Variability analysis in Garcinia cambogia Dest. (Malabar tamarind)
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Date
1998
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Department of Pomology and Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara
Abstract
The present investigation on variability analysis in kodampuli (Garcinia
cambogia Desr.) was undertaken in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture,
College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1996 to 1998. Major objectives of the
study were to explore the variability in vegetative, floral, fruiting and biochemical
characters of kodampuli, to compare the quality of the rind under different drying
conditions, to study the pattern of fruit development and to differentiate the sex in
terms of morphological and biochemical characters.
Surveys were conducted in the homesteads of Pathanamthitta and
Thrissur districts to study the variability.
A wide variation in tree characters like shape of the tree (dome, round,
conical and pyramidal) and branching pattern (erect, spreading and drooping) was
noticed. Early flowering (AC. 3 and 36), late flowering (AC. 11,21,23,37 and 46)
and sporadic flowering types (AC. 3a, 9 and 13) were identified.
Prolific bearing types (AC. 3, 8a, 9, 14, 40, 42, 43b, 45a and 46), giving
an yield of above 350 kg fresh fruits per annum, could be located. Most of the
collections showed irregular bearing tendency. Incidences of gamboge,
malformation and fruit rot were widely noticed. Though scientifically yet to be
proved, pruning seems to be deleterious.
A wide variation was noticed in leaf characters. Among the trees
surveyed, six different flower types were identified. The first five flower types were
widely prevalent on male trees and the sixth one was common only on bisexuals.
The first three did not set any fruit, four and five set fruits rarely and the sixth one
set fruits profusely. Male trees had more number of flower per cluster, higher
petiole length, more stamens per flower, higher pollen viability and germination.
Flowers in bisexual trees had higher flower weight, petal length and ovary size.
Variation in fruit colour (light yellow to dark orange) and shape (round,
oblong, oval, cordate, pear and napiform) was recorded. There were fruits with
papilla (size ranged from 0.1 to I.S cm) and without papilla.
Some of the entries recorded higher number of segments of more than 10
(AC. 8b, 7, 24, 4b, 6, 43a, 40 and 46). Higher width of the segment of more than
1.40 cm was seen in AC. 20, 13, 2S, 9, 39 and 3. Accessions with length of the fruit
above 8.00 cm namely, AC. 46,1,21,20, 43b, 40 and 36 and girth of the fruit
above 2S.00 cm like AC. 4Sa, 46, 41 and 22 were noticed. Some of the accessions
(AC. 46, 4Sa, 14, 4b, 9, 33, 38, 43a and 41) were outstanding in fruit weight by
recording above 200.00 g. There were also accessions with higher rind thickness of
above I.S0 cm (AC. 46, 43a and 4Sa). Collections with higher rind seed ratio of
above 1.4 were AC. 46, 8a, 23, 16, 2S, 39,43a, 4Sa, 4Sb, 17a, 9, 4a and 6.
Biochemical analysis recorded variability in terms of moisture content,
rind and mucilage TSS, total acidity and (-)-HCA. Collections with total acidity of
above 22.00 per cent (AC. 2, 40, 23, 4a, 3S, 33, 6, 46, 42 and 24), (-)-HCA of
above 20.00 per cent (AC. 23, 40 and 24) and total phenol content of below 290.0
mg/l00 g (AC. 7, 12,86, S, 29, IS, 37, 43b, 24, 39, 30, 8 and 21) were identified.
Fruit weight and other fruit characters like length, volume, rind thickness,
seed weight, rind weight, rind seed ratio and fruit rind ratio were highly correlated.
Path analysis showed that fruit weight had a high influence on rind weight. The
indirect effect of fruit weight and rind weight via., fruit rind ratio was negative.
Non-hierarchial eucleadian cluster analysis revealed the existence of
genetic diversity in kodampuli. The 50 entries collected could be grouped into four
clusters.
On comparing the quality of the rind under different drying conditions
namely oven, sun and smoke, no significant difference was noticed. However, the
rind from smoke drying was soft and flexible, shiny black in colour with good
shape retaining capacity and consumer appeal.
It took 133 days from fruit set to ripening. The physical parameters like
length, girth, etc. attained its maximum by 112 days after fruit set with varying rate
of growth at different periods. Moisture content increased from fruit set till harvest.
The total acidity and (- )-HCA increased upto 77 days and then decreased till
harvest. Crude fat, crude protein and crude fibre increased upto 112 days and then
remained constant. The phenol content increased upto 98 days and thereafter
decreased.
The total fruit drop observed was 35.5 per cent. The drop during the first
month of development was 29.5 per cent.
There were no significant differences between male and bisexual trees in
terms of morphological characters. Pink and different shades of pink were more
prevalent in the emerging flushes of bisexual trees, as compared to male trees.
Significant difference between male and bisexual trees was noticed with respect to
total phenol content of young and mature leaves. The TLC profile of phenolic
extract showed one additional spot in male than in bisexual plants. Electrophoresis
revealed similar banding pattern for peroxidase enzyme in both male and bisexual
plants.
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Citation
171351