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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of homeopathic medicines and bio-agents as inducer in induced resistance in Tomato against early blight caused by Alternaria solani (Sorauer)(2024-03-21) Namish Kumar; Dr S K BiswasEarly blight caused by Alternaria solani (Sorauer) is the most important and destructive disease of all tomato growing areas of the world causing huge amount of loss as 35-79 per cent in India. The management of the disease is mainly based on cultivation of resistant variety and use of fungicides. However, resistance against pathogen is not a permanent solution and fungicidal application is not eco-friendly and economical. Therefore, inquest for induced defense by certain homeopathic medicines like Phosphorus, Arnica montana, Sulphur, and Silicea terra and bioagents viz. Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis as inducer were assessed during the course of present investigation and their physiological and biochemical activities in tomato plant were ascertained. Homeopathic medicines and bioagents have also played an important role on inhibition of growth and development of pathogen. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of A. solani was recorded from Arnica montana @0.20% treatment representing 73.67 % reduction in growth over control. Seedling treatment with inducing agent provides good protection against seed and soil borne infection. Growth promoting effects of the inducers were also perceived. The inducing agents were found to increase shoot length as well as root length over control. Foliar spray with the inducers before pathogen inoculation protected the plants against infection resulting reduced disease severity. The minimum disease severity 14.16% during 2021-22 and 12.94% during 2022-23 was recorded from seedling treatment and one foliar spray with Arnica Montana @ 0.20% treated tomato plant against control as 62.23% during 2021-22 and 64.36% during 2022-23 at 10 days of pathogen inoculation. The maximum yield 932 gm/plant during 2021-22 and 1,035 gm/plant during 2022-23 were recorded from seedling treatment and one foliar spray with Arnica montana @0.20%. The treatment with homeopathic medicines and bioagents as inducer prior to challenge inoculation sensitized the plants to produce increased levels of soluble protein. The maximum increase of total phenol, soluble protein and activity of defense related enzymes like poly phenoloxidase was found in seedling treatment and one foliar spray with Arnica montana @ 0.20% treated leaves 3.34, 35.58 and 1.80 mg/gm, respectively in 2021-22 and 3.28, 35.57 and 1.77 mg/gm in 2022-23 at 10 days of pathogen inoculation. The correlation coefficient between disease severity with increase level of total phenol, soluble protein, and defense related enzymes like peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase showed negative correlation as , -0.976, -0.930, -0.899 during 2021-22 and - 0.981, -0.985, -0.928 during 2022-23.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STORAGE AND SOIL FERTILITY STATUS IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM IN CENTRAL PLAIN ZONE OF UTTAR PRADESH(2024-03-21) Mahendru Kumar Gautam; Dr Sanjeev SharmaThe present study focuses on the assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil fertility status across various land use planes within the Kanpur Dehat district, situated in the Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. Soil organic carbon is a crucial component of soil health, influencing its fertility, structure, and overall productivity. This research aims to characterize and compare SOC storage levels and soil fertility indicators in distinct land use planes, which include agricultural, forested, and urban areas. The study involves field sampling and laboratory analyses to quantify SOC content, as well as the determination of key soil fertility parameters such as nutrient content, pH, and cation exchange capacity. The findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between land use patterns and soil health in the region, potentially offering insights into sustainable land management practices and policies to enhance soil fertility and carbon sequestration. This assessment holds significance for agricultural productivity, environmental conservation, and the overall well-being of the local communities in the Central Plain Zone.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NANO-FUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OF LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO CAUSED BY Phytophtora infestans (Mont) de Bary(2024-03-21) Gajendra Pratap; Dr S K BiswasPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops across the world and in India. It is the fourth major important food crop after Wheat, Rice and Maize due to its higher yield potential and high nutritive value. Late blight disease is an important disease of potato worldwide and can cause significant reduction in the economic value of potato, resulting in 80-100 % yield loss. The management of the disease can be done through conventional methods viz., biological, chemical and cultivation of resistant variety. Therefore, inquest for management of Late blight by certain nanofungicides like Agritec nanofungicide, Silver nanofungicide, Selenium nanofungicide and Nickel nanofungicide and fungicide viz. Matco, Mataxaly, Mancozeb and propoconazol were used during the course of present investigation and their morphoological and biochemical changes in potato plant were ascertained. Nanofungicide and fungicide were assessed under in vitro condition, on inhibition of growth and development of pathogen. