multirotor UAV are widely used in agriculture. Using the UAV higher spatial and temporal data resolution can be achieved.It is a versatile device and cost effective method in collecting high resolution imagery. This technology had been used commonly in agricultural field globally. The study field is situated in the farm of Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur in front of IGKV Museum, with the Latitude of 21º14’08.09” N and Longitude of 81º42’32.69” E. The field having area of 60*40 meters which was divided into 6 blocks of 20*20 meters. The paddy crop was shown in the field in which 3 variety of paddy crop was there with 2 replications. The field was totally in rainfed condition and no supplementary irrigation was provided there. For soil moisture analysis the soil samples were collected from the field two times a week and gravimetric method was used to obtain the actual moisture content of soil. The aerial images were captured with the help of drone and the analysed using the ArcGIS and Erdas IMAGINE software. The images first georeferenced using the ArcGIS software and then the images were splitted into the visual bands (Red, Green, Blue) with the help of Erdas IMAGINE software for the analysis of the NDBRSMI index. The soil moisture index were generated using the Raster Calculator in ArcGIS software. The generated index values and the obtained soil moisture data were compared with the help of statistical parameters to establish the best suitable relation between the observed and simulated moisture content of the study.The soil moisture content was different for each block as the water absorption capacity was varied as per the variety of crop.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CABBAGE IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2021) Painkra, Bindiya; Srivastava, L.K.; Mishra, V.N.; Saxena, R.R.; Sharma, D.; Tedia, K.
    Micronutrient and growth regulators both play important role in sustaining agricultural production under intensive cultivation and changing scenario of climate. Therefore, study was conducted to find out the effect of foliar application of micronutrients and growth regulators on growth, yield quality and nutrient uptake by cabbage in a Vertisol. The present investigation was carried out during Rabi Season of the years 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Instructional Farm, IGKV Raipur (C.G.) with eighteen different combinations of foliar application of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) and growth regulators (GA3 + NAA) with different micronutrient omission treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B - 100 ppm and Mo – 50 ppm), with growth regulators (GA3 – 50 ppm and NAA - 80 ppm) applied twice as foliar application at 20 and 40 DAT. The present study demonstrates that combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient with growth regulators T18 (B + Mo + Fe + Zn + GA + NAA) recorded maximum plant height (27.60 cm), plant spread (62.88 cm2), head diameter (16.17 cm2), leaf yield (22 q ha-1), head yield (455 q ha-1), chlorophyll content (0.48 mg/g of fresh wt.), protein content (0.84 %) and macro and micro nutrient uptake by cabbage. However, the micronutrients omission i.e. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo was found to be significantly reduces the plant height, plant spread, leaf and head yield, protein and chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Large reductions in the yield of cabbage were observed with the omission of B (T9) as compared to the other micronutrient omission treatments. The yield reductions were more pronounced with B omission. This indicates that B (T9) was the most yield limiting micronutrients followed by Fe (T4), Zn (T5) and Cu (T7). However, the foliar application of micronutrient enhances the plant height, head diameter, leaf and head yield, quality content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Similarly, the foliar application of growth regulators (GA3 and NAA) may also significantly improve the growth, yield and quality of cabbage. The combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient (100 ppm) with GA3 (50 ppm) and NAA (80 ppm) twice at 20 and 40 DAT was found to be most effective for significant increased in growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of cabbage. The work recommended that foliar fertigation of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) with growth regulators (GA + NAA) can enhance the quality and yield performance of cabbage.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PREDICTING FARMERS’ UPTAKE OF NEW LIVELIHOOD TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH ADOPT MODEL
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Verma, Hem Prakash; Suryawanshi, D.K.; Mooventhan, P.; Pandey, P.K.; Koshta, A.K.; Lakhera, M.L.
