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IMPACT OF CHITIN AN ECO-FRIENDLY MORDANT ON NATURAL DYES
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2004) POORNIMA, A; SHARADA DEVI, A
With increasing awareness of the environmental pollution and health hazards associated with the use of synthetic dyes on textiles involving eco-friendly processes of dyeing textiles has become imperative. Due to the ban by Germany on the use of azo dyes in textiles garments imported to Germany, quite some excitement has come to prevail in the textile processing sector with regard to the use of dyes that pass through eco-standards. This has facilitated the revival of natural dyes into focus. The expertise in extraction, dyeing and printing of textiles with natural dyes that was developed and patronized by Indian artisans was not known to the present generations. Hence, research is going on to overcome the limitations of natural dyes. Generally natural dyes produce shades that are fugitive in nature. Hence, mordants are used for fixation of the dye onto the fabric. Alum, ferrous sulphate, chrome, copper, stannous chloride are the mordants generally employed for dyeing with natural dyes. According to the eco-standards, chrome and copper are red listed whereas alum and ferrous sulphate are considered as eco-friendly. Hence, research is presently focused on identification and standardization of eco-friendly mordants for natural dyes. The available literature indicated that, there was no research work previously done on chitin as a mordant on natural dyes. Chitin is a natural polysaccharide obtained from shells of crustaceans, exoskeleton of insects etc. There is research evidence that it contributes to synthetic dye fixation. Taking into consideration of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to use chitin as an eco-friendly mordant for four selected dye sources on cotton and assess their colourfastness. Mercerized cotton yarn was selected for the study on the effect of chitin mordant as it facilitates better absorption. Four dye sources were selected namely Tagetus erecta, Onosma echinoides, Peltaphorum pterocarpum and Rubia cardifolia on cotton. Mordants such as alum and ferrous sulphate were used for comparision with chitin. The cotton yarn was pretreated with myrobalan to increase the depth of the shade obtained. The standard extraction and dyeing conditions of the selected dyes were adopted from the research work of scientists of AICRP-CT on Home Science, ICAR. The optimization of the chitin mordant concentrations was done based on the optical density before and after dyeing. The observations of the optical density were recorded at the maximum wavelength of the dye source mentioned above. The concentration levels of 1, 2 and 3 per cent were selected in case of mordanting with chitin for dyeing with Tagetus erecta, Peltaphorum pterocarpum and Rubia cardifolia and 3, 4 and 5 per cent concentration levels were selected for Onosma echinoides dye. The mordant concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 per cent for alum and 1, 2 and 3 per cent levels for ferrous sulphate were selected for mordanting and used for comparision with the samples dyed with chitin (adopted from AICRPCT, ICAR). The dyed cotton samples with chitin mordant had produced soft, lustrous and pastel shades. Chitin mordanted samples dyed in Tagetus erecta exhibited dark green to dull khaki shades. Colours ranging from dull grey to moderate grey shades were obtained by dyeing with Onosma echinoides. The cotton samples dyed in Peltaphorum pterocarpum produced creamish brown to moderate brown shades using chitin mordant. The dye extracted from Rubia cardifolia has shown peach to pinkish shades on cotton mordanted with chitin. Alum produced dark shades compared to chitin. Grey tones were produced with ferrous sulphate. Brownish shades were produced using alum mordant and green to greyish brown shades were obtained with ferrous sulphate when dyed in Tagetus erecta dye. Cotton mordanted with alum exhibited greyish blue colour with greenish tinge and greyish blue to brown shades were produced on samples mordanted with ferrous sulphate. Peltaphorum pterocarpum had exhibited biscuit brown to moderate brown shades and moderate to dark brown shades with alum and ferrous sulphate respectively. The dye extracted from Rubia cardifolia produced pinkish brown with alum mordant and pinkish grey shades with ferrous sulphate mordant. The cost of dyeing with chitin mordant is high when compared to other mordants. Even though, the cost is high the eco-friendliness and high curative properties of chitin mordant will be a breakthrough in the technology of dyeing with natural dyes.
Open Access
STUDIES ON WATER AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L.)
