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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Integrated Nutrient Management on Productivity, Profitability and Quality of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L.)
    (2024-02-24) Vikas Singh; Dr Kaushal Kumar
    The field experiment was conducted at the Soil Conservation and Water Management Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability and quality of urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) was conducted during summer season of 2022 and 2023. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design and replicated three times using urdbean variety Shekhar-2. The main plot consisted of three different irrigation scheduling levels viz. I1 - 0.4 IW/CPE, I2 - 0.6 IW/CPE and I3 - 0.8 IW/CPE. Sub-plots consisting of five different integrated nutrient management practices viz. F1 - 100% RDF, F2 - 125% RDF, F3 -75% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha, F4 - 50% RDF + 5.0 t FYM/ ha and F5 - 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost/ha. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of various irrigation scheduling levels and different integrated nutrient management practices on growth patterns, yield attributes, yield, water use, quality and economics of urdbean. The result revealed that all growth parameters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, and dry matter accumulation recorded at 25 DAS, 50 DAS, and at harvest stages were recorded significantly higher with the application of irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE and treatment 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost/ha. Higher days taken to 50% flowering and days taken to 50% pod maturity were found maximum with the application of irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE and treatment 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost. The yield attributes and yield such as number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and test weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, and harvest index were recorded significantly higher with the application of irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE and treatment 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost. Significantly, higher protein content in grain and protein yield was recorded with the application of irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE and treatment 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost/ha. Irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE resulted in maximum water use efficiency for crop production. Therefore, the two years experimental data indicates that higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio found maximum with the application of irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE with 50% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha + 1 t Vermicompost/ha, respectively.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the effect of bio-fertilizer, organic manure and micro-nutrients on scented rice (Oriza sativa L.)
    (2024-02-25) Pranshu Sachan; Dr V K Verma
    Field experiments were conducted during Kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Nawabganj, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, situated at 125.90 meter altitude, 26.41480 North latitude, 80.23210 East longitude, to study the effect of bio-fertilizer, organic manure and micro-nutrient on scented rice (Oriza sativa L.) The experiment consisted three varieties (PB-1509, PB-1121 and PB-1), three bio-fertilizer and organic manure levels (BGA @ 10 kg ha-1, FYM @10 t ha-1 and BGA @ 10 kg ha-1 + FYM @10 t ha-1) and three nutrient management treatments (NPK- 120:60:60 kg ha-1 only, NPK + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal + FeSO4 1% sprayed at tillering stage and NPK + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal + FeSO4 1% sprayed at panicle initiation stage). The treatments were accommodated in split-split plot design with three replications. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam in texture having low organic carbon (0.39 %), medium in available nitrogen (179 kg ha-1), low in available phosphorus (13.0 kg ha-1), medium in available potassium (156 kg ha-1), low in available zinc (0.58 mg ha-1) and normal in available iron (7.83 mg ha-1) with normal pH (7.95). Pooled result of two years experimentation indicated that highest value of grain yield (6152.24 kg ha-1), harvest index (36.46 %), grain zinc concentration (35.17 ppm), grain iron concentration (37.78 ppm) and net income (Rs.75749.43 ha-1) was recorded under the variety PB-1121. Application of BGA @ 10 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + NPK (120: 60: 60 kg ha-1) recorded maximum grain yield (5431.41 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.26 %), grain zinc concentration (34.67 ppm), grain iron concentration (37.51 ppm), net income (Rs.61471.54 ha-1) compared to FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and BGA @ 10 kg ha-1 treatments. Application of NPK (120:60:60 kg ha-1) + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal + FeSO4 1% sprayed at tillering stage recorded highest grain yield (5214.79 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.10 %), grain zinc concentration (33.73 ppm), grain iron concentration (36.57 ppm) and net income (Rs.57129.86 ha-1) compared to other nutrient management treatments. The interaction effect of varieties, bio-fertilizer and organic manure levels, and nutrient management treatments were found non-significant.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Investigations on Alternaria leaf spot of cauliflower caused by Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire and its management