    The present study entitled “Predicting Farmers’ Uptake of New Livelihood Technologies through ADOPT Model” was carried out in four district namely Balodabazar, Raipur, Dhamtari and Kanker of Chhattisgarh state because FLD (Front Line Demonstration) of particular technology was conducted in these districts. In this present study, kadaknath poultry farming and oyster mushroom production were selected purposively because these were livelihood improvement technologies which have been introduced and sustained by ICAR-NIBSM (National Institute of Biotic Stress Management), Baronda and KVKs of IGKV, Raipur Chhattisgarh. The stakeholders (who were directly involved in FLD) like 8 researchers, 27 progressive farmers, 15 business personnel and 10 self-help group of kadaknath poultry farming. Similarly, 15 researchers, 20 progressive growers, 15 business personnel and 10 self-help group of oyster mushroom production were selected, inthis way the total 120 stakeholders (60 stakeholders from each technology) were selected for the study. The ADOPT (Adoption Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool) was used to evaluate and predict the likely level of adoption in percentage as well as time take to reach that the pick level of adoption in the years. It was found that majority of the stakeholders from both technologies were belongs to young age group (up to 35 years). In case of education level, majority of the stakeholders from both the livelihood technologies had graduation and above level education. For specific farm experience majority of the stakeholders had experience between 1-3 years (53.33%) and under 6 and above years category (40.00%) for kadaknath poultry farming and oyster mushroom production, respectively. In case of specific business experience, majority of the stakeholders for both technologies had experience between 1-3 years for kadaknath poultry farming (65.00%) and for oyster mushroom production (46.67%).Majority (36.67%)of kadaknath poultry farming stakeholders had 11-20 years farming experience and about half of the stakeholders of oyster mushroom production had farming experience between 1-10 years. It was found that, in case of kadaknath poultry farming technique, the major farming practices that were did not adopted by farmers were hatching of eggs (69.23%), secondly vaccination and health management (61.54%). In this production technique marketing was one of the major practice and it adopted by majority of farmers (82.69%). In case of oyster mushroom production technique, all growers (100%) agreed with substrate preparation and majority of the growers (82.22%) sterilize their substrate for mushroom production. Three fourth (73.33%) of oyster mushroom growers did not prepared spawn. The ADOPT model predicted the peak adoption level of kadaknath poultry farming among progressive farmers to be 14 per cent. This means that only 14 per cent of the farmers in our defined population will adopt the kadaknath poultry farming in 17 years. Further in 5 years from the starting of an adoption programme, 3 per cent of the farmers’ population will adopt the kadaknath poultry farming, rising up to 10 per cent over period of 10 years. On the other hand, the ADOPT model predicted the peak adoption level of oyster mushroom production among progressive growers to be 58 per cent. This means that 58 per cent of the growers in our defined population will adopt the oyster mushroom production in 12 years. Further in 5 years from the start of an adoption programme, 27 per cent of the growers’ population will adopt the oyster mushroom production, rising up to 55 per cent over period of 10 years. The variables with most influence on predicted peak adoption of kadaknath poultry farming were “profit benefit in the years that the innovation is used”, “environmental costs and benefits” “future profit benefit”, “risk exposure of the innovation”, and “ease and convenience of the innovation”. For time to peak adoption, the most influential variables were “relative existing skills and knowledge”, “innovation complexity”, “ease of trialing”, “relative upfront cost of the innovation” and “short-term constraints”. On the other hand, the variables with most influence on peak adoption of oyster mushroom production were “environmental costs and benefits”, “profit benefit in the years that the innovation is used”, “future benefits in future”, “risk exposure of the innovation”, “ease and convenience of the innovation” and “enterprise scale”. For time to peak adoption, the most influential variables were “relative existing skills and knowledge”, “innovation complexity”, “ease of trialing”, “short-term constraints” and “group involvement”.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON CONSERVATION MACHINERY SYSTEM UNDER RICE-CHICKPEA CROPPING SYSTEM
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Jitendra Kumar; Dave, A.K.; Verma, A.K.; Shrivastava, G.K.; Saxena, R.R.
