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ThesisItem Open Access Response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-10) Sangeet Kumar; Batra, V. K.The field experiment was conducted during spring summer season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Research Farm of the Department, Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the response of okra to levels of irrigation, nitrogen and mulch under drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid out in a Split-Split Plot Design with 27 treatment combinations comprised of three levels of drip irrigation (80, 100 and 120% ET) as main plots, three levels of nitrogen fertigation (75, 100, and 125 kg/ha) as sub plots and three level of mulch (no mulch, white plastic mulch and yellow plastic mulch) as sub-sub plots and one control treatment replicated thrice. The growth parameters were recorded maximum under drip irrigation at 120% ET, 125 kg/N per ha and yellow plastic mulch as compared to other levels, respectively, whereas all the yield and quality parameters were recorded maximum with white plastic mulch, 125 kg/N per ha and drip irrigation at 100 and 80% ET, respectively, as compared to other levels. The use of plastic mulch minimizes the weed population and maximizes the weed control efficiency. The lowest Weed dry weight and weed density and maximum weed control efficiency were recorded with white plastic mulch. However, the maximum WUE (71.03, 60.10 and 65.56 kg/ha/mm, respectively) and NUE (152.47, 148.31 and 150.39 kg/ha/kg, respectively) was observed from the level drip irrigation at 80% ET and 125 kg/N per ha, respectively. Further, the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen fertigation and mulch significantly affected almost all the growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest net returns (Rs.128289/ha and Rs.124478/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.00 and 1.99) were recorded in the treatment drip irrigation at 100% ET with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and white plastic mulch as compared to rest of the treatments combinations. In the end it is concluded that for achieving the higher yield, better quality, maximum NUE, WUE and net profit, the okra crop can be irrigated at 80% ET through drip irrigation in combination with 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertigation and milky white coloured plastic mulch.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of microRNAs targets in response to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sharma, Kritika; Yashveer, ShikhaMicroRNAs are small endogenous non-coding RNAs of about 20-24 nucleotides that play an important role in transcriptional and post transcriptional gene expression via directing mRNA cleavage, translational repression, chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation. RECent advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools have enhanced the study related to miRNA discovery and their putative roles in different molecular, biochemical and physiological processes. Development of miRNA and their target related markers have been identified in wheat and other crops which can be used for genetic diversity, population studies and genotype identification in crop improvement programmes of wheat. In this study, a total of 1,14,216 targets were predicted for eight hundred ninety four miRNAs using psRNAtarget tool. About one thousand five hundred twenty-two SSR markers were developed from twenty three targets and validated by insilico PCR. Expression studies were also conducted to study the relative expression of six genes S-adenosylmethionine synthase (ADENO29), Cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CYS4), lipoxygenase (LIPO37), Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (VAC9), Triticum aestivum Salt Response Gene (TaSRG) and stress repressive zinc finger protein 1 (TaSRZ) in six wheat genotypes; WH1105, HD2967 and WH711 (Salt sensitive) and KRL 210, WH157 and Kharchia65 (salt tolerant). Expression of vacuolar cation/proton exchanger gene was found to be high in all genotypes under salt stress (ECe 8dS/m). This gene was targeted by aof-miR12159, ath-miR5025, ath-miR5029 and osa-miR160e-3p miRNA. So these four miRNA might be salt responsive miRNA in wheat. Further studies may possibly reveal the mechanism of these miRNAs under salt stress.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of parasites and minerals on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Khushbu; Gulati, RachnaOn the basis of cultural area, shrimp farmers were classified into three groups: small farmers having up to 2 ha area, medium farmers with 2 to 4 ha area and large farmers having above 4 ha area. Maximum shrimp farmers procured shrimp seed of size post larvae PL 9-11from Tamil Nadu (60%) followed by West Bengal (25%) and Andhra Pradesh (15%) at price ranges between 0.50-0.60₹. Shrimp farmers stocked their ponds at different densities: less than 40 (70%), 40-60 (26%), above 60 (4%) numbers/m2. The shrimp farmers raised two crops (65%), more than two (35%) every year. The majority of shrimp farmers physically checked the soil and water quality characteristics of the ponds on weekly (35%) and monthly basis (65%). Fifty eight percent shrimp farmer faced poor feed conversion ratio (>1.5) and forty percent good FCR (<1.5). Farmers generally engaged farm consultants (87%) from adjacent shrimp farms and two laborers per hectare are employed from surrounding villages and other states and they were paid 8000-15000₹/labor/month. In 90-120 days, the average shrimp harvest yielded 5000 kg to 9000 kg/ha/crop.The total and operational cost was 3164561, 3051033.03, 2930496.03₹ and 2461473.00, 2379772.00 and 2305630₹ for small, medium and larger farmer. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 1.05, 1.15 and 1.23. Bacterial disease was maximum recorded at Faridabad (17%) followed by Fatehabad (14%), Gurugram (13%), Jind(11%), Bhiwani (11%), Dadri (7%), Kaithal (6%) , Hisar (4%) and Jhajjhar (4%) and least number of bacterial disease was encountered at Rohtak shrimp culture pond (2%). The plankton analysis of shrimp culture ponds of Haryana recorded that varied between 50000-126,000/m3. Maximum concentration of nickel, zinc, copper, cobalt and chromium was at Guroothi (0.307ppm), Meham (1.680ppm), Bangaon (0.840ppm), Bangaon(0.560ppm), Kalayat (0.812ppm) and Kherilamba (3.225ppm). Growth performance of shrimp revealed that pathogenicity of Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei varied with different challenge methods in L. vannamei. EHP challenge via oral and injection in HP were more potent in reducing the growth of shrimps. It indicated that significantly higher Litopenaeusvannameiweight was recorded in healthy shrimp of control at all days of exposure and lesser increase in weight was recordedin oral (1.33g to 2.85g) and injection in hepatopancreas (1.44g-2.84g)method of EHP infection. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (0 ppm) and it decreased to 8.47, 7.88, 5.30, 3.83, 3.37, 3.12g with an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0.5 to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (102ppm) and it increased to 12.21, 12.90, 16.83g with an increase in calcium oxide dose from 200-600ppm. But at concentration higher than 600ppm weight of shrimps was significantly decrease 6.64, 5.29g at 700ppm and 800ppm. The results on the growth performance of shrimp revealed that higher doses of potassium chloride showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (155ppm) and it increased to 14.18, 14.99, 18.34, 23.23g with an increase in magnesium sulphate dose from 200-700 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (852ppm) and it increased to 13.33, 14.14, 17.49, 22.38 with an increase in sodium chloride dose from 1000 to 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. he LC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent mortality occur in L. vannamei) along with regression statistics for zinc sulphate, calcium oxide, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride was 0.71,720, 505.5,1 284 and 8565.4ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (7.89 g) in Azolla based feed than commercial feed (6.55g).ThesisItem Open Access Study on green consumerism towards sustainable development(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Santosh Kumari; Dua, KavitaGreen consumer is environmentally and socially conscious and very concerned about the environment and, therefore, only purchases products that are environmentally-friendly or eco-friendly. The present study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state i.e. Hisar and Bhiwani. Two blocks from each district were randomly selected. Further, 75 respondents from each village was selected randomly. Thus, total 4 villages were selected to conduct the study thus making total sample size of 300 respondents for objective 1. For objectives 3twenty five respondents having low pre-exposure knowledge and also who were willing to attend the trainings were purposively selected from each village. Thus, total respondents were 100 (25 from each village). Knowledge was imparted to 100 respondents by imparting trainings through lecture-cum-demonstration and through multimedia (booklet, leaflet, poster and videos) prepared by the researcher. After a period of one month, impact of trainings on these 100 respondents was assessed in terms of gain in knowledge. A well structured and pretested interview schedule was developed according to the objectives of the study. It was found that majority of respondents regarding socio economic status showed that 43.0% of respondents belong from upper middle class. Maximum of respondents (44.7.3%) had medium family education status. This shows that more than half (51.2%) of the respondents had overall low knowledge and awareness at pre-exposure stage. Majority of respondents did not follow the eco friendly practices while purchase products at pre exposure stage. The results show that highly significant gain in knowledge was observed in all the respondents regarding all aspects of green consumerism at post exposure stage and highly gain in knowledge was found in awareness about ordinary products responsible for environmental degradation (9.76) and eco friendly home appliances (12.82). Positive correlation was found in all independent variables at 1% level of significant with gain in knowledge.ThesisItem Open Access An intervention study on reproductive health and family life of rural women in Haryana state(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Diksha; Singh, C.K.Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It reflects health during childhood and crucial during adolescence adulthood, sets and stages for health beyond reproductive years for both women and men, and affects the health of the next generation young people‖ covering the age group of 10-24 years. Family planning (FP) is a solution to control population growth and stop today‘s unsustainable growth. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines family planning as allowing ‗people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility‘. This paper investigates the knowledge and attitude of reproductive health, family life, family planning and birth control in rural women of Haryana state. An intervention programme to improve the knowledge and attitude of reproductive health, family life, family planning and birth control of low performing rural women was imparted. The study was conducted in ten randomly selected villages of Hisar and Jind district of Haryana state. From selected villages 300 respondents in the age group of 18 to 25 years were selected randomly. Results revealed that respondents had moderate knowledge regarding reproductive health and family life and had favorable attitude towards family planning methods.