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of P. infestans was recorded with suitable concentration from Matco fungicide @ 0.2% treatment representing 80.25 % reduction in growth over control. Tuber treatment with nanofunficides and fungicides provides good protection against seed and soil borne infection. Resulted increase seed germination 96.60% and 95.25%, plant height (28.20 and 32.70 cm), number of leaves (52.45 and 55.14), number of shoots (6.30 and 7.10)fresh weight of shoot (23.18 and 25.28g) and dry weight of shoot (4.95 and 5.27g) was recorded in T1 (Tuber treatment with Matco + three foliar spray with Matco @ 0.2%), against control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. The use of nanofungicide and fungicide as seed treatment and foliar spray revealed that all the treatment was more or less effective and exhibited reduction in disease and significantly increase the yield as compare to control. Minimum disease severity as (14.92 and 15.40%) per cent decreased over control (77.58 and 81.76%) during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. As per concern of yield and yield perameters the maximum yield was obtained in T1 (Tuber treatment with Matco + three foliar spray with Matco @ 0.2%) treatment weighing 16.95 kg and 16.98 kg per plot against 10.70 kg and 181.09 kg in case of control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. The treatment with nanofungicides and fungicides prior to challenge inoculation sensitized the plants to produce increased levels of soluble protein. The maximum increase of soluble protein, total phenol and activity of defense related enzymes like poly phenoloxidase was found in Tuber treatment with Matco + three foliar spray with Matco @ 0.2% treated leaves 35.60, 3.48 and 1.99 mg/g, respectively in 2021-22 and 35.26, 3.55 and 1.83 mg/g in 2022-23 followed by treatment T8 (Tuber treatment with Silver + three foliar spray with Silver @ 100 ppm,) treated leaves representing the value of 34.76, 3.38 and 1.87 mg/g 2021-22 and 33.27, 3.42 and 1.78 mg/g in 2022-23 at 8 days of pathogen inoculation.ThesisItem Open Access RISKS AND CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN FARMERS DURING COVID-19, PANDEMIC CRISIS(2024-03-18) Neha Kanojiya; Dr Mithilesh VermaA study was conducted in Kanpur district to assess the risks and challenges faced by women farmers during covid-19, pandemic crisis. Two blocks of Kanpur with 300 respondents were selected in this study area. Out of the total respondents, 48.33 per cent women farmer belong to age group of 40 to 50 years, and 57.66 per cent women were illiterate. 50.66% of women farmers belong to the general category, while only 18.34 per cent of women farmers were in the SC/ST category. 93.66 per cent respondents belong to the Hindu religion. Cent per cent women farmers adopted this occupation as her main occupation and also 70.00 per cent used secondary one. 56.33 per cent women farmers had an annual income between 1.0 and 1.5 lacs. 88.33 per cent respondents were married and 11.67 per cent respondents were widow. 88.67per cent respondents belong to joint families and the remaining 19.33 per cent belong to nuclear families. 55.33 per cent of respondents had 4-6 family members. 67.67 per cent respondents lived in mixed (Kuchcha and Pukka) houses and 55 per cent were marginal farmer. 56 per cent of respondents had sprayers, 4% had tube wells and only 1% of respondents had tractors. 95 per cent respondents had milch animals and 21.6 per cent had drought animals. Cent per cent respondents used Chulha , 88.33 were used gas. 11.67 per cent women farmer were engaged in Mahila Mandal, 8.33 per cent were part of Aanganwadi, 5 per cent each participated in SHG, NGO, and KVK. Only 3 per cent women farmer were Asha workers. Cultivation and agricultural labour were the main sources of livelihood activities responded by the entire cent per cent women farmer. Cent per cent respondents were performed in pre-sowing activities like irrigation for land through machines while wedding, hoeing, and bundle making were done manually by cent per cent respondents. 71 per cent of women farmers felt very heavy workloads. 61.67 per cent respondents felt average working conditions and 38.33 per cent felt poor working conditions. It was found that, 52 per cent of women farmer felt that there was no proper income source within their families during the COVID-19 lockdown while 44.67 per cent of women farmers responded that there was a forced reduction in their income during lockdown. 