    In a present era many improved implements are available for different tillage and seeding operation. It is very crucial to identifygood practice and suitable implements combination for desired seedbed preparation to maximise crop establishment and yield under rice-chickpea cropping system. To understand, this study was conducted on “studies on conservation machinery system under rice-chickpea cropping system” at Research cum Instructional Farm,IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during Kharif-Rabiseason of year 2016 and 2017. The site of experiment having soil as clayey in texture, neutral in reaction, available Nis low, available P2O5is medium, and available K2Ois high. In this study two different experiments were conducted. In rice, different combination of tillage and sowing/planting treatments were tested for cultivation under dry and wet tillage system during kharif. In dry seeding of rice there were five tillage treatments and two methods of sowing whereas, in wet tillage, five tillage treatments were used in combination with mechanical transplanting method. In rabiseason, the chickpea was cultivated under residual of rice plots (dry and wet plots) with four different combination of tillage and seeding method. All the treatments alone or in combination were evaluated in terms of machine parameters and their effect on energy parameters, soil parameters, economic parameters and yield and yield attributing parameters. The finding of the first experiment on the effect of various tillage and sowing practices for rice cultivation and their effect on soil physical properties showed that all the soil parameters, crop growth parameters such as height of plant, tillers numberper plant, yield attributes parameteri.e. length of panicle, weight of panicle, number of sound grains per panicle, test weight (g), yield of grain and straw, net return and B:C ratio were significantly higher in DT3 (cultivator x 2 + direct seeded rice DSR drill sowing). However, the above characters values were found lower and recorded under broadcasting followed by transplanted rice. The optimum desired seed bed for seeding rice was found under tillage treatment DT3 (cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing) and the optimum planting bed for transplanting rice was found under treatment WT2 (cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1 + transplanting). Amongst the methods of establishment, the maximum grain yield was produced in dry tillage direct seeded rice treatment DT3, 57.5 quintalper ha and 50 quintalper haduring 2016 and 2017 respectively and the maximum value of benefit cost ratio was registered 2.65 on mean basis of two year in treatment DT3. The output energy, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity was found best in DT3 (cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 1+ DSR drill) amongst different treatments on the basis of mean data of two years. Based on practices being followed for chickpea cultivation, the best treatment for till condition was found to be DT1C (M.B. Plough x 1 + Cultivator x 2 + Rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing) followed by DT2C(Cultivator x 2 + Rotavator x 2 + conventional seed cum fertilzer drill sowing) whereas under no till condition, DT3C (No till + Zero till drill sowing)treatment followed by DT4C(No till+ happy seed drill sowing) proved be better based on energy, cost economics and crop parameters.The combination DT3(rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice) and DT1C(Chickpea- M.B. plough x 1 + cultivator x 2 + rotavator x 2 + ridge and furrow sowing in residual of dry sowing of rice) was found most effective combination in terms of total productivity of rice-chickpea cropping system under till condition than the other combination of different treatments of rice-chickpea tillage and sowing methods. The zero till drill sowing (DT3C) in chickpea and DT3(rice- cultivator x 2 + DSR drill sowing of rice)of rice recorded maximum benefit cost ratio, output-input energy ratio and energy productivity for chickpea production under no till condition. The decision support system software was created for the selection ofappropriate tractor or machines/implements of a particular size from different makes and model of commercially available tractors and machines/implements for the rice-chickpea cropping system. With a case study the validation of designed DSS software demonstrates its effectiveness in forecasting any conservation machinery system selection.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF GROWING MEDIA AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH OF DRAGON FRUIT CUTTINGS
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Minz, Varsha; Panigrahi, Hemant Kumar; Patel, Deepti; Tiwari, Alok; Saxena, R.R.