    (2024-02-25) Mukesh Kumar; Dr Ved Ratan
    Cauliflower is one of the most important cole crops which are grown almost throughout the year for its economic and nutritional value. India occupies second position in cauliflower production worldwide. Nowadays, the production of cole crops declined due to fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. The major fungal diseases including alternaria leaf spot inciting by Alternaria brassicicola, of cauliflower causes enormous losses in cole crops. This pathogen has been reported from all over the including Uttar Pradesh, India.The severity of the disease appeared in wet season and relatively high rainfall areas.Based upon seriousness of disease our investigation was carried on various aspects viz; survey and collection of disease sample, isolation and purification of associated pathogen, environmental factors on disease development, cultural media studies and evaluation of several bioagents, botanicals and chemical fungicides against alternaria brassicicola at Department of Plant Pathology and Student Instructional Farm (SIF) at Chandra Shekhar Azad Agriculture University and Technology, Kanpur. The survey during 2021-22 and 2022-23 results indicated that maximum disease severity were recorded in Kanpur Dehat (24.67%), while the minimum in Kannauj (14.21%) district. Symptomatology study revealed that the infected seedlings were developed a dark spot on lower leaves which leads to damping off. Initially small yellow specks are produced on leaves which enlarge into circular, dark to tan coloured concentric rings giving a target board effect. The koch postulates of the pathogenicity successfully proved and isolated pure pathogenic culture of the fungus produced profuse cottony mycelium, whitish to grey in colour at first and turned dark with age. The conidia are brownish black, obclavate with 4-11 transverse and 0-4 longitudinal septa measuring 28.85-67.28 11.39-13.91 μm with the average of 41.90×12.94μm. The culturalstudy of pathogen on different media showed, maximum mycelial growth was recorded on Potato Dextrose Agar medium (89.07 mm), while minimum onStarch Agarmedium (22.16 mm) after seven days of inoculation. Environmental factor also influenced the disease severity of the pathogen at different stages of crop growth. The disease severity of the pathogen was with weather parameters prevailed during the respective stages. It was found that maximum(r=-0.517) and minimum(r=-0.667) temperature were negatively correlated with percent disease severity, while relative humidity (r=0.485) and rainfall (r=0.141) positively correlated. The rainfall (0.142) was weak positively correlated with disease severity. Under in-vitro, five bioagents and ten botanical were tested. Out of bioagents T. Viride (74.81 %) found most effective and least in T. Virens (41.77%), while in botanicals, garlic clove extract (71.09%)at 15 per cent concentration was highly effective, and least in onion extract (56.55%)in minimizing the growth of A. brassicicola,. Similar inhibitory effects on mycelial growth were observed at 10 and 5 per cent concentrations. Similarly, under in-vitro condition contact and systemic fungicides were tested at different concentrations. Out of contact fungicides, Dodine showed the maximum inhibition (78.95%) and least in Metalaxyl+Mancozeb (62.43%) at 150 ppm, while in systemic fungicides, Propiconazole (100 %) showed maximum inhibition while Azoxystrobin (82.06%) against A.brassicicola, at 150 ppm. Under field conditions during 2021-22 and 2022-23, the average minimum disease intensity was recorded with the treatment of Propiconazole 25wp + Garlic clove extract 10% (5.50%), while maximum disease intensity (19.52%) with Neem leaf extract 10 per cent. Similarly, the average maximum cauliflower yield (15.15 kg per plot) was obtained with Propiconazole 25wp + Garlic clove extract10%, while minimum (9.94 kg per plot) with Neem leaf extract 10 per cent On the basis of above findings it is recommend that, application of the Propiconazole 25 WP + Garlic cloveextract 10 per cent has been found effective in terms of reduction of the A. brassicicola intensity and increased yield of cauliflower.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study Of The Broilers Management Practices In Tehsil Safipur District Unnao (U.P.)
