Effect of establishment techniques, weed control and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.)
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Date
2015-05
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DBSKKV., Dapoli
Abstract
Two years research experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2013 and 2014 to investigate the, “Effect of establishment techniques, weed control and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.),” at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). The soil of the experimental plot was clay loam in texture, moderately acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon content. It was medium in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus and fairly high in available potassium. In respect of micronutrients the soil was deficient in available zinc, boron and molybdenum content during the both years of experimentation.
The field experiment was laid out in split-split plot design comprising 36 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Main plot treatment consisted of four crop establishment techniques, raised bed dry seed sowing (E1), raised bed sprouted seed sowing (E2), flat bed dry seed sowing (E3) and flat bed sprouted seed sowing (E4). The sub plot treatment consisted, unweeded control treatment (W1), weed free check (hand weed at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) (W2) and pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-
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emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha (W3) while, sub-sub plot treatment comprised of three fertilizer management methods, recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F1), recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F2) and recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3).
During the course of present investigation, periodical growth observations, weed study, yield contributing characters and yield were recorded to evaluate the treatment effects. The concentration of macro (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Zn, B and Mo) and its uptake by the rice and concentration of macronutrients (N, P and K) in weeds and its uptake was studied. Economics of the treatment combinations was also worked out.
The experimental results revealed that plant count of rice/0.5 m length at 20 DAS and at harvest was non significantly influenced due to all treatments. But on ha basis significantly the highest plant population was recorded in flat beds than raised beds. Rice crop established by flat bed sprouted seed sowing technique recorded numerically higher growth and yield attributes. These attributes along with significantly higher plant population resulted into significantly higher grain and straw yield over the techniques of raised bed dry seed sowing and raised bed sprouted seed sowing. Weed density, dry weight of grass, broad leaved and sedge weeds and total dry weight of weeds were not found significantly influenced by various establishment techniques. Flat bed sprouted seed sowing gave significantly higher values of macro and micronutrients uptake over technique of raised bed dry seed sowing. The available status of macro and micronutrients after harvest of experimental crop was not differed significantly by various crop establishment techniques. The quality parameter i.e. protein content was also non significantly influenced by various establishment techniques.
In case of economics, it was observed that flat bed sprouted seed sowing recorded significantly the highest gross returns of ₹ 62150 and ₹57268 /ha, net returns of ₹ 4847 and ₹10751075 /ha, and numerically maximum
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benefit cost ratios of 1.09 and 1.02 during the years 2013 and 2014, respectively.
Among different weed control methods, treatment weed free check found significantly superior for all the growth parameters and yield attributing characters over unweeded control and was found statistically at par with the treatment of pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha.
The grain yield, straw yield and protein content were significantly enhanced and recorded higher values under treatment of weed free check than unweeded control and was statistically at par with the treatment of pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha. The mean density and dry weight of monocot, broad leaved and sedge weeds at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest, were significantly maximum under treatment unweeded control and significantly the lowest in weed free check which was followed by treatment pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha which were at par each other during both the years of investigation. The highest and the lowest weed index values were recorded by unweeded control and pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha, respectively. Weed free check recorded the highest weed control efficiency. Significantly higher N,P and K content in grain and straw and their uptake in grain, straw and their total uptake by rice was found in weed free check followed by treatment of pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha which were at par with each other but significantly superior than unweeded control during both the years of study. Micronutrient content were found non significant in grain and straw whereas uptake of these nutrients by grain and straw total uptake by crop showed same trend as that of macronutrients uptake under both the years of study.
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Unweeded control recorded significantly the highest and weed free check significantly the lowest N, P, K content and their removal by weeds over remaining weed control methods. The availability of macro and micronutrients in soil after crop harvest was found non significant during both years.
With respects to economics weed free check gave significantly the highest gross returns followed by treatment pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha which was statistically at par each other but significantly superior over unweeded control during both years. Weed free check gave significantly the highest net returns (₹ 6,362/6,362/ ha in 2013 and ₹ 3,249/ ha in 2014) over unweeded control. The highest values of benefit :cost ratio (1.13 and 1.08 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) were recorded by treatment pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha.
Fertilizer management method of recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3) found significantly superior for all growth parameters and most of yield attributing characters than treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F1) and was at par with the treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F2) during both the years of experimentation.
The grain and straw yield were significantly enhanced and recorded higher values under treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3) than treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F1) and was remained at par with treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F2) during both the years of experimentation.
Weed density of grasses, broad leaved weeds, sedges and their dry weight at harvest were not differed significantly during both the years. Moreover, no much variation was observed in weed control efficiency. However, less weed index (%) value were recorded in treatment of
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recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3).
The macro and micronutrients content in rice grain, straw and protein content of grain gave numerically higher values whereas, uptake of macro and micronutrients by grain and straw and total uptake by crop showed significantly the highest values in treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3). The availability of macro and micro nutrients in soil after crop harvest was also found non significantly influenced during both the years of study.
From economics it is seen that, treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F3) gave significantly the highest gross monetary returns over treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F1). The treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F2) gave significantly the highest net monetary returns (₹10,927 and 10,927 and ₹8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) 8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) over rest of the treatments during both the years. The economic profitability was also achieved in this treatment (1.22 and 1.17 benefit:cost ratio in year 2013 and 2014, in year 2013 and 2014, in year 2013 and 2014, in year 2013 and 2014, in year 2013 and 2014, in year 2013 and 2014, respectively).
In respect of economics of different treatment combinations, the maximum gross monetary returns (₹ 78,311/ha during 2013 and ₹ 71,953/ha during 2014 were obtained in flat bed sprouted seed sowing with weed free check and supplied with recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo i.e. E4W2F3 and net monetary returns in treatment combination of E4W3F2 i.e. flat bed sprouted seed sowing with pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha and supplied with recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo of ₹ 24,312/ha during 2013.
The highest B:C ratio of 1.50 and 1.42 were recorded by treatment combination E4W3F2 i.e. flat bed sprouted seed sowing with pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of
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bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha and supplied with recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo over rest of treatment combinations.
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