    The experiment entitled “Effect of growing media and plant growth regulators on root and shoot growth of dragon fruit cuttings” was carried out during the year 2019-20 at Centre of Excellence on Protected Cultivation and Precision Farming, “Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The experiment was laid out in” Factorial Completely “Randomized Design and replicated three times with 12 treatment” combinations of two factors, first factor was media i.e. M1 – Soil : Sand : Cocopeat : FYM (2:1:1:1) and M2 – Soil : Sand : Cocopeat : Vermicompost (2:1:1:1) and the second factor was plant growth regulator i.e. IBA @ 5000 ppm, IBA @ 7000 ppm, “NAA @ 100 ppm, IBA” @ 5000 ppm + NAA @ 100 ppm, IBA @ 7000 “ppm + NAA” @ 100 and control. The study revealed significant difference among both media for different rooting and shooting parameters. Media, M2 – Soil : Sand : Cocopeat : Vermicompost (2:1:1:1) performed superior in all parameters viz. number of days taken to sprout initiation, average number of roots per cuttings, average length of root per cutting, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of sprouts per cutting, length of shoot, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, survival percentage and root to shoot ratio. Among all plant growth regulator concentrations, IBA @ 7000 ppm was found to be the best with number of days taken to sprout initiation (35 days), average number of roots per cutting (18), average length of root per cutting (25.67 cm), root fresh weight (2.98 g), root dry weight (0.83 g), number of sprouts per cutting (1.72, 2.78, 3.64 and 4.22 at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAP, respectively), length of shoot (9.42 cm, 12.78 cm and 18.28 cm at 60, 90 and 120 DAP respectively), shoot fresh weight (123.74 g), shoot dry weight (12.63 g), survival percentage (98.34%) and root to shoot ratio (0.93). The interaction effect of media and plant growth regulators was significant in almost all growth parameters except average number of root per cutting and number of sprouts per cutting. In the present investigation it can be concluded that the dragon fruit cuttings treated with IBA @ 7000 ppm, grown in media M2 containing Soil : Sand : Cocopeat : Vermicompost (2:1:1:1) gave maximum response on the root and shoot growth parameters.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of Rice-Wheat Productivity under Mango based Traditional Agri-horticulture System in Chhattisgarh Plain
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Anchal, Nalish Kumar; Naugraiya, M.N.; Swamy, S.L.; Tedia, K.; Saxena, R.R.; Singh, Lalji
    An agri-horticulture system experiment of mango + rice + wheat crop was carried out at Pikridih village, Raipur in Chhattisgarh for two tears of observations (2017-18 & 2018-19). Mango plantation at spacing of 28 x 28 m and were intercropped with rice and wheat in 2017-18 & 2018-19. The growth performance of (oryza sativa L.) var. ‘Sarana’ and (Triticum aestivum) var. ‘Sarbati’ at different treatments site located between four clumps along with a separate open plot had been studied for the performance of diverse growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield and these were found higher in rice crop grown as sole crop (T4) i.e. crop height (105.2 cm), panicle length (22.9 cm), panicle weight (3.2 gm panicle-1), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (149.7 and 41.5), number of locules (217.4 panicle-1), seed weight of panicle (3.05 gm panicle-1), test weight (22.9 gm per 1000), grain yield (44.6 q ha-1), straw yield (75.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (37.4%). Similarly in case of wheat the performance of growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield were also studied where height (95.9 cm.), Panicle length (14.3 cm.), Panicle weight (1.5 gm), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (32.9 and 2.8), number of locules (41.2 per panicle), seed weight (panicle-1) (1.5 gm panicle-1), test weight (41.5 gm per 1000), grain yield (11 q ha-1), straw yield (8.