    (2024-02-24) Shikhar Verma; Dr P K Upadhyay
    Poultry-sector in Uttar Pradesh is facing innumerable constraints and so far no organized attempt to study the prevalent practices and production performance of commercial broilers has been made. Therefore a study was planned to document the prevalent management practices and production performance of broilers in the Tehsil Safipur district Unnao. All age groups of people were seen to be involved with broiler-farming. Out of the three farm studied, 2 broilerfarmers had broiler- farming as their main occupation and one as side business along with his service. Single and double-sheds with single, double and triple stories were commonly prevalent. Maximum number of the broilers had a capacity up to 2500 broilers, with buildings mostly oriented in east-west direction and constructed with bricks cement with tin metal roof. Deep-litter system was the only system of rearing followed by the farmers. Broiler-Cobb strain was being predominantly being reared. Farmers were using round, hanging made in plastic type of feeders having different capacities. Two of the farms were buying feed at fortnightly intervals and mostly crumb type of feed was being used. Tube well was the main water source being used by the broiler farmers followed by tap water. Simple burial was being employed by Farm 1 and Farm 3 poultry farmers as a means of dead bird carcass burial while none followed deep burial of disposal. A number of diseases were observed to affect broilers at different age group of life span. Almost a similar pattern was observed in disease incidence and mortality rates. A uniform vaccination schedule was observed to be followed by majority of the farmers in district to give protection to the birds against scheduled diseases. Broiler farmers of Tehsil Safipur district Unnao (U.P.) were observed to be using a wide range of mediciness as a curative or preventive means against different ailments affecting their flocks at different age groups or as supplements to improve growth rate. The broiler faming was a profitable enterprise. Average profit per bird was highest for farm 3 and lowest for Farm 1. Cost benefit ratio was highest for Farm 3 (1.73) and lowest For Farm 1 (1.61) and (1.64) for Farm 2. Sale procedure to be highest for wholesaler whereas sale proceeds received was mostly immediate for the broiler farmers. Farm 2 and farm 3 uses rate fixing mechanism. All three broilers farmer were satisfied while as some of them had plans of expansion of their poultry enterprises.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of micronutrients and curd foliar spray on growth, yield and quality parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (2024-02-24) Anuj Kumar; Dr A L Jatva
    A field experiments were conducted at Oil Seed Research Farm, Kalyanpur and laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and technology of CSAUAT, Kanpur during Rabi seasons of 2021-22. The objective of assessment’s was to study the “Effect of micronutrients and curd foliar spray on growth, yield and quality parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” with different doses on plant traits viz. T0: Control, T1: Zn (0.5%), T2: B (0.2%), T3: KNO3 (2.5%), T4: Zn+B (0.5%+0.2%), T5: Zn+ KNO3 (0.5%+2.5%), T6: B+KNO3 (0.2%+2.5%), T7: Zn+B+KNO3 (0.5%+0.2%+2.5%), T8: Curd of Cow (5kg ha-1) and T9: Curd of Buffalo (5 kg ha-1) under drought and irrigated conditions. Each ten chemical treatments were applied as foliar spray at jointing (60-65 DAS) and booting stage (80-85 DAS). It was designed in RBD and CRD with three replications. Standard procedures were followed for assessment during the experimentation. The result revealed that significantly viz. the highest Plants height(92.79cm), No. of tillers plant-1(4.50), Length of ear (8.61), No. of spikelet’s spike-1(13.27), No. of grain ear-1 (36.52), 1000 Seed weight (45.80g), Grain yield (37.67 q ha-1), biological yield (89.26q ha-1), Harvest index(42.20%), Seed germination (92.33%), Seedling length (26.92cm), Root length (12.28), Seedling dry weight (.094), Seed vigour index-I (2485.52), Seed vigour index-II (86.79), as compare to T0: Control obtained by foliar application of T8: Zn+B+KNO3 (0.5%+0.2%+2.5%). Instead of the application of T8: curd of cow (5kg ha-1) sprayed with Plants sustainable way can enhance not only enhances the growth, vigor and quality of seed but also inducing resistance to pests and diseases. Among the all treatments maximum responsive was of T7: Zn+B+KNO3 (0.5%+0.2%+2.5%) in most of traits and gave significantly was found effective in increasing the yield of wheat cv „„k-1317‟‟ in Kanpur (U.P.) and it is strongly recommended that farmer of the central Uttar Pradesh adopt for better growth and yield of wheat crop
