DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DOGS
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Date
2020-10-30
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CSKHPKV Palampur
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to study the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in dogs. The study was conducted on 2063 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Palampur. On the basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic studies, 188 cases suffering from urinary tract infection were included in the study representing an incidence of 9.1%. Amongst 188 dogs, 20 dogs were affected with Acute renal failure (ARF), 80 dogs with Chronic renal failure (CRF), 50 dogs with Cystitis and 38 dogs with Urolithiasis. Incidence of urinary tract infection was highest in 5-8 year age group (31.91%). The incidence of renal failure and urolithiasis was highest in >8years age group whereas the incidence of cystitis was highest in 5-8 year age group. Labradors, Pomeranian and Non-descript were the most common affected breeds. The most common clinical signs observed in renal failure dogs were anorexia, dullness and depression, dehydration, paleness of mucous membranes, vomiting, dental tartar, melena and hematuria whereas hematuria, dribbling of urine, stranguria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from cystitis and urolithiasis. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed only in renal failure dogs. Dogs suffering from CRF had decreased TEC, Hb (10.50 ± 0.42 g/dl) and PCV (30.54 ± 1.21%). There was significant increase in BUN (141.44 ± 16.28 mg/dl) and Creatinine (8.67 ± 1.06 mg/dl) levels in ARF dogs whereas corresponding levels in CRF dogs were 180.29 ± 13.63 mg/dl and 8.16 ± 0.56 mg/dl respectively which in addition also showed hyperphosphatemia (8.54 ± 0.62 mg/dl). BUN (84.46 ± 11.01 mg/dl) and Creatinine (2.27 ± 0.35 mg/dl) were also significantly increased in Urolithiasis with no significant change in Cystitis. Significant decreased levels in Sodium (136.8 ± 1.89 mmol/L) and Chloride (99.76 ± 2.12 mmol/L) were observed in ARF dogs while only significant decrease in Sodium (140.1 ± 0.94 mmol/L) was observed in CRF dogs. Blood gas and acid base status revealed significant decrease in HCO3 in chronic renal failure dogs indicating metabolic acidosis. Urinalysis revealed significant decrease in urine pH in dogs suffering from Cystitis and Urolithiasis whereas significant decrease in urine specific gravity was observed in dogs suffering from Chronic renal failure and Cystitis. UPC ratio was highest in dogs suffering from Urolithiasis (4.84 ± 2.51) followed by Cystitis and Renal Failure. uALP : uCreat ratio (28.66 ± 22.84) and uGGT : uCreat ratio (28.72 ± 25.83) was higher in ARF dogs indicating significance of biomarkers in detection of acute damage to the kidneys. The highest sensitivity of Marbofloxacin (91.53%) was observed on antibiogram followed by Doxycycline (58.46%) and Nitrofurantoin (55.38%). E.coli (20.12%) was the most commonly isolated bacteria followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14.46%), Proteus spp.(11.94%) and Pseudomonas spp. (8.80%). Cystoliths, nephroliths, urethroliths, ascites, increased echogenicity, merging densities of cortex and medulla, end stage renal disease, hydronephrosis, pyelectasia, cystitis and prostate enlargement were diagnosed through radiography and ultrasonography. Ehrlichiosis induced Chronic kidney disease was detected in 10 cases signifying the importance of haemoprotozoan infection in causing renal disease. Conventional treatment along with fluid therapy, antibiotics, supportive as well as specific treatment based on cultural sensitivity tests and surgical intervention resulted in 70% (14/20) recovery in Acute renal failure, 60% (48/80) in Chronic renal failure, 100% (50/50) in Cystitis and 94% (36/38) in Urolithiasis.