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (55.1%) were found higher in sole crop grown with significant variations. The performance of eco-physiological parameters (RGR, NAR & LAR) of rice and wheat crops, the plant and soil nutrients reputation with litter fall and decomposition conduct and economics of mango based traditional agri-horticulture system were also studied intensively. The growth parameters and yield of rice and wheat crop was observed significantly highest in open field crop as compare to mango based traditional agri-horticulture system. Mango litter fall and its decomposition showed almost 88.3 percent disappearances within duration of year, indicating ensured nutrients return to the system. The economics of rice-wheat cropping below mango based agri-horticulture system showed meager profit in comparison to mono-cropping however determined economically feasible and technically possible through sharing the inputs of irrigation, manure and fertilizer, weeding and so forth implemented to agriculture crop’s. The end result of this research showed that highest economic gain of rice and wheat crop rotation was found under mango based agri-horticulture system with both tangible and in tangible benefits.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MODIFIED SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR BASED AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM AT IGKV RAIPUR
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Verma, A.K.; Sharma, G.L.; Agrawal, Narendra
    India is an agriculture dominant country, in which 70% of it rural households depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture is a sector that consumes approx. 70-80% of potable water for irrigation of its field and moreover farmers irrigate their land by traditional irrigation methods like surface irrigation method in which majority amount of water gets wasted. So, as the water is getting scarce day by day it’s important to conserve water. Therefore to overcome this problem drip along with soil moisture sensor can be used which delivers water as per the plants requirement, thereby it can prevent from having over and under irrigation due to which it not only saves water but also increases the production of the crop. This research work entitled “Performance evaluation of modified soil moisture sensor based automated drip irrigation system at IGKV Raipur” was carried out at the experimental field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Swami Vivekanand College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IGKV, Raipur, C.G. The major objective of the experiment was to modify and set up the developed soil moisture sensor system for real-time monitoring of moisture content of the soil, to calibrate the modified soil moisture sensor system in drip irrigation, and to perform the performance evaluation of modified soil moisture sensor under drip irrigation method at IGKV Raipur. The soil sample of experimental field was taken for doing soil test was done and the laboratory test results shows that the texture of the soil sample is sandy clay having 31% field capacity and 1.32 g cc-1 bulk density. To calibrate the soil moisture sensor and to measure the soil moisture content, the gravimetric method and Soil Moisture Meter were used. The soil moisture sensor was calibrated in terms of volumetric moisture content (VMC) by using gravimetric method between 90-70% of the field capacity of the soil. Automation of installed drip irrigation was done by equipping the drip with a low-cost soil moisture sensor system. The pre-developed sensor system was modified to use in this study. It was designed and developed to schedule the irrigation automatically in the experimental field and were tested for brinjal crop. In this system, 5 sensors were installed in the experimental field of sandy clay texture at a different soil depth of 0-15, 15-30, 30-40, 40-45, and 45-60 cm respectively from the soil surface. The placement of sensors at various depth depends upon the growth stage of the plants. The reading of the soil moisture was recorded from the experimental field on daily basis and these readings were also compared with gravimetric method. For optimum scheduling of irrigation, the sensor system was set at 70-90% of the VMC of the soil. The sensor based automated drip irrigation system automatically turned the pump “ON” whenever the moisture content in soil reduces below the pre-set moisture content that is 70% and it will irrigate the field till the moisture