Characterization and Utilization of Wastewater in Vegetable growing areas of Haroti region of Rajasthan
Loading...
Date
2018
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
MPUAT, Udaipur
Abstract
Characterization and Utilization of Wastewater in Vegetable growing areas
of Haroti region of Rajasthan
Subhash Aswal* Dr. H.S. Purohit In this study one year quarterly survey and two year field experiments were conducted
in four urban sites in Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar districts of Haroti region of Rajasthan
in India during the years 2012 and 2013. In survey work different characteristics of
wastewater, its irrigation effects on groundwater, soil and vegetables quality were determined
and in two year experiments finding of the safe ways for utilization of wastewater irrigation
for vegetable production was taken. For characterization of wastewater and ground water
different parameters were determined. The observed pH was lower and EC, BOD, COD,
TDS, NO-3-N, P, K, SO4, CI, heavy metals like Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr were
found higher of wastewater as compare to groundwater and reference tube well water of all
district urban sites of Haroti region of Rajasthan.
The study of irrigation effects of wastewater on soils of Haroti region was
undertaken. The observed sand content, BD and pH were decreased and porosity, EC, OC,
available NPK, dehydrogenase activity, DTPA- Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr were
higher in wastewater irrigated soils as compare to reference tube well water soils of all
district urban sites of the region. The irrigation effects of wastewater on vegetable
composition of Haroti region were also recorded. The accumulation of N, P, K and heavy
metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni) were higher in the edible parts of wastewater
irrigated vegetables as compared to reference tube well water irrigated vegetable parts
collected from all district urban sites during the quarterly survey. However, all these
parameters differed with time and locations. Some parameters found above the prescribed
permission limits of Indian standards.
In two year experiments, safe utilization of wastewater for vegetable cultivation was
undertaken and six quality waters were tested on tomato and spinach crops. The vegetable
wise irrigation effects of the mentioned six water qualities on accumulation of Zn, Cu, Fe,
Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr in tomato and spinach were 117.72, 20.41, 295.02, 21.32, 0.408,
3.229, 6.277 and 0.038 mg kg-1 in tomato and 116.48, 25.27, 394.26, 66.91, 0.331, 2.274,
10.387 and 0.05 mg kg-1 in spinach, respectively. The irrigation effects of the different six
water qualities on accumulation of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr in vegetables were
40.75, 9.8, 163.46, 37.08, 0.116, 1.184, 3.501 and 0.00 mgkg-1 for W1, 171.73, 39.34, 526.55,
54.77, 0.715, 3.923, 10.64 and 0.093 mgkg-1 for W2, 126.16, 23.72, 345.61, 47.26, 0.411,
3.031, 9.439 and 0.045 mgkg-1 for W3, 127.77, 27.62, 404.34, 45.74, 0.437, 3.426, 10.269 and
0.053 mgkg-1 for W4, 129.21, 23.01, 348.17, 43.85, 0.407, 3.026, 9.567 and 0.046 mgkg-1 for
W5 and 107.56, 13.53, 279, 35.99, 0.146, 1.919, 6.577 and 0.026 for W6 and found that 3-4
days ponding of wastewater, alternate schedule and diluted wastewater were found better
than the direct irrigation of untreated wastewater and tube well water.
The accumulation in edible part of both vegetables were N (3255.88, 3341.55 mgkg-
1), P (276.02, 240.54 mgkg-1), K (2334.20, 7073.36 mgkg-1), Zn (117.91, 116.48 mgkg-1), Cu
(20.34, 25.27 mgkg-1), Fe (295.02, 394.26 mgkg-1), Mn (21.32, 66.91 mgkg-1), Cd (0.408,
0.331 mgkg-1), Pb (3.229, 2.275 mgkg-1), Ni (6.277, 10.387 mgkg-1) and Cr (0.038, 0.051
mgkg-1) were significantly higher in the edible parts of tomato and spinach irrigated with
untreated wastewater, respectively as compared to tube well water and other water
treatments.
However, edible parts of spinach accumulate higher concentrations of N (3423.79
mgkg-1), P (272.25 mgkg-1), K (5060.83 mgkg-1) and heavy metals Zn (116.48 mgkg-1), Cu
(39.26 mgkg-1), Fe (526.55 mgkg-1), Mn (54.77 mgkg-1), Cd (0.710 mgkg-1), Pb (3.923
mgkg-1), Ni (10.638 mgkg-1) and Cr (0.093 mgkg-1) with the untreated wastewater irrigation
as compared to tube well water and other water treatments.
Irrigated with untreated wastewater were recorded significantly higher as compared to
tube well water and other water irrigation. The observed plant height (157.61 cm), no. of
branches per plant (14.7), no. of fruits per plant (55.49), fruit weight per plant (4.25 kg),
average fruit weight (76.28 g), fruit size (41.69 cc), fruit colour (37.35 L*, 9.84 a* and 28.32
b*), TSS (9.5 0Brix), fruit taste (more sour), vitamin-C (72.49 mg100g-1), non reducing sugar
(1.95 %), reducing sugar (5.54%) and total sugar (6.92%) of tomato.
The observed plant height (13.97 cm), no. of leaves per plant (16.53), LAI (3.47),
average leaf weight (2.04 g), yield per plant (27.92 g), chlorophyll content (4.29 mg g-1), and
colour values (48.02 L*, 19.63 a* and 32.32 b*) of spinach irrigated with untreated
wastewater were recorded significantly higher as compared to tube well water and other
water irrigation.
The 3-4 days ponding, alternate schedule and diluted wastewater were found better in
comparison to direct irrigation of untreated wastewater and tube well water. The safe ways of
wastewater utilization for vegetable production should be utilized in conjunctions with good
quality tube well and/ or canal water in 1:1, 3:1 ratio, alternate schedule and 3-4 days ponding
of wastewater may be the best safe way to avoid the risks of heavy metals after insured
quality monitoring of wastewater irrig
Description
Characterization and Utilization of Wastewater in Vegetable growing areas
of Haroti region of Rajasthan
Keywords
null
Citation
Aswal, S. and Purohit, H.S.