A STUDY TO PREDICT IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND CO2 INCREASE ON QUALITY OF MAIZE AS LIVESTOCK FEED
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Date
2021-07-24
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PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the impact of increasing temperature and carbon dioxide on the quality of maize fodder (stems and leaves) grown as livestock feed with recommended package of practices in the CTGC chambers under four set of environmental conditions (a) Reference (ambient temperature and carbon dioxide i.e., 27 ± 0.5ºC and 380 ± 25 ppm CO2), (b) Chamber with temperature gradient of 5 ±
0.5°C over reference and referred as elevated temperature (eTemp), (c) Chamber with elevated CO2 concentration of 550 ± 50 ppm with temperature gradient 5 ± 0.5°C
over reference referred as elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp) and (d) Chamber with elevated CO2 concentration of 550 ± 50ppm referred as elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2). Leaf and stem portion of maize fodder at milking stage were screened by proximate, Vansoest, energy content, in vitro dry matter degradability, in vitro gas production technique and digestibility of nutrients through a digestibility trial on Nellore Ram lambs. Higher (P < 0.05) dry matter, Ash, ADL, ADF and cellulose per cent were found both in leaves and stem of the maize fodder grown under elevated temperature (eTemp) environmental conditions. Organic matter and crude protein content were found highest (P < 0.05) at the ambient temperature. Growing maize under elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp) environmental conditions increased (P < 0.05) NDF and hemicellulose contents both in leaves and stem. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher crude fibre content in stem was found in the maize grown under elevated temperature, whereas in leaves higher CF content was observed under elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (eCO2 + eTemp).
A non-significant increase in ether extract was observed in stem of maize fodder grown under elevated temperature, but it was the highest (P < 0.05) at ambient temperature conditions in leaves. NFE in stem was the highest (P < 0.05) at elevated carbon dioxide, whereas in the leaves the highest value (P < 0.05) was found at ambient temperature. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) of stem and leaf portion in the maize fodder grown under carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05). The highest IVDMD (%) in maize stem was found in the maize fodder grown in eCO2 (51.1 ± 0.12), whereas the lowest value (43.6 ± 0.84) was recorded under eTemp environmental chamber conditions. Leaf of maize fodder grown at ambient (reference) (55.3 ± 0.12) had the highest IVDMD, whereas the lowest (50.1 ± 0.43) under eTemp environmental chamber conditions.
Leaf portion of the maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05) in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) content (ppm), whereas comparable in zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) content. However, in stem portion of the maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05) in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) content and comparable in zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) content. Among different chambers, the highest (P < 0.05) DE (MJ/kg DM) was found in the stem and leaf of the maize fodder grown in eCO2 chamber. DE in maize stem and leaf decreased (P < 0.05) from G1 to G5 as temperature increased in both the eTemp and eCO2+ eTemp chambers. A similar trend was observed in Metabolizable energy (ME) content of maize stem. Cumulative gas production (ml/g-1DM) from stem and leaf of maize fodder grown in carbon dioxide and temperature gradient chambers (CTGC) differed significantly (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed in leaf portion of maize fodder grown in CTGC. Average dry matter (DM) digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) of 68.40 ± 0.93, 64.26 ±1.04, 66.92 ±1.14 and 65.58 ± 0.76 per cent were recorded for ambient, e Temp, eCO2 and eCO2 + eTemp, respectively, for the maize fodder grown in CTGC under different environmental conditions. Similarly, crude protein (CP) digestibility coefficients were 71.46 ± 0.42, 66.32 ± 0.62, 68.06 ± 0.48 and 69.22 ± 0.56 per cent and crude fibre (CF) digestibility coefficients were 60.43 ± 0.52, 58.12 ± 0.74, 59.26 ± 0.43 and 58.54 ± 0.65 per cent for ambient, e Temp, eCO2 and eCO2 + eTemp, respectively for the maize fodder grown in CTGC under different environmental conditions. The study indicated that nutritive value of maize fodder in terms of CP and DE/ME would decrease under elevated temperature and elevated carbon dioxide & temperature environmental conditions. Further, growing maize fodder under elevated temperature and elevated carbon dioxide & temperature would results in lower digestibility in small ruminants.