STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RESISTANCE AGAINST BENZIMIDAZOLES IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS
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Date
2010
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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
Abstract
Epidemiological and resistance survey on prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep and goats of stationary flocks of Jammu Province was carried out during the period of July, 2008 to June, 2009. Out of 5760 faecal sample (sheep 2880 Goat 2880) examined, 61.86 % animals were found positive for helminthic ova. Among them 46.97 % revealed strongyle eggs, 12.04 % Trichuris and 4.14 % Strongyloides. The other helminthic ova recorded were Fasciola 6.28 %, amphistomes 10.53 %, Dicrocoelium 3.95 % and anoplocephalids 1.57 %. Highest prevalence of helminthic infection (75.10%) and strongyles (57.86%) was observed in animals of low altitude subtropical zone (I) as compared to middle agro-climatic zone (II) (67.24%) and (50.10%) and high altitude temperature zone (III) (43.22%) and (32.96%). Prevalence of amphistome and Fasciola eggs were higher in zone I and II, respectively. Season wise significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of strongyles was recorded in monsoon and lowest in winter in all the three zones. Coproculture studies revealed infective larvae of H. contortus, Ostertagia., Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and Strongyloides spp. Percent larvae count showed H. contortus to be the highest in all the three zones. Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia larvae were higher in animals of high altitude temperate zone as compared to other zones. Month wise data of eggs per gram of faeces showed two peaks of strongyles in zone I (April and August) and zone II (May and August) where as only one peak was observed in zone III (July). Age wise analysis showed higher infection of strongyles in young animals as compared to adults, irrespective of zones. Average worm count was higher in zone I (sheep 955.39 ± 101.25 and goats 867.81 ± 103.37) as compared to zone II (sheep 831.88 ± 108.48 and goats 790.25 ± 111.28) and zone III (sheep 531.93 ± 65.12 and goats 428.0 ± 70.46). Like wise positivity of GIT for infection was higher in zone I (85%) as compared to zone II (80%) and zone III (67.5%). H. contortus was predominant in all the three zones. Young animal s' GIT revealed higher number of worms as compared to adult. Like wise GIT of females has higher load as compared to males. Resistance studies based on egg hatch assay using Thiabendazole revealed highest ED<sub>50</sub> (0.6423) in Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar, followed by animals of zone I (sheep 0.6104 and goats 0.5926), zone II (0.5820 and 0.5307), zone III (0.5014 and 0.4201) respectively. Faecal egg count reduction test using fenbendazole @ 5 mg/kg showed resistance against strongyles in all the three zones including Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar. The percent reduction was the highest in animals of zone III (67 to 68%) as compared to zone II (64 to 66%) and zone I (62 to 67%). The lowest percent reduction was observed in sheep of SBF Bilawar (45%). Allele specific PCR revealed higher frequency of heterozygous resistant (rS) alleles (56.25%) as compared to homozygous susceptible (SS) (31.20%) and homozygous resistant (rr) 12.5% irrespective of zones. Majority of sheep and goat breeders do not follow scheduled deworming in Jammu region. The findings of present study provides a database for devicing an effective GIN control programme in Jammu Province.
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