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) MALLISWARI, T; MAHESWARA REDDY, P
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of irrigation schedules and weed management practices on growth and yield of blackgram, on sandy loam soils of S.V.Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, during summer, 2001. The study was laid out in a split - plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four irrigation schedules viz., irrigations given at branching and pod development stages (I1), irrigations given at branching and flowering stages (I2), irrigations given at flowering and pod development stages (I3) and irrigations given at branching, flowering and pod development stages (I4) as main plot treatments and four weed management practices viz., weedy check (w1), hand weeding twice at branching and flowering (w2), pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ai ha-1 (w3) and pre-emergence application of metolachlor @ 1.5 kg ai ha-1 (w4) as sub plot treatments. The cultivar tried was LBG-20. Irrigation schedules, weed management practices as well as their interaction have significantly influenced the plant growth characters, yield components, yield, economic returns, weed density and weed dry matter. Irrigating at branching, flowering and pod development stages has resulted in the production of tallest plants, largest leaf area and highest dry matter production. Among the weed management practices, hand weeding twice at branching and flowering resulted in taller plants, higher leaf area and higher dry matter production. The interaction between irrigations given at branching, flowering and pod development stages and hand weeding twice at branching and flowering has resulted in the tallest plants, the largest leaf area and maximum dry matter production compared to other treatmental combinations. The number of nodules plant-l, the dry weight of nodules plant-l and yield attributes like number of pods plant-l, thousand seed weight, number of seeds pod-1 were found to be the highest with irrigations given at branching, flowering and pod development stages. All these were found to be superior with hand weeding twice at branching and flowering, when compared to other weed management practices. Irrigating at branching, flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding has resulted in higher stature of yield attributes. The highest seed and haulm yield were noticed with irrigations given at branching, flowering and pod development stages, which was followed by irrigations given at branching and flowering stages. Among the weed management practices, hand weeding resulted in highest seed and haulm yield and next best treatment was pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ai ha-1. Irrigating at branching, flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding twice at branching and flowering was found superior in production of seed and haulm yield. The highest value of harvest index was noticed with irrigations given at branching, flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding twice at branching and flowering, while it was lowest with irrigations given at flowering and pod development stages along with weedy check. The minimum weed density and weed dry weight were observed with irrigations given at flowering and pod development stages. Among weed management practices, hand weeding resulted in lowest weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency. As regards the interaction, irrigating at flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding effectively reduced the weed dry matter. The highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were realized with irrigations applied at branching, flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding twice at branching and flowering and they were at lowest with irrigations applied at branching and pod development stages along with weedy check. The present study has revealed that irrigating blackgram at branching, flowering and pod development stages along with hand weeding twice at branching and flowering has resulted in higher grain yield as well as economic returns.
Open Access
FERTILIZER PRICING POLICIES, PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES-A CASE STUDY OF SPIC LTD
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) LAXMINARAYANA, GOSULA
Fertilizer industry has been the backbone of Indian agriculture. Chemical fertilizers played a vital role in India’s Green revolution and they continue to play a predominant role in India’s agriculture economy. The progress of Indian Agriculture has been going through different phases. Over years specific policy initiatives have set the direction and steered the development of the agricultural sector to meet the macro objectives in each of the phases. The pre-Green revolution period saw the thrust on expansion of area under cultivation and intensifying efforts to increase food production. The Green revolution period saw the focus on increasing yield through use of modern inputs, HYV seeds, and chemical fertilizers and investment in irrigation. The post Green revolution phase saw period of consolidation where the focus shifted to ensuring equitable distribution of food grains at affordable prices and management of surpluses. In the current phase we are seeing a period of Globalization and emergence of a unified world economy. With the economic reforms of 90’s liberalization became the centre stage in management of Indian economy. The World Trade Agreement (WTA) came into effect on 1st January 1995 with countries working towards curtailing subsidies by 20% over 1986 benchmark. The Indian Government has been keen to reduce agricultural subsidies, including subsidy on fertilizers, in order to improve the over all fiscal situation. 