35.66 per cent respondents felt that there was no delay in harvesting due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The study reveals, the women farmers are often more vulnerable to health risks due to the pandemic. In many societies, they have limited access to healthcare services, and the pandemic has strained healthcare systems further. This has led to heightened concerns about their well-being, especially for those who are pregnant or have underlying health conditions. The burden of increased caregiving responsibilities due to school closures and illness has fallen disproportionately on women, leaving them with less time and energy to tend to their farms. Social and cultural norms also compound the challenges faced by women farmers during the pandemic. Many women faced discrimination and lack access to land ownership and resources. With COVID-19, the gender gap in land rights has amplified, as male family members were reluctant to include women in discussions about land allocation of resources. From this study, the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has had far-reaching and often overlooked implications for women farmers worldwide. In many parts of the world, women play a vital role in agriculture, constituting a significant portion of the agricultural workforce. However, the pandemic has exacerbated existing gender disparities and presented a multitude of risks and challenges for these women farmers. First and foremost, the pandemic has disrupted global and local supply chains, leading to increased uncertainty and reduced access to essential agricultural resources. Women farmer faced difficulties in obtaining seeds, fertilizers, and other inputs, making it more challenging to maintain their farms. The closure of markets and restrictions on movement it was difficult for women to sell their produce, resulting in income loss and food security concerns.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (ATMA) IN TRANSFER OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY IN BARABANKI DISTRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH(2024-03-17) Ashwani Kumar; Dr H C SinghThe present study entitled “A study on agricultural technology management agency (ATMA) in transfer of agricultural technology in Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh was undertaken with a view to analyze and lay forth a plan of action for addressing the corresponding issue of influencing socio-personal, economic, and other aspects to achieve quick growth in output. The PPS sampling method was used to select a total of 250 farmers (125 trained + 125 untrained = 250). Out of the district's total of 17 blocks, we chose to sample just two at random: Banki and Nindaura. In order to choose 125 skilled farmers, eight villages were selected, four from each block strategically chosen to participate in the ATMA program. In the same way, four villages in a single block not included in the ATMA initiative were chosen, making a grand total of eight villages from which 125 untrained farmers were chosen. The response was obtained from each individual respondent through structured interview schedule developed for the collection of data. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed with the help of suitable statistical tools and techniques such as percentage, weighted score, weighted mean score rank, order etc. The findings of the study revealed that, the majority of both the trained and untrained farmers (70.40% and 67.20%) had a medium level of socioeconomic status. Most trained farmers (60%) and untrained farmers (69.60%) had overall medium knowledge about improved paddy cultivation technology. The majority of trained farmers (61.6%) and untrained farmers (65.6%) had medium overall adoption of improved paddy cultivation technology. The Education (x1), Family type (x2), Housing Pattern (x4), Farm Power (x6), Farming Experience (x7), Occupation (x8), Social Participation (x10), SIUP (x11), Communication Behaviour (x12) and Achievement Motivation (x14) were important independent variable to predict the adoption level of trained farmers and Education (x1), Family Size (x3), Farm Power (x6), Farming Experiences (x7), Social Participation (x10) and Achievement Motivation (x14) were important independent variables to predict the adoption level of untrained farmers about improved paddy cultivation technology. The most serious constraints were perceived by most trained and Untrained farmers was ‘high cost of diesel’ at rank first. Most educated farmers revealed that the farmers should join cooperatives in order to sell their products in bulk first and most untrained farmers thought that "improved seed variety should be provided at the right time” to overcome the constraints at first. Therefore, the most important suggestions being made in view of the expressed opinion of the farmers, observations of the investigator and the inferences drawn from the study is that the Trainings on small enterprises based on agriculture with agriculture farming should be associated.