Efficiency of Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet Basil) for the phytoremediation of Cd and NaCl stressed soil, with and without Jeevamrutha

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Date
2019
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DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ-211007 (U.P.) INDIA
Abstract
The present study entitled “Efficiency of Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet Basil) for the phytoremediation of Cd and NaCl stressed soil, with and without Jeevamrutha” was carried out at Department of Biological Sciences, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Allahabad) to access the potential of sweet basil, for phytoremediation of Cadmium (Cd) and sodium chloride (NaCl) stressed soil alone and in combination, with the treatment of organic liquid formulation, jeevamrutha. The results revealed that different growth, biochemical, enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as essential oil percentage and cadmium accumulation in soil, roots and leaves were influenced by the treatments in both the trials. Growth attributes like germination percentage, shoot length, number of branches and number of leaves were not hindered by the least concentration of Cd and NaCl i.e. 20 ppm/kg soil and NaCl 25 mM/kg soil respectively. The combination of both the least concentrations of Cd and NaCl further influences the growth attributes of plants. Additionally, the growth attributes were negatively influenced by the higher concentrations of Cd and NaCl from 40 ppm to 80 ppm/kg soil and NaCl 50 mM to 100 mM/ kg soil and their combinations. Further, the growth attributes were slightly enhanced by the treatment of organic liquid formulation, jeevamrutha. Different biochemical attributes like chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carbohydrate content were also affected by treatment of Cd, NaCl and their combinations. Chlorophyll ‘a’ as well as chlorophyll ‘b’ and carbohydrate content were reduced as the concentration of Cd and NaCl increased, both alone and in combinations. However, the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed significant enhancement in chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and in carbohydrate content in all the treatments. Various non-enzymatic antioxidants like carotenoid, proline and total phenol content were influenced by treatment of Cd, NaCl and their combinations. Carotenoid content showed linear decrement in different individual and combined treatments in comparison to control. However, the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed, slight enhancement in all the treatments. While proline accumulation increased with the increasing concentrations of Cd and NaCl in individual and combined treatments. Proline content was further increased by the treatment of organic liquid formulation, jeevamrutha; it shows the affirmative impact of jeevamrutha during stress 18 condition. Moreover total phenol content was negatively influenced by Cd, NaCl and their combinations, though the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed decrement in all the treatments. Furthermore, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like catalase and peroxidase were influenced by treatments. Catalase activity decreased with the increasing concentration of NaCl and Cd in all the treatments in comparison to control. However the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed slight increment in catalase activity. Peroxidase activity was found to be higher with the rising concentration of NaCl and Cd in all the treatments. Moreover, the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed slight increase in peroxidase activity. The results for essential oil percentage demonstrated that NaCl treatments positively influenced the essential oil percentage and increment in essential oil percentage was observed with the increasing concentration of NaCl, even though Cd in low concentration could not hampered the essential oil percentage in 20 ppm/kg soil but further Cd treatments alone and in combination with NaCl causes gradual decrement in essential oil percentage of sweet basil. While, the plants treated with jeevamrutha showed slight increment in essential oil percentage in all the treatments. Accumulation of Cd, in soil was increased as the concentration of cadmium increases in the treatments. In case of roots cadmium accumulation was increased as the concentration of Cd increases in the treatments, it was further increased in combination with NaCl and jeevamrutha in all treatments. Similarly, in leaves cadmium accumulation increases with the increasing concentration in the treatments. Furthermore, the plants treated with, jeevamrutha showed slight increment in cadmium content among the treatments. It was also observed that the accumulation of cadmium was comparatively higher in roots in comparison to the leaves of sweet basil. The present study accomplished that sweet basil plants were cultivated only with the low concentrations of Cd and NaCl with organic liquid formulation, jeevamrutha in the contaminated soil, to get the better quality and yield of sweet basil crop. Relatively the higher concentration of Cd and NaCl alone and in combination reduced the growth of sweet basil plants.
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