2 With the objective of boosting consumption and production of fertilizers, Government has introduced Retention Price cum subsidy scheme RPS in 1977 in fertilizer industry but in the current reform era as a first step to reduce fertilizer subsidy, phosphatic and potassic fertilizers were decontrolled in August 1992. The demand of fertilizer being price elastic, the sudden and sharp rise in consumer price of these fertilizers adversely affected consumption. The subsidy had to be reintroduced in the form of “Concession support” which is still prevalent. The urea industry has been baffled by the uncertainty in absence of long-term policy on urea. Over the years, many committees have been constituted to give their recommendations on reforms in urea sector with a view to scale down subsidy on fertilizers to meet India’s commitment under World Trade Agreement (WTA). Apart from introducing Group pricing scheme categorizing Urea Plants in six groups, effective from 01.04.2003 and is being implemented in stages: Stage I : 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2004 Stage II : 1 April 2004 to 31 March 2006 Stage III : 1 April 2006 onwards The government of India has taken 25% urea production out of movement control and from 01.10.2003; this proportion will increase to 50%. The manufacturers will get the freight subsidy Rs.100/- per tonne less on this deregulated quantity. The fertilizer industry in India is passing through an extremely critical phase. i.e., emerging out of a highly protected environment into an environment of liberalization encompassing among other things decontrol. The commitment of the Government in the fast changing economic scenario has been towards gradual deregulation of the economy. Increasing international competitiveness of fertilizers at par with the best in the world, adoption of most modern and efficient technological practices of production, all-round and 3 balanced growth of the sector, the new scheme has come into effect from 1 April 2003 and is being implemented in stages. The Government expects that the new pricing policy for urea units will boost production, encourage internationally competitive production practices, substantially reduce the burden of urea subsidy and promote greater transparency, uniformity and efficiency for all round harmonious development of the industry as a vigorous sector of the Indian economy. The emerging scenario has thrown up several challenges to the fertilizer industry, hence the strategy makers in the industry has to evolve suitable strategies to meet such challenges.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED COMPLETE DIET CONTAINING DETOXIFIED NEEM SEED CAKE ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UTILISATION IN SHEEP
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) MADHAVI, K; JANARDHANA REDDY, T
Twenty four Nellore ram lambs with an average body weight of 18.81±0.5 kg were randomly distributed into 4 groups each comprising of 6 animals and fed conventional diet (R1) containing concentrate and chopped sorghum straw and a complete diet containing 15% detoxified neem seed cake in three different forms namely mash (R2), expander extruder processed pellets (R3) and steam pellets (R4). A 180 day growth cum metabolic trial was conducted to study the effect of experimental rations on growth and nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.01) lower on complete mash ration than those fed on conventional, expander-extruded pellets and steam pelleted diets. The digestibilities of OM, and CF were significantly (P<0.05) higher in lambs fed R3 and R4 than those fed R1 and R2 rations where as CP digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher on R3 and R4 followed by R2 and R1. All the lambs were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances. Nitrogen and calcium balances were significantly (P<0.05) higher in lambs fed pelleted rations. Phosphorus balance was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the lambs fed conventional ration and differently processed complete rations. The DCP and TDN contents of the rations were significantly (P<0.01) higher in both the pelleted rations (R3 and R4) than the conventional (R1) and mash (R2) rations. Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the lambs fed pelleted rations than control group and lower on mash than control. Pelleting of complete diet decreased the cost of feed and feed intake per kg gain. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences among treatment groups with regard to dressing percentage, proportion of lean, bone and fat, edible and non-edible organs. But, increased trend in dressing percentage was recorded in pelleted diets fed group compared to control. Lean per cent showed increased trend with concomitant decrease in proportion of bone and fat in lambs fed pelleted diets. Carcass characters in this experiment indicate favorable conditions for good quality meat from sheep fed complete rations formulated with unconventional feed ingredients such as neem seed cake. The results of this experiment indicate that detoxified neem seed cake can be incorporated in the rations of sheep without any deleterious effect on health and performance. Pelleting the mash diet either by expander-extruder or steam pelleting process improved growth and feed efficiency in sheep and expander extruder processing can be preferred over steam pelleting due to less cost of processing.
Open Access
EFFECT OF POLYAMINES AND ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON RIPENING AND SHELF LIFE OF BANANA (Musa spp.)
