DETECTION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN CHILLI AND GROUNDNUT
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Date
2014-06-30
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A roving survey for aflatoxin contamination was conducted in major chilli and groundnut areas of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during Kharif 2012-13. The per cent Aspergillus flavus incidence of chilli varied from zero to five and highest groundnut pod damage (39.74 %) was in Dasapura. The population of A. flavus was highly correlated with the calcium content of rhizosphere soil of chilli (r= -0.72) and groundnut (r= -0.68). The maximum aflatoxin contamination of chilli and groundnut was detected in Darur (111.6 μg/kg) and Yapaladinni (134.8 μg/kg) respectively. Only 18 of 59 A. flavus isolates of chilli produced sclerotia ranging from 2 to 92/9 cm2 Petri dish. None of the 65 A. flavus isolates of groundnut produced sclerotia. Among 59 A. flavus isolates of chilli, 42 showed positive responses in the CCA and 23 showed red colour in YESA. Among 65 A. flavus isolates of groundnut, 42 matched positively in the CCA whereas 21 showed red colour. CAF43 from Akkalakota and GNAF48 from Peapully were highly toxigenic. Eight A. flavus isolates each of chilli and groundnut were amplified with two regulatory (aflR and aflJ) and two structural genes (norA and ver1) at a region of 900, 450, 400 and 450 bp respectively. GNAF8 did not show any amplification of four genes indicating an atoxigenic. CAF17, CAF58, CAF59 and GNAF48 isolate not only showed amplification in all the four genes but also produced aflatoxin production. Only one genotype 5 SUM of chilli showed moderately resistant reaction and groundnut genotypes 14768, 10047, KRG-1 did not show seed infection against A. flavus under in vitro conditions. The population of 1.07×102 cfu/g soil in chilli rhizosphere was recorded in plot with neem cake application @ 250 kg/ha + 2.5 tones FYM enriched with consortium of T. viride @ 2.5 kg/ha and P. fluorescens @ 2.5 kg/ha with foliar spray of P. fluorescens (1×108 cfu/ml) at harvest. Similarly population of 2.53×102 cfu/g recorded in rhizosphere of groundnut with 72.87 per cent reduction over control.
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