Integrated insect pest management (IIPM) and Biological Control based integrated pest management (BIPM) in rice
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Date
2012
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Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara
Abstract
Rice is the staple food of India and most parts of the world. India has a history of pest outbreaks resulting in extensive losses in rice production, with a lot of factors contributing to it. For managing pests in rice many farmers use only the parasitoid Trichogramma (available as trichocards) and sometimes with the addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Trichogramma will manage only yellow stem borer and leaf folder (YSB and LF). Other lepidopteran pests and sucking pests have to be tackled by adopting other management practices. Even trichocards are wasted due to wrong application techniques. Light traps can be used to monitor the incidence of YSB and LF to aid in the placement of trichocards. Hence the present study “Integrated insect pest management (IIPM) and biological control based integrated pest management (BIPM) in rice” was taken up with the objectives of separating/fractionating the contribution of biological control based integrated pest management (BIPM), need based super imposition of integrated insect pest management(IIPM) over BIPM, synchronizing trichocard with moth emergence to explore the possibility of reducing trichocard numbers, evaluation of trichocard dispensing technologies and economic analysis of these operations.
The experiment was conducted in transplanted rice and direct sown rice at State Seed Farm, Mannuthy. Both BIPM and IIPM strategies were implemented. Two light traps were installed in the field. The trichocards @ 5cc ha-1 were released four times in treated plots to suppress the yellow stem borer and leaf folder based on moth emergence. Other treatments included application of Beauveria bassiana and neem oil garlic extract 2% in BIPM plot and need based application of insecticides in IIPM plot for managing the pests.
Results revealed that the relationship between light trap catches of yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and dead heart/white ear head damage did not differ significantly between transplanted and direct sown rice and trap catches were also low in both the cases. Considering the percentage damage, it was seen that control plot shows significantly high damage compared to other treatments. After
sixth fortnight, the application of insecticides in IIPM and botanicals in BIPM plots reduced the damage and resulted in more yield.
While observing the relationship between light trap catches of leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and number of leaves damaged in transplanted and direct sown rice, less damage was observed in BIPM plot compared to other treatments. Considering the percentage damage, it was observed that control plot showed significantly high damage. After sixth fortnight , when other pests started infesting the crop, application of insecticides in IIPM and botanicals in BIPM plots reduced the damage and resulted in more yield.
The yield data of various treatments indicate that the IIPM plot recorded highest yield i.e. 9,150 kg ha-1 in transplanted and 8,600 kg ha-1 in direct sown rice in comparison to BIPM (8,425 kg ha-1 and 7,975 kg ha-1) and control (6,115 kg ha-1 and 5,225 kg ha-1). The highest benefit cost ratio was recorded in IIPM (1.49 and 1.53:1) followed by BIPM (1.36 and 1.41:1).
In the experiment to synchronize trichocard release with moth emergence for possible reduction of trichocard numbers, four releases starting from second to fifth fortnight could suppress both yellow stem borer and leaf folder. Different trichocard dispensing techniques have an important role in suppressing the yellow stem borer and leaf folder. In the cup method adults are restricted inside the cup and hence, leaf clipping method or coconut leaf method are recommended and also discourage the use of cup method.
The results reveal that for minimizing pest incidence, providing protection and for phytotonic effects, seed treatments with insecticides and Pseudomonas is best suited. Major rice pests can be monitored by installing the light trap in the field and it is possible to synchronize the trichocard releases with moth emergence of yellow stem borer and leaf folder. Egg parasitoids T. japonicum and T. chilonis are effective against yellow stem borer and leaf folder only. BIPM method is best for managing leaf folder and IIPM for yellow stem borer. It is necessary to use need based application of insecticides, neem oil garlic extract and other biocontrol methods in controlling insect pests. Maximum yield is attained in IIPM plot
followed by BIPM in transplanted and direct sown rice and benefit cost ratio was high in IIPM followed by BIPM method.
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173270