A STUDY ON THE STATUS OF UDDER HYGIENE AND TREND OF ANTIBIOTIC USAGE IN DAIRY ANIMALS OF JAMMU REGION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH MICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN
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Date
2022-06-22
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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K)
Abstract
Dairy cattle farmers need healthy animals and good milk production. Udder health is greatly desirous for cow health and is directly associated to the quality and quantity of milk produced. The present study was commenced to check the status of udder hygiene and trend of usage of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in dairy animals of Jammu region. The study included evaluation of hygienic standards of udder and milk of dairy animals, raised under different managemental practices and pattern of microbial resistance in dairy animals. Information on the usage of antibiotics was collected from outdoor records of government hospitals and the records of wholesale distributors for the period 2015-2021. Different antibiotics were categorised into six major class of commercially available antibiotics (Beta-lactums, floroquinolones, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, sulphonamide, and nitroimidazole). Data on wholesale distribution of antibiotics for seven districts (Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Pounch and Rajori) of Jammu region was collected from the office of Deputy Drug Controller, Drug and Food Control Organisation, Jammu. A total of 30 households keeping dairy animals (herd size >10) were selected for collection of information on managemental practices. These households were randomly selected and spanned over 13 villages and peri-urban areas. To study the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of milk, a total of 100 milk samples were collected from these selected households. The Standard plate count and coliform count of all milk samples was determined using standard technique. The confirmation of Staphylococcus spp. and coliform organisms were confirmed by rDNA sequencing. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of prevalent organisms were determined by disk-diffusion method, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and amplification of resistant genes.
The study revealed that the usage of beta lactum was highest followed by floroquinolones and aminoglycosides. There has been a remarkable increase in sale and usage of antibiotics in the region for dairy production. Udder hygiene score was satisfactorily fair in studied animals which has significant association with log SPC and log CC. There was a high prevalence of methicillin and tetracycline resistance among E. coli and S. aureus of udder origin. A high percentage (60%) of the isolates showed resistance to two or more than two classes of antibiotics with high prevalence of methicillin and tetracycline resistance. Methicilin resistance was more prevalent in Gram positive Staphylococci, whereas tetracycline resistance was frequent in both Gram positive Staphylococci and Gram negative E. coli. Abundance of tetracycline resistant (Tet A, Tet O and Tet M) and Methicillin resistant (MecA, MecI and MecR) genes were fairly common in E. coli and S. aureus of udder origin.