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) SRINIVASA RAO, A; VENKATA RAO, P
Banana being a typical climacteric fruit is more prone for deterioration and has less shelf life. So far, no systematic effort has been made to study the effect of various post harvest application of polyamines and AOX inhibitors on prolonging shelf life in different varieties of banana. Hence, a set of four experiments were conducted to study the effects of post-harvest treatments with polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine), AOX inhibitors (propyl gallate and salicyl hydroxamic acid) and their combination on the shelf life and ripening of banana varieties viz. Poovan, Robusta, Tella Chakkarakeli, Elakki Bale and KBS – 4 at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The fruits were kept at ambient temperature. Ripening was delayed in the fruits treated with SPE 100 + PG 100 combination followed by both SPE 100 and PG 100 when treated individually. SPE 100 + PG 100 recorded lower rate of total respiration (144.20  moles\kg\hr in KBS–4; 158.92  moles\kg\hr in Robusta); low alternative respiration (38.51  moles\kg\hr in KBS – 4; 41.28  moles\kg\hr in Robusta); low lipoxygenase activity (0.973 U\mg protein in KBS – 4; 1.093 U\mg protein in Robusta); high catalase activity (0.135 U\mg protein in KBS – 4; 0.145 U\mg protein in Robusta) and high peroxidase activity (3.605 U\mg protein in KBS – 4; 3.552 U\mg protein in Robusta) compared to other treatments and hence delayed ripening with delayed ethylene outburst leading to increased shelf life. Lowest LOX activity in SPE 100 + PG 100 might be due to propyl gallate being a very effective inhibitor of the alternative pathway respiration and also an excellent inhibitor of LOX as well. Inhibition of LOX activity has been generally been associated with its ability as an antioxidant to remove free radicals formed during the course of the reaction. Shelf life increased with post-harvest application of polyamines (especially SPE 100) and alternative oxidase inhibitors (especially PG 100). In var. KBS – 4, maximum shelf life (18 days) was observed with both SPE 100 alone and PG 100 alone when compared to control (15 days); in var. Robusta, it was 15 days compared to control (12 days) in var. Poovan, it was 12 days compared to control (9 days); in var. Tella Chakkarakeli, it was 9 days compared to control (6 days) and in var. Elakki Bale, it was 9 days compared to control (6 days). But with combination treatment i.e., with SPE 100 + PG 100, an increase in shelf life by three more days was observed in both KBS – 4 (21 days) and Robusta (18 days) varieties. PLW was highest in control and least in SPE 100 and PG 100. Lowest PLW was recorded in KBS-4 followed by Robusta and highest PLW in Tella Chakkarakeli and Elakki Bale. Poovan was intermediate. The varieties having longer shelf life (KBS – 4 and Robusta comparatively) had slow and gradual increase in PLW whereas the PLW was significantly rapid in varieties having lower shelf life viz., Poovan, Tella Chakkarakeli and Elakki Bale. The treatments viz. SPE 100 and PG 100, which prolonged the shelf life had slow rate of PLW than other treatments and control. PLW was lowest in SPE 100 + PG 100 (7.25% in KBS – 4; 11.88% in Robusta) compared to control (9.86 %in KBS – 4; 14.42 in Robusta). TSS was lowest in SPE 100 + PG 100 (15.58 oBrix in KBS – 4; 14.30 oBrix in Robusta) compared to control (17.20 oBrix in KBS – 4; 16.35 oBrix in Robusta).Titrable acidity was highest in SPE 100 + PG 100 (0.25% in KBS –4; 0.23% in Robusta) compared to control (0.17% in KBS – 4; 0.19% in Robusta). Reducing sugars was lowest in SPE 100 + PG 100 (6.19% in KBS – 4; 6.19% in Robusta) compared to control (6.88% in KBS – 4; 6.83% in Robusta).Rate of ethylene production was highest in SPE 100 + PG 100 (8.42 l\kg\hr in KBS – 4; 8.31 l\kg\hr in Robusta) compared to control (7.48 l\kg\hr in KBS – 4; 7.70 l\kg\hr in Robusta). SPE followed by PG maintained low lipoxygenase activity, low total and alternative respirations but high ethylene production; high rates of catalase and peroxidase activity. The enhancement of alternative respiration was seen in all the treatments with a peak on a particular day but at reduced levels in SPE 100 + PG 100, SPE 100 and PG 100 compared to control. This peak was also synchronised with total respiration i.e., respiratory climacteric and commensurate with ethylene levels. Suppression and delayed respiratory climacteric with spermine and inhibition of alternative respiration by propyl gallate might be the cause for prolonged storage life in the combination treatment.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) RAMA KRISHNA, C; VIJAYA, N