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Awareness and Access to e-resources among the students (Post- Graduate and Ph.D. level) in academic and research work of Agriculture Universities of Uttar Pradesh(2024-03-15) Asha Kumari; Dr H C SinghStudy on awareness and access to e-resources among the students (Post-graduate and Ph.D level) in academic and research work of Agriculture Universities of Uttar Pradesh Electronically stored information is referred to as an "e-resource," and it can be accessed through electronic networks and systems e.g OPACs, CD-ROMs, online databases, e-journals, e-books, internet resources, print-on-demand (POD), e-mail publishing, wireless publishing, electronic link, and web publishing, e-Audio/ e-Images, Data/ GIS, Digital Library Projects, Electronic Exhibitions, e-Subject Guide, e-newsletters, e-White papers, e-conference proceedings and Web search tools. The present investigation was carried out in Uttar Pradesh. There are five state agricultural universities in Uttar Pradesh, four of which have been operating for the last ten years: Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology (ANDUA&T), Ayodhya, and Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel University Of Agriculture and Technology (SVPUA&T), Meerut. and Chandra Shekhar Azad university of Agriculture and Technology (CSAUA&T), Kanpur Only the agriculture faculty was specifically chosen from among them since PG and Ph.D programmes have been successfully offered by this faculty for the past 10 years. Sixty students (Post-Graduate and Ph.D. level) from each designated college were chosen at random from the list that had been created. In total, 240 Post Graduate and Ph.D. students made up the study's sample. The questionnaire (Google Form) was prepared consisting of the measuring devices for different dependent and independent variables for the collection of data from the selected students. Thereafter, data were tabulated, analyzed and inferences were drawn after subjecting the data to statistical analysis. Few formulae such as Frequency and Percentage were used to know the socio-economic and academic status of the students. Mean and Standard deviation were used for the categorization of the data. Mean per cent score was used to calculate the extent of awareness and use of the e-resources. The comparison among the students of selected universities about awareness, extent of use and attitude was calculated by using Analysis of Variance-One way test (F-test) and results were drawn, accordingly. To determine the relationship between respondents' personal characteristics and the extent of e-resource use, the Chi-square test was used. It was revealed that majority of the students were male, had 23-29 years of age, with 7.00 to 8.00 OGPA, preferred Hindi medium in their school level education, Rs.1,00,000 to 6,00,000/ annual family income, belonged to rural background, used a computer for their academic and research work >2 hour/day, used internet for their academic and research work for 1 to 2 hours/day, had medium level of competence, received no training, parents occupation was Government jobs, fathers were Graduate, mothers had qualification in the range of Ninth to higher secondary, used their Laptops to access e-resources. Majority of the students belonged to medium level of awareness. The extent of awareness in students of CSAUAT, Kanpur ranged from 63.33 MPS to 93.33MPS and was maximum among all the universities. There was no appreciable difference in the understanding of e-resources among students at the chosen agriculture universities. Majority of the students had medium level of attitude. Students from four agriculture universities, had more or less similar attitude towards e-resources which might be due to more or less same awareness about various e-resources available in their universities. Majority of the Students fell in the medium category of use of e-resources. The extent of use of mobile apps was maximum by the students among the various aspects of use of e-resources. Majority of the Students preferred the university hostel as place of access to e-resources. The frequency of using Internet by the students was maximum among various e-resources. PDF was perceived as the most preferred format for reading full text articles by the students. There was a significant difference among the students of selected agriculture universities about extent of use of e-resources. Variables like age, academic performance, medium, Annual income, computer exposure, internet exposure, ICT competence, Fathers education had significant association with the extent of use of e-resources at 1 per cent level of significance. Constraint “Inadequate infrastructure of e-resources” was perceived as most important constraint by the students followed by ‘‘Problem of virus can damage the data” and ‘‘Lack of professional & technical skilled persons in the library’’. Suggestion such as “High speed Wi-Fi needs to be established”, ‘‘Much attention should be given in the Library for making availability and collection of information resources on ETD (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation)” and ‘‘Arrange frequently awareness programme for the users to educate them about e-resources” were the important suggestions by majority of the students.