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation Of Substrates For Quality Spawn Production Of Agaricus Bisporus (Lange) Imbach And Pleurotus Florida (Mont.) Singer
    (2024-02-24) Vayunadan Kumar Mishra; Dr S K Biswas
    The spawn comprises mycelium of the mushroom and a supporting medium, which provides nutrition to the fungus during its growth. Spawn is used as inoculum or seed for the substrate in mushroom cultivation. Quality of spawn is very important for mushroom cultivation. At present, mushroom spawn is being prepared on wheat grains. However, given the abundance of agricultural waste in our country, it is crucial to search for other cost effective, locally available substrates that can be used for spawn preparation. The present investigation revealed that in case of Agaricus bisporus the treatment T5 (wheat grain 375 g + Gram husk 125 g) showed fastest mycelial growth (8.93 cm) after 12 days of inoculation, taken minimum time for spawn preparation (19.33 days) and showed minimum contamination (2.00%). The minimum days taken for spawn running and pin head formation were recorded in treatment T5 (wheat grain 375 g + Gram husk 125 g) representing as 17.33 and 35.00 days, respectively. The maximum number of fruiting bodies, stipe length, stipe width and diameter of pileus were found in treatment T5 (Wheat grain 375 g + Gram husk 125 g) representing as 97.67 per bag, 3.03 cm, 2.50 cm and 4.63 cm, respectively. The treatment T5 (Wheat grain 375 g + Gram husk 125 g) registered superior because it had shortest economic cropping period (75 days) and produced maximum yield 1256.67 g with biological efficiency 31.42%. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from treatment T5 (wheat 375 g + Gram husk 125 g) representing as 1.9 : 1. While, in case of Pleurotus florida, treatment T3 (wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g) showed fastest mycelial growth (8.93 cm) after 12 days of inoculation, taken minimum time for spawn preparation (14.33 days) and showed minimum contamination (2.20%). The treatment T3 (Wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g) documented superior in terms of minimum days taken for spawn running (16.33 days) and pin head formation (21.33 days). The maximum number of fruiting bodies, stipe length, stipe width and diameter of pileus were recorded from treatment T3 (Wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g) representing as 89 per bag, 6.33 cm, 2.37 cm and 10.50 cm, respectively. The shortest economic cropping period and maximum production found in treatment T3 (Wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g) which were 52.67 days and 910 g, respectively. The maximum biological efficiency was found in T3 (Wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g), showing 91.00% against 84% in case of treatment T9 , where only Gram husk was used in spawn preparation. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio was obtained from treatment T3 (Wheat grain 375 g + Paddy husk 125 g) representing as 1.9 : 1.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on preparation of Flavoured Milk from blend of Cow and Goat milk using Strawberry and Vanilla essence
    (2024-02-23) Sarvmangal Verma; Dr M P S Yadav
    In the investigation entitled “Study on Preparation of flavoured milk from blend of cow and goat milk using strawberry and vanilla essence” was conducted in the laboratory of department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology Kanpur. In this experiment three levels of sugar combination ratio (6%,7%,8%) were taken three levels of fat (3.2%, 3.6%, 4.0%) and two types of essence (strawberry and vanilla). The effects of various attributes on quality of flavoured milk were analyzed and determine for physical quality flavour, colour and appearance, sweetness, over all acceptability, and chemical quality moisture, fat, protein, total lactose, sucrose, ash were determined. The study revealed that the physical quality of flavoured milk prepared from blend of cow milk and goat milk with strawberry essence, 6% sugar level and 3.2% fat level of flavoured milk was found better as compared to other treatment combinations with in fresh day. The chemical qualities of flavoured milk prepared from optimum level of Strawberry essence with 6%sugar and 3.2% fat level, treatment combination found optimum percentage of moisture, fat, protein, lactose, Sucrose, ash, was found better as compared to other treatment combinations. It is therefore recommended that the good quality of flavoured milk can be prepared by using Strawberry essence with 3.2% fat level and 6% sugar level.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Quality Evaluation of Different Varieties/Genotypes of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
    (2024-02-23) Pranshu Gupta; Dr Lalit Kumar Singh
