EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON PLANT GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3
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Date
2019-09-19
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College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, HYD-30
Abstract
The present investigation entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ was carried out during the Rabi season of the year 2018-19 at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
The experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments viz., T1: FYM (10 t ha-1), T2: Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T3: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T4: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1), T5: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T6: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T7: Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T8: Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T10: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T11: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T12: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T13: 100% RDF (80: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1), T14: Control (without any treatment) in Randomized Block Design with three replications.
The results regarding growth parameters revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1)
recorded significantly highest plant height (43.93 cm), more number of branches per plant (6.40) and maximum plant spread North-South (23.32 cm) and East-West (25.33 cm) over other treatments.
All treatments differed significantly with respect to yield parameters. Among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded minimum days to first flowering, 50% flowering and harvesting (27.67, 38.00 and 89.00 days respectively) and the same treatment recorded significantly more number of pods per plant (32.00), highest seed yield per plot and per hectare (490.13 g and 1225.33 kg respectively) and maximum test weight (11.83 g) as compared to other treatments.
The results pertaining to quality parameters revealed that, significantly the highest crude protein content of seed (21.62%) and total chlorophyll content (17.09 mg/100 mg of tissue) were recorded in T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) over other treatments.
The results related to soil and plant nutrient status showed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen (195.84 kg ha-1), phosphorous (52.48 ha-1) and potassium content (170.46 kg ha-1) in soil and also the same treatment registered significantly maximum nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in dry herb (1.28%, 0.51% and 0.47% respectively) as compared to rest of the treatments.
From correlation studies, Spodoptera caterpillar and leaf miner maggot infestation showed non significant association with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, RH I, RH II, rainy days and wind speed.
The data on economics revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha -1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded the highest gross returns (Rs. 1,47,039.00), net returns (Rs. 1,00,389.60) and cost benefit ratio (1: 2.15).
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
India, the land of spices is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices. These spices add flavour, taste, aroma, colour and pungency to the food. Indian spices have earned high reputation in the international market. Among the 63 spices grown in the country, 17 are seed spices and fenugreek is one among the first three seed spices grown in the country.
In India, it is cultivated in an area of 1.49 lakh ha with a production of 2.02 lakh MT (National Horticulture Board, 2017-18). It is an important versatile rabi season seed spice crop mainly grown in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Haryana. In North India, the crop is grown for seeds while in South India; it is used as a green leafy vegetable.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) belongs to subfamily Papilionaceae, of the Leguminosae family. It is commonly known as methi. It is valued primarily for spice and also as vegetable and fodder. The seed is used as spice, tender leaves and tender pods are considered as vegetable for human consumption and also as a fodder for cattle. Besides, fenugreek has a number of medicinal uses.
The seeds of fenugreek are used as a condiment and seasoning agent for garnishing and flavouring dishes. Fresh tender pods, leaves and shoots which are rich in iron, calcium, protein, vitamin A and vitamin C are eaten as curried vegetable since ancient times in India, Egypt etc.
The seed contains 20% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 5% fat and 25% dietary fibers lipids, cellulose starch, ash, calcium, iron and β-carotene (USDA 2001). Also it has been found to contain vitamin C, niacin, potassium, and diosgenin (which are a compound that has properties similar to estrogen). Other active constituents in fenugreek are alkaloids, lysine and L-tryptophan, as well as
steroidal saponins therefore it is used in artificial flavoring and in the production of hormones.
Fenugreek established itself as a medicinal plant due to its different activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bitter, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, anthelmintic, wound healing and gastro protective. Not only that, it is one of the primary supplement used for type II diabetics or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Being a leguminous crop, the root nodules enrich the soil with atmospheric nitrogen.
Increased dependence on agro-chemicals including fertilizers has led to several ill effect not only on the environment but also on the health of flora and fauna including human beings. Existence of pesticide residues and heavy metals in seed spices and their products above maximum residue level (MRL) leading to less preference in markets of importing countries. The adverse impact of the modern agriculture and excess use of agro chemicals is visible everywhere throughout the world on the environment and soil health (Lal et al., 2012). Recent trends in agriculture are centred on reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers by organic manures and biofertilizers (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002 and Darzi et al., 2011). Besides improving soil health, organic manures supply the major nutrients and micronutrients (Palaniappan and Annadurai, 1999). Many studies showed that organic nutrients could enhance the vegetative growth and yield of seed spices like fennel (Darzi et al., 2008) and coriander (Lal and Singh, 2016).
Organic products are highly remunerative due to higher demand in domestic market in metro cities and for export earnings. Organic cultivation not only helps in enhancing availability of nutrients to plant, but also reduces dependency upon external inputs as it is nearer to nature (Lampkin, 1999). Looking to its medicinal properties, there is great demand for organically produced fenugreek in the domestic and international market. Application of right and appropriate nutritional sources through manures and bio fertilizers and management of diseases and pest by organic sources not only improve the quality
of produce with higher yield without any residual toxicity of pesticides but also enriches soil fertility.