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritive value and organoleptic evaluation of value added products prepared from Ragi flour, Dates and Amla powder to promote Superfoods(2024-03-21) Sherya; Dr Vinita SinghSuperfood is a relativity recent way of referring to foods that provide the most nutritious value for the fewest calories. They include a wealth of antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. Three superfood viz. Ragi flour, Dates and Amla powder were used for making four different incorporated products i.e laddoo’s, NutriBar, Cookies and panjiri and four same control products (non incorporated) are made in control products no incorporation of these three superfood are added All four incorporated product and Control products were analysed for it’s sensory characteristics. This revealed that all incorporated products had better quality in terms of colours, taste, texture, flavour, and overall acceptability than Control products(non incorporated). It can be Interpreted from the current study that incorporation of the Ragi flour, Dates and Amla powder in food products (NutriBar, Laddoo’s, Panjiri, and cookies) increased their nutritional value. Ragi flour, Dates and Amla powder enhance the protein, calcium, vitamin C, Iron content in the incorporated food products (NutriBar, laddoo’s, Panjiri and cookies). Food products (NutriBar, laddoo’s, panjiri, and cookies) incorporated with Ragi flour, Dates and Amla powder more nutritious than control (non incorporated) food samples prepared from 100 percent refined wheat flour and refined flour.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF THE COW URINE AND DUNG FOR IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE FARMERS(2024-03-24) Kapil Kumar; Dr Ved RatanAn Experiment was conducted in Utilization of Cow urine and Dung for improving the financial condition, 2022 in the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying of the farmer Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. A total of 12 Sahiwal cows varying between 1and 5 lactations and of nearly 8 similar stage of lactation were selected from the herd maintained at the dairy farm. All the12 Sahiwal cows were divided in 3 groups to maintain the similar in the trial. The particularly group of the cows used in the study and feed were adopted as and feeding pattern under. The 12 cows divided 3 groups first is control (milk income) group, second is T1(milk and Dung Diya income) and third is T2(milk, Dung Diya and Gaumutra Kshara Income) and calculated cost benefits ratio. The income estimate of control group (only milk income), T1 (Milk& Dung Product) and T2 ( Milk, cow dung and Urine Product) and their benefit cost ratio, in a control group only milk production cost benefit ratio found to be 1:57, T1 group(milk and dung product) their cost benefit ratio was 1:54 and Group T2(milk, dung and urine product) their cost benefit ratio was found to be 1:47. Overall cost and Net profit benefit ratio 1:50 in a study area this ratio is indicate that a profit may be one and a half time of total cost in the study area. The farmers income control group (only milk production) is 592 Rs per day per groups, T1 groups (milk and dung product) income is 1846Rs per group per day and T2(milk, dung and Urine product) income is 3746Rs per groups per day. total income from all groups 6184Rs per dayThesisItem Open Access Physiological Evaluation of Yield Differences in Hybrid Maize in Spring Season(2024-03-22) Ram Sabha; Dr Lokendra SinghAn Experiment was conducted in field plot during Kharif season, 2022 in the Old Dairy form of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur entitled “Physiological Evaluation of Yield Differences in Hybrid Maize in Spring Season” Maize genotypes namely NK 7601, DKC 9108, DKC 9208, Pioneer 1899, Pioneer 3378, and Malik. were grown with four replications in field plots. Result obtained from experiment in respect of growth characters like plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, CGR, NAR, RGR, SLW, total dry matter per plant and yield contributing character like number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, 100 seed weight, and grain yield per plant. Significantly maximum plant height were recorded at harvest in genotypes NK 7601 followed by Malik and minimum plant height was recorded in genotype DKC 9208. In case of number of leaves per plant leaf area per plant and NAR value between 30 -- 60 DAS the genotypes NK-- 7601 and Malik recorded significantly higher value than other tested genotype. The genotype NK––7601 and Malik were produced significantly higher grain yield per plant among the tested genotype. These two varieties also recorded higher leaf area per plant NAR between 30--60 DAS and 60--90 DAS and also higher yield contributing character like, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of grains per pod, and grain yield per plant.