    An experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2022-23 at Oilseed Research Form, Kalyanpur, Chandra Skekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur to study the “ Quality evaluation of different varieties/genotypes of lentil [Lens culinaris L]” The test weight ranges from 20.98 to 28.36g. Significantly highest test weight (28.36g) was observed in KLS-1469 and lowest test weight (20.98g) in KLS-1529 . The dahl recovery in whole grain in certaingenotypes/varieties of lentil ranged from 84.39 to 89.76 %. Lentil variety KLS-218 recorded maximum dhal recovery of 89.76% in whole grain followed by KLS- 1465, KLS-1520, IPL-518, KLS-1469, IPL-520, IPL-316, KLS-122, KLS- 1463, IPL-639, KLS-1522, KLS-320, IPL-534, KLS-1459, and KLS-1529. The minimum dahl recovery (84.39) was obtained in KLS- 1529. Certain genotypes/varieties of lentil showed variation in husk percent from 7.56 to 9.96%. The variety KLS-218 gave lowest mean value of husk than the other genotypes/varieties of lentil. Broken dhal recovery ranged from 1.59 to 3.68% and highest percentage was obtained in case of KLS-1459, whereas, the genotype/variety KLS-218 recorded lowest value for broken dhal per-cent. The lowest per-cent loss was obtained in KLS-218 (1.09%) whereas highest percent loss was recorded in lentil genotype/variety KLS-1529 (2.69%). Results revealed that the dhal protein content varied significantly from 20.06-24.89 per-cent, methionine content varied from 0.55 to 0.99mg/16gN and tryptophan content varied from 0.46 to 0.77mg/16gN) in certain genotypes/varieties of lentil. Significantly highest protein content (24.89%) in KLS-218, highest methionine content (0.92mg/16gN) in dahl was obtained in KLS-218 and significantly highest tryptophan content (0.77mg/16gN) was obtained in KLS-218. On the basis of results obtained in the present investigation, it may be concluded that out of the 15 varieties/genotypes of lentil, the variety KLS-1469 gave highest value in test weight and variety KLS-1522 gave lowest moisture content. Similarly, highest dhal recovery and lowest husk recovery was obtained in lentil variety KLS-218 as compared to rest of the varieties/genotypes of lentil, the significantly minimum broken dhal recovery was recorded in lentil variety KLS-218, whereas same variety KLS-218 was expressed lowest percentage loss in processing (in flour) Variety KLS-218 showed highest value of protein content in dhal, highest value of methionine content and highest value of tryptophan content. In respect of maximum dhal recovery, lowest husk percentage, maximum protein, methionine and tryptophan content in the variety KLS-218 was superior.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical Investigation on Certain Promising Varieties/Genotypes of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
    (2024-02-23) Lalit Kumar; Dr Lalit Kumar Singh
    An experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2022-23 at Oilseeds Research Farm, Kalyanpur, Chandra Skekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur to study the test weight, percentage of moisture, dhal recovery, husk recovery, loss in processing, broken dhal, protein, methionine, tryptophan. The test weight ranged from 33.55 to 47.12g. Significantly highest test weight (47.12g) was observed in IPM-2212 and lowest test weight (33.55g) in NM-1911. The dahl recovery in whole grain in certain genotypes/varieties of pigeon pea ranged from 68.17 to 77.11%. Mungbean variety KM-2241 recorded maximum dhal recovery of 77.11% in whole grain followed by KM- 2432,NM-1911,IPM-2110,KM-2418,KM-2436,KM-2429, KM2328, KM- 2342, KM-2195, KM-2435, KM-2437, IPM-2212, NM-2017 and KM-2430. The minimum dahl recovery (68.17%) was obtained in KM-2430. Some genotypes/ varieties of pigeon pea showed variation in husk per-cent from 7.61 to 11.99%. The variety KM-2241 gave lowest mean value of husk than the other genotypes/varieties of pigeon pea. Broken dhal recovery ranged from 8.22 to 12.87% and highest percentage was obtained in case of KM-2195 whereas the genotype/variety KM-2241 recorded lowest value of broken dhal. The lowest per-cent loss was obtained in KM-2241 (7.06%) whereas highest percent loss was recorded in pigeon pea genotype/variety IPM-2212 (11.29%). Results revealed that the dhal protein content varied significantly from 21.56-24.12 per-cent, methionine content varied from 1.14 to 1.42 mg/16gN and tryptophan content varied from 1.02 to 1.20 mg/16gN) in certain genotypes/ varieties of pigeon pea. Significantly highest contents of protein (24.12%), methionine (1.42mg/16gN) and tryptophan (1.20mg/16gN) in dhal was obtained in variety/ genotypes KM-2241. In respect of maximum dahl recovery, lowest husk percentage, protein and methionine content was superior most in genotype/ variety KM-2241.