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of chemical fertilizer use in India(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Sharma, Nitin; Pannu, R S.Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in foodgrain production. the effectiveness of fertiliser in enhancing crop productivity is apparent, excessive fertiliser usage has negative environmental repercussions because nutrients pollute the hydrosphere or biosphere. In view of the aforementioned facts, the current research will focus on an economic analysis of chemical fertiliser usage in India the study used both primary and secondary data to fulfil the objective of the study. The present study was conducted in four districts (two from each zone) of Haryana, namely Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad and Yamuna Nagar districts, based on the fertilizer consumption under major crops during 2018-19. Both primary, as well as secondary data, were used for attaining the objectives of the study. The growth of consumption was positive during the period from 1990-91 to 2019-20 Thus, there was considerable increase consumption of fertilizer. Except from the period 2010-11 to 2019-20, phosphorus and potash show negative growth rate. Intensity of fertilizer use was highest in Bihar followed by Pondicherry, Punjab and Haryana. Highest production of fertilizer was in Uttar Pradesh Followed by Maharashtra, UP, MP and Punjab. Whereas Haryana was at rank 13 with the consumption of 1410.45 thousand tonnes in 2019-20. There is increasing trend in the consumption of Urea, DAP, MOP and CAN except CAN. The Paddy wheat cropping system was one of the most prominent cropping systems. Cotton wheat cropping system was second most preferred system followed by the farmers. In BR W cropping system there was negative technology gap, in case of nitrogen and phosphorus there was negative and low technology gap, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium negative. In NBR W cropping system there was negative and very low technology gap in case of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium and positive. In all other cropping system technology gap was medium to high and positive which means the consumption of fertilizer is low as compare to recommendation. Area Under HYV, cropping intensity had signification effect on consumption of fertilizer in Haryana where as in case of Yamuna Nagar and Faridabad price of potash was found to be negative and statistically significant. The results depicted the government policy impact the consumption on fertilizer which affect the balance use of fertilizer. From the results we conclude that policy has direct impact on prices of fertilizer which affect the purchasing power of farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Genome wide association mapping for stem water soluble carbohydrates in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under terminal water stress(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-11-26) Gaur, Arpit; Jindal, YogeshGenomic assisted breeding is one way to improve drought stress tolerance in wheat. To uncover the genomic regions for grain yield, its attributing traits, water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and its components mainly fructans, a comprehensive multidisciplinary study was conducted with a diverse set of 302 bread wheat genotypes. All the genotypes were evaluated under complete irrigation, rainfed and complete water stressed condition for two consecutive crop seasons at three locations (Hisar, Karnal and Baramati). The study indicated significant effect of different water regimes and locations on the expression of traits and as much as 80% of yield reduction was reported under DT. Seven promising drought tolerant verities were identified on the basis of drought susceptibility index. In this study, correlation between yield and studied traits largely varied with environmental and water conditions. However, shorter plant height, longer grain filling duration, days to heading, thousand kernel weight (35-40 g) is the most favorable trait combination for obtaining high grain yield under studied conditions. Positive correlation of WSCs with grain yield was reported only for drought tolerant genotypes. High values of all the genetic components were reported for all the traits within environments, however in pooled over management these values ranged between low to moderate for most of the studied traits due to genotype x environment. Traits like plant height, peduncle length, spikelet per spike and thousand kernel weight were least influenced with genotype x environment interaction thus found suitable for selection of grain yield. Substantial genetic diversity was reported in the studied material which was attributed by each of the studied trait equally. With 35K Axiom array and applying compressed mixed linear model, 431 stable SNPs were identified for 20 studied traits in 1288986.92 cM genomic region of bread wheat. These SNPs explained ca. 30-53% of phenotypic variations. Of 431 stable SNPs 77 were showing pleiotropy for various traits. Five SNPs (AX-94583229, AX-94879209, AX-94759517, AX-94887053 and AX-94964616) for fructans and total non-structural carbohydrates, three (AX-94508292, AX-95257620 and AX-94456473) for days to heading and one (AX-94412521) for plant height were most significant. In functional analysis of significant SNPs, 249 genes were identified which were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and repair mechanism. Only few were reported with direct involvement in stress responses. In an in silco study 104 genes (TaFruc) transcribing into stable protein associated with fructans metabolism were identified. All of these were involved in either hydrolase or transferase activities of glycosyl groups of soluble sugars. These genes were found expressive under different stress conditions, mainly water stress. To facilitate the future breeding programs a total of 189 SSR molecular markers and 60 micro RNAs have been predicted successfully for TaFruc genes.