content reaches up to the pre-set upper moisture content limit that is 90% of the field capacity. When the moisture content of the soil reaches 90% of the field capacity the sensor system cut off the irrigation by turning “OFF” the pump automatically. In this way, only the required amount of water was applied whenever the plants needed it, which results in saving of water. The sensor continuously monitors the soil moisture content and displays the real time average moisture content with the help of the 3.5 inches TFT LCD display unit. The program for the microcontroller in the sensor system was done by the help of software which was done by the Automation Engineers. Irrigation of experimental field was done with the help of pump operated drip irrigation system having a 2000 l capacity of tank as a source of water. The experiment consisted of two type of treatments, i.e. Controlled irrigation treatment (Furrow irrigation) and Soil moisture sensor based treatment. In controlled irrigation treatment irrigation was applied according to the farmers practice and field conditions where as in sensor based treatment the irrigation water is applied according to the moisture content of the field as the soil moisture sensor continuously monitors the moisture content of the soil. There were total 8 rows of plants under controlled irrigation treatment whereas there were 20 rows of plants under sensor based drip irrigation method. The wetting patterns were measured at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure. The measurement of wetted depth and width were recorded at 30, 60, 90, & 120 min. of application of water. The vertical wetting front advance were obtained maximum at 4.9, 9.6, 11.6, and 9.8 cm and the horizontal wetting front advance were found maximum at 13.1, 14.8, 19.2, and 23.8 cm, through the emitters having 1.31 lph discharge at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure. The discharge from drip irrigation with inline emitters was calculated at various places in the experimental field at the interval of 10 min. at various operating pressure (i.e. at 0.5,0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 kg cm-2) for estimating installed drip irrigation system’s hydraulic performance, on the basis of uniformity coefficient, Irrigation Efficiencies, Emission Uniformity, and Emitter Flow Variation. According to the field observations and calculation the hydraulic performance of installed drip irrigation system were obtained maximum at 1.0 kg/cm2 operating pressure in which Application Efficiency was 93.24%, Distribution Efficiency was 95.47%, Emission Uniformity was 94.73%, and Uniformity Coefficient was 94.18% obtained. It also has been observed that, there was continues increment in growth characteristics which were also affected by different treatments of irrigation. For soil moisture sensor based automated treatment various growth characteristics was obtained such as, maximum height of plant recorded as 121.1 cm, average length of fruit was 14 cm, number of branch per plant was 21, yield per plant was 856 gm, no. of fruits per plant 15.42, average fruit weight was 52.15 gm, and water use efficiency 81.71 kg/ha-mm was recorded. For Controlled Irrigation Treatment, the avg. no. of branches per plant were 14, the average weight of fruit 52.15 gm, the avg. no. of fruits per plant 16.81, yield per plant was 754 gm, maximum height of plant obtained was 98.4 cm, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was recorded as 66.2 kg/ha-mm and the average fruit length was 12 cm was obtained. Whereas. The maximum Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was recorded highest (81.71 kg/ha-mm) for soil moisture sensor based automated treatment. The total depth of applied water in case of controlled irrigation was 635 mm and for sensor based treatment it was 550 mm which clearly shows more water applied in controlled irrigation treatment. The sensor based treatment saves around 13.38% of water as compared to controlled irrigation method.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON ICT INITIATIVE IN AGRICULTURE THROUGH KISAN MOBILE ADVISORY SERVICES BY KVK IN BILASPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Yadav, Prakash Kumar; Awasthi, H.K.; Sengar, R.S.; Dwivedi, S.K.; Shukla, S.
