Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Ambri apple in Doda and Kishtwar Districts of J&K
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Date
2021-09
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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Abstract
The present investigation entitled “Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Ambri apple in Doda and Kishtwar Districts of J&K” was undertaken during 2016 -2017 and 2017 -2018 in Ambri apple growing areas of Doda and Kishtwar districts to assess the distribution and to record the range of genetic variability for different horticultural traits of the selected trees. Fifty seedling trees of Ambri apple were selected during the survey on the basis of variability for various morphological traits constituted the material study as per descriptor given by NBPGR New Delhi. The genotypes were analysed for various statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviation, range and coefficient of variation using various multivariate statistical tools.
The Ambri genotypes evaluated during study showed wide variation with respect to tree, leaf, flower and fruit characteristics. In the present study, out of fifty Ambri apple genotypes, none of the genotypes had extremely weak tree vigour, while 4 genotypes (8 per cent) showed weak tree vigour, 25 genotypes (50 per cent) had intermediate, 19 genotypes (38 per cent), had vigorous and rest 2 genotypes (4 per cent) exhibitted very vigorous tree vigour. In case of tree habit among the fifty Ambri apple genotypes 22 genotypes (44 per cent) had upright tree habit, while 23 genotypes (46 per cent) had spreading and rest 5 genotypes (10 per cent) genotypes had drooping tree habit. Among the selected genotypes tree height, trunk girth and tree spread varied from 5.23 m to 9.30 m,105. 28 cm to 340.31 cm and 3.20 m to 6.80 m respectively. Leaf size varied as small (8 per cent), medium (44 per cent) and large (48 per cent), leaf shape varied as oval (40 per cent), and broad elliptic (60 per cent). In case of flower characterstics, biennial flowering was observed in 35 genotypes (70 per cent), except 3 genotypes (6 per cent) which were found regular in flowering and 12 genotypes (24 per cent) showed irregularity in flowering. Self incompatibility was observed in all 50 genotypes (100 per cent). Majority of genotypes 38 (76 per cent) showed bearing on spurs and 12 genotypes (24 per cent) exhibited mixed bearing habit. The number of flower buds per inflorescence showed maximum six number of flower buds per inflorescence, followed by five and four number of flower buds per inflorescence. Flower stalk length showed wide variation from 10.7 mm to 25.15 mm. As date of start of flowering is concerned, it varied from 1st to 3rd week of April. End of flowering varied 3rd to 4th week of April. Fruit shape varied from globose (38 per cent), globose conical (16 per cent), conical (20 per cent) and long conical (26 per cent) whereas, fruit base varied as narrow (34 per cent), intermediate (12 per cent) and broad (54 per cent). Out of fifty selected Ambri apple genotypes, 17 genotypes (34 per cent) had narrow base, 6 genotypes (12 per cent) had intermediate and rest 27 genotypes (54 per cent) had broad fruit base. Fruit base cavity depth showed that 18 genotypes (36 per cent) exhibited shallow, 18 genotypes (36 per cent) showed medium and 14 genotypes (28 per cent) possessed deep fruit base cavity depth. Fruit apex showed that 30 genotypes (60 per cent) possessed smooth apex and 20 genotypes (40 per cent) exhibitted grooved fruit apex. Wide variation was recorded in fruit weight (158.2g to 292.2 g), fruit length (4.35 cm to 6.37 cm) and fruit width (4.62 to 7.62 cm) among the selected genotypes. Days to fruit harvest ranged from 145 to 158 days. Wide variation was also observed in fruit ground colour, fruit over colour, pulp texture, pulp tatse, juiciness, fruit skin lenticels, productivity status and biotic stress susceptibility among the selected genotypes of Ambri apple. Cluster analysis of Ambri apple genotypes base on morphological data categorized them into three clusters. Cluster I contained 11 genotypes cluster II contained 25 genotypes and cluster III contained 14 genotypes which showed inter cluster variability which can be utilized for improvement purpose. Principle component analysis of morphological data explained the cumulative variance of 71. 89 per cent. According to loading plots, PC1 explained (14.84 per cent) while PC2 explained (11.92 per cent) of the total variance.
Considerable variation was recorded among the biochemical parameters. TSS (12.57 oBrix to 15.91 oBrix), total sugar (9.89 per cent to 13.15 per cent), pectin content (1.00 per cent 1.32 per cent), ascorbic acid (2.10 mg/100g to 4.81 mg/100g) and Phenolics (43.59 mg/100g to 64.05 mg/100g) varied among the selected genotypes. Principle component analysis of biochemical data explained total cumulative variance of 76.76 per cent. Loading plots showed (32.62 per cent) and (18.17 per cent) of the total variance.
Twenty nine SSR markers were used in molecular characterization of fifty Ambri apple genotypes. The PIC value varied from 0.02 (CH03c02) to 0.8 (CH05d11) primer. Polymorphic percentage was observed from 14.20 per cent to 62.50 per cent in primer CH04g10 and primer CH03d12 respectively. Similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.14 to 0.74. UPGMA based dendrogram was constructed based on SSR analysis which grouped fifty genotypes into 2 major clusters. Principal co-rdinate analysis differentiate the genotypes into two cor-dinates based on diversity exist among them.
Four genotypes namely, SKJAG-12, SKJABh-19, SKJABh-20 and SKJAM-45 were obtained with different similarity coefficient values suggest that a rich genetic variation exists between them and they can be used prospective parents in further breeding programme to get segregates from molecular analysis. Two genotypes SKJAD-29 and SKJAD-30 showed superiority over selected genotypes with respect to biochemical parameters. The existing biochemical diversity could be explored as pre indices for identification of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance ability of the studied Ambri apple genotypes.
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Preferred for your work. Devi,K.2021. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Ambri apple in Doda and Kishtwar of J&K