Keeping in view of the above facts, the present investigation is entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ with the following objectives:
1. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on plant growth of fenugreek
2. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on yield and quality of fenugreek
3. To study the influence of weather parameters on incidence of insect pests and diseases of fenugreek
Description
The present investigation entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ was carried out during the Rabi season of the year 2018-19 at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
The experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments viz., T1: FYM (10 t ha-1), T2: Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T3: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1), T4: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1), T5: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T6: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T7: Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T8: Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T10: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T11: FYM (10 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T12: FYM (5 t ha-1) + Neemcake (0.5 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1), T13: 100% RDF (80: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1), T14: Control (without any treatment) in Randomized Block Design with three replications.
The results regarding growth parameters revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1)
recorded significantly highest plant height (43.93 cm), more number of branches per plant (6.40) and maximum plant spread North-South (23.32 cm) and East-West (25.33 cm) over other treatments.
All treatments differed significantly with respect to yield parameters. Among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded minimum days to first flowering, 50% flowering and harvesting (27.67, 38.00 and 89.00 days respectively) and the same treatment recorded significantly more number of pods per plant (32.00), highest seed yield per plot and per hectare (490.13 g and 1225.33 kg respectively) and maximum test weight (11.83 g) as compared to other treatments.
The results pertaining to quality parameters revealed that, significantly the highest crude protein content of seed (21.62%) and total chlorophyll content (17.09 mg/100 mg of tissue) were recorded in T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) over other treatments.
The results related to soil and plant nutrient status showed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen (195.84 kg ha-1), phosphorous (52.48 ha-1) and potassium content (170.46 kg ha-1) in soil and also the same treatment registered significantly maximum nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in dry herb (1.28%, 0.51% and 0.47% respectively) as compared to rest of the treatments.
From correlation studies, Spodoptera caterpillar and leaf miner maggot infestation showed non significant association with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, RH I, RH II, rainy days and wind speed.
The data on economics revealed that, among the treatments, T9: FYM (10 t ha-1) + NC (1 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (1.5 kg ha -1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) recorded the highest gross returns (Rs. 1,47,039.00), net returns (Rs. 1,00,389.60) and cost benefit ratio (1: 2.15).
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
India, the land of spices is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices. These spices add flavour, taste, aroma, colour and pungency to the food. Indian spices have earned high reputation in the international market. Among the 63 spices grown in the country, 17 are seed spices and fenugreek is one among the first three seed spices grown in the country.
In India, it is cultivated in an area of 1.49 lakh ha with a production of 2.02 lakh MT (National Horticulture Board, 2017-18). It is an important versatile rabi season seed spice crop mainly grown in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Haryana. In North India, the crop is grown for seeds while in South India; it is used as a green leafy vegetable.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) belongs to subfamily Papilionaceae, of the Leguminosae family. It is commonly known as methi. It is valued primarily for spice and also as vegetable and fodder. The seed is used as spice, tender leaves and tender pods are considered as vegetable for human consumption and also as a fodder for cattle. Besides, fenugreek has a number of medicinal uses.
The seeds of fenugreek are used as a condiment and seasoning agent for garnishing and flavouring dishes. Fresh tender pods, leaves and shoots which are rich in iron, calcium, protein, vitamin A and vitamin C are eaten as curried vegetable since ancient times in India, Egypt etc.
The seed contains 20% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 5% fat and 25% dietary fibers lipids, cellulose starch, ash, calcium, iron and β-carotene (USDA 2001). Also it has been found to contain vitamin C, niacin, potassium, and diosgenin (which are a compound that has properties similar to estrogen). Other active constituents in fenugreek are alkaloids, lysine and L-tryptophan, as well as
steroidal saponins therefore it is used in artificial flavoring and in the production of hormones.
Fenugreek established itself as a medicinal plant due to its different activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bitter, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, anthelmintic, wound healing and gastro protective. Not only that, it is one of the primary supplement used for type II diabetics or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Being a leguminous crop, the root nodules enrich the soil with atmospheric nitrogen.
Increased dependence on agro-chemicals including fertilizers has led to several ill effect not only on the environment but also on the health of flora and fauna including human beings. Existence of pesticide residues and heavy metals in seed spices and their products above maximum residue level (MRL) leading to less preference in markets of importing countries. The adverse impact of the modern agriculture and excess use of agro chemicals is visible everywhere throughout the world on the environment and soil health (Lal et al., 2012). Recent trends in agriculture are centred on reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers by organic manures and biofertilizers (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002 and Darzi et al., 2011). Besides improving soil health, organic manures supply the major nutrients and micronutrients (Palaniappan and Annadurai, 1999). Many studies showed that organic nutrients could enhance the vegetative growth and yield of seed spices like fennel (Darzi et al., 2008) and coriander (Lal and Singh, 2016).
Organic products are highly remunerative due to higher demand in domestic market in metro cities and for export earnings. Organic cultivation not only helps in enhancing availability of nutrients to plant, but also reduces dependency upon external inputs as it is nearer to nature (Lampkin, 1999). Looking to its medicinal properties, there is great demand for organically produced fenugreek in the domestic and international market. Application of right and appropriate nutritional sources through manures and bio fertilizers and management of diseases and pest by organic sources not only improve the quality
of produce with higher yield without any residual toxicity of pesticides but also enriches soil fertility.
Keeping in view of the above facts, the present investigation is entitled “Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) var. Lam Selection-3’’ with the following objectives:
1. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on plant growth of fenugreek
2. To study effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on yield and quality of fenugreek
3. To study the influence of weather parameters on incidence of insect pests and diseases of fenugreek
Keywords
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Citation
Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30