    The study was conducted in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh State of India. 4 blocks namely Bilha, Masturi ,Takhatpur and Pendra were selected purposively out of total 7 blocks in the Bilaspur district, Total 120 respondents were selected randomly for the study from the list of beneficiaries of respective block available at KVK headquarters. Data was collected with the help of a semi structured interview schedule. Major findings of the research were as follow: higher percentage of respondents belonged to middle age i.e. 36 to 50 years old, with most of them having education up to higher secondary, and mostly engaged in agriculture as their main occupation, also agriculture was the subsidiary occupation of most of the sampled respondents. The source of income for most of the respondents was agriculture only and slightly less percentage than the farmers were having land holding of size 1.1 to 2 hectare. The cropping pattern for most of the respondents was rice-fallow-fallow cropping pattern practicing in an area of 117.05 ha. Pertaining to the annual income, the results revealed that higher percentage of respondents were earning income in between Rs.50001-100000. With regards to contact with extension agent, rural agriculture extension officer was mostly contacted by the respondents on regular term, on the other hand per cent respondents have contacted cooperative agent sometime and large section of the respondents never approached the assistant fisheries officer. The results on overall contact with extension agent revealed that three- fourth of the sample respondents were having medium contact with extension agent. Mass media utilization pattern of the respondents showed that respondents were regularly using mobile, whereas overall utilization of mass media showed that maximum percentage of the respondents were lying in the medium category. The result on economic motivation revealed that the higher percentage of the respondents was belonging to medium economic motivation category. The analysis on innovative proneness in the study area revealed that maximum respondents were falling under the medium innovative proneness category. The analysis on overall cosmopoliteness showed that more than two-third of the sampled respondents was medium cosmopolite in nature. The analysis on timeliness and understanding of the message revealed that majority of the respondents accepted that messages never reached after the time and more than three- fourth of the respondents agreed that it never happened that they don’t understand messages. Majority of the respondents agreed that the subject area value addition to be not useful. Majority of the respondents have medium overall usefulness. The result pertaining to need of KMAS revealed that majority of the sampled respondents found information on insect management most needful i.e. higher number of respondents considered the insect management as most needful area. Most of the messages were send for the discipline of agronomy (crop production). Correlation analysis showed that, contact with extension agent, Mass Media utilization, Timing of message and Understanding of message have positively and highly significant with Usefulness of KMAS while Education, Annual income, cosmopolitness and Innovative proneness have positive and significant with Usefulness of KMAS. The constraint analysis in the study area showed that more than half number of respondents was facing the problem of understanding the technical words. The analysis on suggestions recommended by the farmers showed that maximum number of respondents desired the message to be served in local language.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN OF KVK DURG (PAHANDA)
    (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sharma, Sonal; Katre, Prafull; Jain, Vijay; Sinha, Jitendra; Choudhary, Vijay; Anand, A.V.S.S.
    To feed every mouth with nutritious food can only be possible because of the agriculture which also plays an important role in the country’s economy and is mainly dependent upon soil/land and water. water is key natural resource not only for the all forms of agriculture but also for human survival with economic importance. Any kind of agriculture without above elements is not sounding to be possible easily. The KVKs in India are designate for Technology assessment, refinement and demonstration of technology/ products, On-farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural technologies under various farming systems with frontline demonstrations to establish its production potentials on the farmers’ fields. One such attempt is therefore made in this study to focus on developing land and water resources in a holistic manner at one such KVK which can be demonstrated to the farmers of the area under the jurisdiction of that KVK. Considering the importance of KVKs the Krishi Vigyan Kendra Durg (Pahanda) Chhattisgarh has been selected as study area. Chhattisgarh, is one of best agriculture-based state of the Indian Union came into existence on November 1, 2000 and known as “Dhan ka Katora”. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Durg-II (Pahanda) is situated at village Pahanda, Block Patan in Dist. Durg, Chhattisgarh and is located between 21°11´20´´N - 21°11´36´´N and 81°32´27´´E - 81°31´54´´E and covers 52.25 acre of land available for agriculture. Existing land slope map , DEM map, contour map, Drainage map have been collected with various software i.e. Google Earth pro, GPS, and QGIS (Version 3.14.0). Using latitude, longitude and altitude values points under study area has been recognized after precised survey. The rainfall, Temperature, wind velocity, humidity, sunshine hours and ET has been collected form CHRMS and Climate .Durg.org. The average value of all above as per the current cropping pattern has also been computed with the help of Cropwat model with support of climwat. As per all the above researchers, it is essential to work on suitable land configuration for proper growth and development of crops especially pulses and cereals in C.G.. So here in study area where the soil is silty clay or clay loam for a suitable land combination of furrow with tied ridges has been selected for sowing by dibbling of pure organic seeds in strictly pure organic cultural practices. In the present study area, rainfall data and number of rainy days of past 30 years (1999 - 2019) has been collected and analyzed. The results shows that the study area receives an average annual rainfall of around 1300 mm and the contribution of monsoon rainfall is 110 mm which is received during the period from June to October with rainfall intensity 3.03 mm-hr-1 . The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in December i.e. 27.24 °C in day with highest in may maximum in 41.55°C in day . The average bulk density of the soil of KVK is 1.50 mg-m-3 and particle density of the soil of KVK is around 2.50 mg-m-3 Similarly soil has good porosity which is 45.31 % on average. The Percentage of sand, silt and clay has been around 32, 28,48 respectively and the ave soil texture was found silty clay loam and The result shows that average pH of the soil 7.32 and EC of the soil of KVK is around 0.24. Similarly soil has good Potassium level which is 346.73 on average and very low value of Phosphorous 6.54 on average. As per the topography of study area the slope is of class III i.e.1.54 %. The average runoff of study area is found to be 1001.7 mm against 1319.20 mm of average rainfall. The highest runoff found in month of July followed by August i.e. 334.50 mm and 277.04 mm respectively. The lowest runoff is 0.11mm in January and peak discharge rate found is 0.85 m3-hr-1. Average pre-monsoon and post- monsoon Ground water level in study area as observed through 4 borewells of the study area were measured as 8.21 m and 5.18 m respectively with the discharge of 4.0 to 6.64 lps. The average pre and post monsoon water level of all active bore well is around 5 m. Estimated Ground water draft For Kharif season Irrigation draft is 0.829 Mm3 and For Rabi 0.622 Mm3 with total Draft 0.615 Mm3 . The Recharge of Ground Water through Rainfall Infiltration, from tank or ponds, irrigation and due to unlined drain found 0.202 m3, 4004 m3 , 25.6 m3and 1.230 Mm3 respectively. On the basis of current cropping pattern paddy consider as main crop because of higher percentage occupied i.e. 38% followed by pulses and vegetable i.e. 4 % and 3 % respectively. According to the existing cropping patterns the current irrigation requirement is 983.7 m3 day-1 . After the study the following points were consider as major problem occurring in KVK which restrict the sustainable and judicious use of land and water resources under KVK. The KVK is growing various crop but in maximum area paddy is going to be cultivated by broadcasting and transplanting method, which requires higher amount of irrigation.The current establishment pattern for pulses is direct seeding. Apart from that the KVK has two existing ponds Pond 01 and Pond 02, in both the ponds the inlet of pond is higher in elevation then the out let i.e. 285.805 and 285.050 for Pond 01 and 283.945 280.835 for Pond 02. The seepage losses is comparatively higher due to unlined pond surface apart from that there is also absence of adequate sealing of soil surface and trench cutting which reduces the slippage of dike. As a result minimum water is available in pond ass stored water for the Rabi seasons. As per the received surface runoff i.e. 1046.52 mm is more which is flowing from upland area of KVK i.e.Block 01 contributes higher runoff and due to that water logging occurs in the area and damages the crop and ultimately reduces the production of crop. Due to the above runoff around 0.60 m of water get ponded over the pond 01. It can be used as surplus for the Rabi season. In the current situation the water storage in the pond is only around 20% of its actual which is very less due to the improper elevation of inlet and outlet, seepage losses and absence of head control structure. Considering the above facts in mind the provision of Modified Monk as head control structure with water lifting device the extra low head high discharge pump with cutoff trenches and poly lining of pond with proper sealant is proposed for existing structure has been proposed for the KVK. Performance of Kharif pigeon pea with organic inputs in selected land configuration tied ridge and furrow was tested successfully. The yield advantage of 28.57% over direct seeded pigeon pea and 95.65% over broadcasted pigeon pea. A short duration variety TGT- 501, has been cultivated in 0.35ha with seed rate for pigeon pea is 15 kg/ha with dibbling. 18 Rows were formed with the spacing of 60cm between each and seeds were planted in 15 cm distance.The total production in 0.35 ha is about 4.49 qt and projected Total production in 01 ha is about 12.82qt/ha.