Comparative evaluation of anaesthetic effects of various combinations of acepromazine, butorphanol, dexmedetomidine and ketamine in glycopyrrolate premedicated dogs maintained with Sevoflurane
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Date
2021-02
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145
Abstract
Eighteen adult dogs (requiring various clinical procedures) used in this study were divided randomly into three subgroups (A, B and C). All the dogs were subjected to the administration glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly followed by acepromazine given as pre anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.04 mg/kg IM in group A, butorphanol at the dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg IV in group B and dexmedetomidine 10 μg/kg IV in group C. Ten minutes after premedication, all the animals of each group were induced with intravenous ketamine. The induction doses were found to be 7.62±0.09 mg/kg in group A, 7.12±0.09 mg/kg in group B and 6.69±0.08 mg/kg in the animals of group C respectively. Intubation was easy and free of any major complications in the animals of group A and group C, however in the animals of group B, they showed strong coughing reflex, chewing motion and strong tongue with-drawl during the time of intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained in all the groups of animals with sevoflurane. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia was noted in all the animals by the tail clamp method. The level of anaesthesia was determined by observing various clinical (Induction time, intubation score, duration of anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, pedal reflex, recovery time, complete recovery time, recovery score, required doses of different drugs and minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane, physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, haemoglobin oxygen saturation-SpO2, electrocardiography), haematological (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, packed cell volume, and biochemical (serum glucose, total protein, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine amino transferase ,aspartate amino transferase and total bilirubin) parameters. The animals of group C showed quicker induction. All anaesthetic combinations tested in the study were able to provide adequate muscle relaxation but group C showed better result. The pedal reflex was totally lost after administration of the induction agents in all the groups. The recovery time, complete recovery time were highest in group B followed by group C and group A. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia were found to be (1.68 ± 0.47)% for group A, (2.00 ± 0.25)% for group B and (1.85 ± 0.54)% for group C. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate showed significant decrease at various time intervals. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures showed significant decrease in its values in the groups A but not in the group B and group C, and returned to their base values by 90 minutes post anaesthesia. In all the groups of animals the capillary refill time (CRT) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were always less than 2 seconds and more than 95% respectively. The haemoglobin, PCV, TLC and TEC values of the animals in various groups showed significant decrease in its values whereas the ESR showed a significant increase. Significant changes were observed in differential leucocyte count. Serum glucose, Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST and total bilirubin levels increased significantly in all the groups of animals however there was significant decrease in total protein levels. On the basis of above mentioned parameters, it was concluded that the most efficacious anaesthetic combination was glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV)- ketamine (6.69±0.08 mg/kg IV) and sevoflurane (1.85 ± 0.54) % in the animals of group C and it was found suitable for surgeries because of its smooth induction, less induction time, excellent muscle relaxation and analgesia properties, maximum dose sparing effect on ketamine and smooth and uneventful recovery.