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and transcriptome analysis of transgenic pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) plants with LecRLKgene for salt tolerance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Mehla, Sheetal; Upendra KumarReceptor kinases are one of the most potent cell signaling molecules that work against different kinds of stresses, however, very few studies are there on the characterization of the Lectin Receptor-like Kinase gene in plants for regulating salt stress. Biochemical analysis of increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, peroxidase and osmolytes like proline and total soluble sugar deciphered the role of OsLecRLK in maintaining the osmotic balance, ion homeostasis, and keeping a check on ROS production. Also, we observed a significant decrease in membrane injury index and an increase in the physiological parameters like Relative water content, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate confirming the role of OsLecRLK in providing salt tolerance in transgenic pigeon pea plants. Analysis of phenological and yield attributes confirmed that the mechanism governed by this gene is ultimately maintaining the vigor of the pigeon pea plants. A potential increase of 23-26% in the harvest index of transgenic lines conferred the completion of the pigeon pea life cycle in a normal pattern with very minimal effects of salt stress. OsLecRLK expressing pigeon pea lines were found to perform much better than wild types starting from vegetative till the completion of the reproductive phase. Through comparative transcriptome analysis, the intrinsic mechanism responsible for providing salt tolerance in transgenic pigeon pea plants with the OsLecRLK gene was unveiled. The relative expression analysis of histone deacetylase1, acyl CoA, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase genes were found higher and the expression of indole acetic acid synthetase, calmodulin and ketoacyl genes were found much lower in transgenic in comparison to wildtype pigeon pea plants under salt stress.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of production, market integration and export performance of cotton in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Vinay Kumar; Goyal, S. K.The present study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) To study the growth in area, production and productivity of cotton in Haryana and India, (2) To estimate cost and returns in cotton production and resource use efficiency in Haryana, (3)To examine the trends and relationship of cotton prices and arrivals in major markets of Haryana, (4) To analyse the direction of trade of Indian cotton exports. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana i.e. Sirsa and Hisar based on highest area under cotton. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Two blocks were selected from each selected district. Further, two villages were selected randomly from each selected block. Thus, a total of eight villages were selected for the study and from each selected village, twenty five farmers were selected and personally interviewed with the help of the well-structured schedule. The collected information was analysed to draw meaningful inferences by using statistical tools such as annual compound growth rate, correlation and regression analysis, co-integration, granger causality test and markov chain analysis. Annual compound growth rate of area, production and productivity of cotton exhibited increasing trend in Haryana as well as in India during the year 2001-02 to 2020-21. Cost benefit ratio for cotton cultivation in the study areas came out to be 1.22, 1.04 and 1.13 in Sirsa, Hisar and Overall, respectively. The resource use efficiency of the cotton farms exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Sirsa (0.419) and Hisar (0.413) districts. Further the results showed that the regression coefficient („b‟) for the cotton prices associated with the time element in the selected markets were positive and whereas, in arrivals Adampur, Siwani and Bhiwani markets had statistically increasing trend. The results for annual compound growth rate estimated considerable increase in cotton prices in selected markets, whereas growth rate for arrival of cotton were found positive but most of the growth rates are non-significant in all markets except Siwani and Bhiwani markets. Seasonal indices analysis estimated that the cotton arrivals in the selected markets were from October to January (peak period) and least were observed in the months of February to May (lean period). The inverse relationship was observed between price and arrivals of cotton in the selected markets with few exemptions. The correlation analysis indicated that the price (time series data) of selected markets was highly correlated between each other. The long run equilibrium relationship provides a clear evidence of the integration of selected cotton markets. This implies that prices in domestic markets of Haryana move together in response to changes in the demand and supply. It was further found that Dabwali market is the lead cotton market because it influenced the prices of most of the selected cotton markets i.e. Adampur, Uklana, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Uchana, Siwani and Bhattukalan market. China is the most stable country among major importers of Indian cotton as reflected by its high probability of retention (69%) followed by Bangladesh (60 %). Other countries were having 49 per cent probability of retention which indicated that other countries were relatively moderate importer of Indian cotton.