A field experiment was conducted during February to April, 2001 at Students’ Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to “study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on yield and quality of okra”. Two cultivars viz., cv. Arka Anamika and cv. Parbhani Kranthi were selected for this study. The treatments consisted of 4 levels (25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent substitution to recommended nitrogen) each of farmyard manure and vermicompost along with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen through inorganic form of fertilizer and a control. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that application of 50 per cent RDNF through vermicompost and 50 per cent through inorganic fertilizer recorded maximum plant height, pod yield and dry matter production of pod. Among the two cultivars studied, cv. Arka Anamika recorded maximum pod yield followed by cv. Parbhani Kranthi. Maximum number of nodes and pods per plant were recorded with the application of 50 per cent RDNF through vermicompost and 50 per cent RDNF through inorganic fertilizer. Among the two cultivars Parbhani Kranthi recorded less number of days for first flower appearance. But the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen did not influence the number of days taken from flowering to harvesting. The application of organic manures improved the quality parameters of okra viz., pod length, crude fibre development. The influence was highly significant with vermicompost applied plots. Maximum pod length and low crude fibre content was observed with 50 per cent RDNF through vermicompost and 50 per cent RDNF through inorganic fertilizers in both the cultivars studied. Among the two cultivars the gross costs (Rs.35,529), gross returns (Rs.87,425) and cost benefit ratio (2.46) were highest with 50 per cent RDNF through vermicompost and 50 per cent RDNF through inorganic fertilizer in cv. Arka Anamika, followed by cv. Parbhani Kranthi.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FARMING ON RICE YIELD AND QULITY
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2003) SUNITHA, G; SREENIVASA RAJU, M
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2002 at Rice Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on clay loam soil of medium in available N, high in available P and K to find out the influence of organic farming on rice yield and quality. The treatments consisted of two farming practices (organic and inorganic) and six rice varieties of different duration (Swarna, Samba Mahsuri, Early Samba, Kavya, Erramallelu and Tellahamsa). In all, there were 12 treatmental combinations replicated thrice and laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that plant height, LAI, total tillers/m2 and effective tillers/m2 were significantly high in inorganic farming practices compared to organic farming practices. However, the grain yield was significantly high in organic farming treatments than inorganic farming treatments because of more number of total and filled grains/panicle, more panicle length, panicle weight and 1000 grain weight. Uptake of nitrogen was significantly higher with inorganic farming while the uptake of potasssium was significantly more with organic farming at all growth stages. But phosphorus uptake was not significantly influenced due to farming practices except at 90 DAT where organic farming resulted significantly more phosphorus uptake. The post harvest soil N and K2O status were significantly high with organic farming treatments, whereas P2O5 status was more with inorganic farming treatments. Regarding quality of rice grain, significantly more amylose content, less broken rice % and more grain hardness were observed with organic farming. The length to breadth ratio, volume expansion ratio, hulling percent, protein content were not influenced by farming practices. As regards to varietal performance, Kavya recorded significantly higher grain yield (5.06 t/ha) due to more panicle length, higher number of grains and filled grains / panicle and followed by Erramallelu (4.65 t/ha) which remained on par with Kavya in terms of grain yield. Regarding N, P and K uptake by crop at different growth stages, post harvest nutrient status of soil and quality characters of grain as influenced by farming practices and rice varieties were evaluated. Quality of rice grain was improved due to organic farming practices as compared to inorganic farming practices. The results suggest for adoption of organic farming in rice to increase productivity and also to maintain soil fertility.
Open Access
Orientation Training To Newly Recruited Assistant Professor Cadre Scientists Of Angrau
(Orientation And Refresher Training Unit Dept Of A E Hyd, 2002)
Open Access
State Level Agricultural Training Manual For Master Trainers
(Angrau ; Hyderabad, 1998)

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