Agro morphological and molecular characterization of local rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces
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Date
2019
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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar)
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out at Rice Research Farm, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa during kharif 2018 and molecular work in plant breeding and genetics laboratory in the month of Feb –April. It was done to assess the Agro-morphological characterization, genetic variability, Correlation, Path Coefficient analysis, genetic divergence (Cluster analysis), and molecular characterisation. The experimental material consisted of 23 rice landraces including check Sugandha.
Analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to treatments were significant for all fifteen quantitative trait. High estimates of PCV were observed for traits grain yield per plant, days to50% flowering, plant height, panicle length of main axis, panicle number per plant, length of leaf blade, width of leaf blade, 1000 grain weight, grain width, decorticated grain length, decorticated grain width, root volume. In present set of materials high heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for panicle length of main axis, panicle number per plant, length of leaf blade, root volume, grain yield per plant. The highest magnitude of coefficient of variation was noted for grain yield per plant followed by panicle number per plant, panicle length of main axis, width of leaf blade, decorticated grain width, stem thickness. In the present investigation simple correlation coefficients among fifteen quantitative characters revealed that grain yield per plant had significant positive correlation with panicle number per plant.
Path analysis revealed very high positive direct effect by days to 50% flowering, length of leaf blade,1000 grain weight, grain length, root volume and decorticated grain length and very high negative direct effect by days to maturity, plant height, stem thickness, panicle length of main axis, decorticated grain length on grain yield per plant. Hence, selection based on these characters would be more effective for yield improvement.
The landraces in cluster D and cluster E due to maximum inter cluster distance between them, exhibited high degree of genetic diversity and thus may be utilized in future breeding programme for getting high yielding recombinants. Cluster D showed higher mean performance for most of the yield attributing characters therefore, selection of parents from this cluster would be effective. Grain yield per plant followed by 1000 grain weight, root volume, days to 50% flowering, length of leaf blade, grain width were major characters contributing towards genetic divergence.
Scoring was done for 31 morphological DUS descriptors on rice as per the IIRR (formerly known as DRR) guidelines. Out of 31 characteristics, 6 were monomorphic, partially monomorphic was found in single trait, 6 were dimorphic and 18 were polymorphic. . The dimorphic and polymorphic characters showed their potential for genotype characterization. The landrace sathi-1 was observed to be more distinct, with the rarest morphological feature like no panicle exertion, black lemma and palea colour, early flowering and early maturity were observed. The landrace Parwa Pankhi with unique feature i.e. longest sterile lemma. Character decorticated grain aroma divided 23 landraces into scented and non- scented landraces. Scented landraces are Lalmati, Rajbhog, kankirbi, sugandha, Kasturi, Basmati-570, Marcha-1, Marcha-2, Tarori Basmati, CSR-30. The descriptors offering the most discrimination were lemma and palea colour, flag leaf: attitude at early and late observation.
A panel of fifteen primers, namely RM 555, RM 5791, RM 566, RM28166, RM 70, RM 286, RM 319, RM 321, RM 324, RM 416, RM431, RM520, RM521, MRG 2805, and MRG2894 generated amplified products Altogether 81 allelic variants were detected among the twenty-three rice genotypes with an average of 3.52 alleles per primer. A total of 74 shared and 7 unique allelic variants were generated in the form of amplified products by using 15 primer pairs. Considerably the greater number of alleles had been detected in primers RM520, RM321, RM70, MRG2894, and MRG2805. RM566, RM520, RM324, RM321, RM70, MRG2894 generated considerably unique alleles rest the primer pairs generated shared alleles. The PIC values revealing allele diversity and frequency among the landraces varied from 0.32 in the case of RM286 to 0.87 in the case of RM520 and RM521 with an average of 0.725 per primer.
The pair-wise estimates of similarity coefficients ranged from 0.062 to 0.733. The magnitude of Dice similarity coefficient between Dihawan and Moti; Sugapankhi and Lalka Dhan (0.7333) was found to be the maximum.By drawing the phenon line at 25 similarity units. A perusal of the dendrogram clearly indicates that the entries were basically divided into four groups. Cluster I, II, III, IV consisting 13, 2, 7, 1 landraces respectively.
Analysis of divergence pattern based on morphological and molecular characterization having 15 quantitative traits and fifteen SSR markers allowed differentiation and classification of twenty three rice landraces into five and four clusters, respectively revealed that genotype Marcha-1, Marcha-2; Jadhan, Rajbhog; Karahani Dudha Ladu, Moti, Parwa Pankhi, Lalka Dhan belong to same group in both clusters showed high similarity between genotypes present in same clusters.
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