Ultrasonographic evaluation of bovine and equine patients with abdominal affections

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Date
2010
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GADVASU, Ludhiana
Abstract
The present study was conducted on 227 clinical cases of bovine (140 buffalo and 74 cows) and equine (n=13) patients suffering from abdominal affections and also on healthy bovine (n=6) and equine (n=7). Ultrasonography helped to identify congestion (n=55), cysts (n=6) and abnormal/mixed echotexture (n=28) in bovine liver. Ultrasound guided biopsy (USGB) (n=26) and ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (USGFNAB) (n=13) of the affected liver, histopathologically, revealed sinusoidal dilatation, degenerative, inflammatory, suppurative and neoplastic changes in bovine. Round appearance and significant dilatation of vena cava with mean diameter of 4.82 ï ± 0.23 cm (normal 3.01 ï ± 0.1 cm and triangular) and portal vein diameter 4.20 ï ± 0.23 cm (normal 2.82 ï ± 0.1, round with thick echogenic wall) along with marked hepatomegaly indicated hepatic congestion which was always associated with pericarditis in bovine. Significantly thickened gall bladder wall (11.31 ï ± 1.95 mm) compared to normal (3.66 ï ± 0.44 mm) was seen most commonly associated with pericarditis in bovine. Ultrasonographically, diseased kidney (n=10) appeared significantly smaller in size with increased cortical density. USGB (n=5) examination revealed chronic interstitial nephritis. Normal spleen was scanned from 11th to 7th intercostals space (ICS) from left side with a mean thickness of 3.56 ï ± 0.57 cm and spleenic abscess was diagnosed in a buffalo. In healthy buffaloes, reticulum was seen as cranial as 6th ICS while in cows normal reticulum was present at 5th ICS with characteristic biphasic contractions. Visibility of reticular wall and motility at 4th ICS in cows (n=3) and/or directing transducer cranially at 5th ICS confirms diaphragmatic hernia in buffaloes (n=41). Ultrasonographic diagnosis of reticular abscess (n=23), diffuse peritonitis (n=14), reticulitis or focal adhesions (n=17) is feasible. It also facilitated needle aspiration or drainage of abscess / fluid pockets located in the perireticular or abdominal region for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Normal bovine omasum was scanned from 7th to 11th ICS on right side with no apparent motility. Scanning of omasum over a larger area (6th/7th to 12th ICS) with caudodorsal displacement of the gall bladder up to 12th ICS was seen in majority of cases of omasal impaction (n=22) or abomasal impaction / dilatation (n=10) in bovine. Normal pylorus was motile (2-3 contractions/min) and was seen at 9th/10th ICS on right side in bovine. Significant dilatation of intestines (5.1 ï ± 0.58 cm) along with ileus was seen in intestinal obstruction (n=6) and secondarily in various disease conditions such as omasal impaction (n=4), peritonitis (n=14), cecal dilatation (n=10). Healthy equine liver appeared weakly echogenic and spleenic parenchyma was uniform and hyperechogenic compared to liver and renal cortex. Normal mean size of kidneys was 13.4 ï ± 2.1 cm in length and 5.6 ï ± 0.51 cm in breadth. Ultrasonographic examination of mares (n=2) having a history of polydipsia / polyuria revealed small or normal sized kidneys with raised cortical echogenicity. In horses, small intestine appeared motile triangular or oval structures on cross section with the mean lumen diameter 2.87 ï ± 0.38 cm and the wall thickness 4.17 ï ± 0.3 cm. Present study conclude that ultrasonography coupled with USGB / USG-FNAC is a useful tool for the diagnosis of various hepatic, renal, spleenic, diaphragmatic, reticular, omasal, abomasal, intestinal, cecal and peritoneal affections in bovine and to assess various abdominal organs like liver, spleen, kidney, intestines, cecum, colon and peritoneum in equine
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