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ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and transcriptome analysis of transgenic pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) plants with LecRLKgene for salt tolerance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Mehla, Sheetal; Upendra KumarReceptor kinases are one of the most potent cell signaling molecules that work against different kinds of stresses, however, very few studies are there on the characterization of the Lectin Receptor-like Kinase gene in plants for regulating salt stress. Biochemical analysis of increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, peroxidase and osmolytes like proline and total soluble sugar deciphered the role of OsLecRLK in maintaining the osmotic balance, ion homeostasis, and keeping a check on ROS production. Also, we observed a significant decrease in membrane injury index and an increase in the physiological parameters like Relative water content, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate confirming the role of OsLecRLK in providing salt tolerance in transgenic pigeon pea plants. Analysis of phenological and yield attributes confirmed that the mechanism governed by this gene is ultimately maintaining the vigor of the pigeon pea plants. A potential increase of 23-26% in the harvest index of transgenic lines conferred the completion of the pigeon pea life cycle in a normal pattern with very minimal effects of salt stress. OsLecRLK expressing pigeon pea lines were found to perform much better than wild types starting from vegetative till the completion of the reproductive phase. Through comparative transcriptome analysis, the intrinsic mechanism responsible for providing salt tolerance in transgenic pigeon pea plants with the OsLecRLK gene was unveiled. The relative expression analysis of histone deacetylase1, acyl CoA, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase genes were found higher and the expression of indole acetic acid synthetase, calmodulin and ketoacyl genes were found much lower in transgenic in comparison to wildtype pigeon pea plants under salt stress.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of production, market integration and export performance of cotton in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Vinay Kumar; Goyal, S. K.The present study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) To study the growth in area, production and productivity of cotton in Haryana and India, (2) To estimate cost and returns in cotton production and resource use efficiency in Haryana, (3)To examine the trends and relationship of cotton prices and arrivals in major markets of Haryana, (4) To analyse the direction of trade of Indian cotton exports. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana i.e. Sirsa and Hisar based on highest area under cotton. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Two blocks were selected from each selected district. Further, two villages were selected randomly from each selected block. Thus, a total of eight villages were selected for the study and from each selected village, twenty five farmers were selected and personally interviewed with the help of the well-structured schedule. The collected information was analysed to draw meaningful inferences by using statistical tools such as annual compound growth rate, correlation and regression analysis, co-integration, granger causality test and markov chain analysis. Annual compound growth rate of area, production and productivity of cotton exhibited increasing trend in Haryana as well as in India during the year 2001-02 to 2020-21. Cost benefit ratio for cotton cultivation in the study areas came out to be 1.22, 1.04 and 1.13 in Sirsa, Hisar and Overall, respectively. The resource use efficiency of the cotton farms exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Sirsa (0.419) and Hisar (0.413) districts. Further the results showed that the regression coefficient („b‟) for the cotton prices associated with the time element in the selected markets were positive and whereas, in arrivals Adampur, Siwani and Bhiwani markets had statistically increasing trend. The results for annual compound growth rate estimated considerable increase in cotton prices in selected markets, whereas growth rate for arrival of cotton were found positive but most of the growth rates are non-significant in all markets except Siwani and Bhiwani markets. Seasonal indices analysis estimated that the cotton arrivals in the selected markets were from October to January (peak period) and least were observed in the months of February to May (lean period). The inverse relationship was observed between price and arrivals of cotton in the selected markets with few exemptions. The correlation analysis indicated that the price (time series data) of selected markets was highly correlated between each other. The long run equilibrium relationship provides a clear evidence of the integration of selected cotton markets. This implies that prices in domestic markets of Haryana move together in response to changes in the demand and supply. It was further found that Dabwali market is the lead cotton market because it influenced the prices of most of the selected cotton markets i.e. Adampur, Uklana, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Uchana, Siwani and Bhattukalan market. China is the most stable country among major importers of Indian cotton as reflected by its high probability of retention (69%) followed by Bangladesh (60 %). Other countries were having 49 per cent probability of retention which indicated that other countries were relatively moderate importer of Indian cotton.ThesisItem Open Access Organic nutrient management in soybean-wheat cropping system under conservation agriculture(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Verma, Gaurav; Dhaka, A. K.Globally, intensive tillage and imbalanced nutrition challenged the sustainability and profitability of crop production and soil health. There is ample scope to boost the crop productivity and soil health by adopting organic and conservation agriculture. Hence, this study was conducted during 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Agronomy Research Farm of the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana, Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) to study “Organic nutrient management in of soybean-wheat cropping system under conservation agriculture” The experiment comprised of four tillage and residue management practices in main plots and five organic nutrient management packages in sub plot was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Two years study resulted that among tillage and residue management practices, crops under soybean-wheat rotation sown under zero tillage along with residue retention (3 t/ha) recorded significantly higher growth parameters, seed yield (16.34 and 54.48 q/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively) and net return (53.62×103 and 148.12×103 ₹/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively), which was closely followed by conventional tillage + residue retention (3 t/ha). Among the organic nutrient management packages, significantly higher yield attributes number of pods/plant (69.8) in soybean and grains/spike (50.1) in wheat and seed yield (16.35 and 53.53 q/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively) were recorded under application of RDF through fertilizers closely followed by RDN given through vermicompost or FYM + biofertilizers + three foliar application of each cow urine (10%) + panchgavya (5%) + jeevamrut (500 l ha-1). However, RDN through FYM or vermicompost + biofertilizers + three foliar application of each cow urine (10%) foliar application + panchgavya (5%) + jeevamrut (500 l ha-1) was found economically profitable over RDF given through fertilizers. Crop rotation based finding concluded that sowing of crops in soybean-wheat rotation with zero tillage along with residue retention (3 t/ha) and fertilized with recommended dose of nitrogen given through FYM + three foliar spray of each cow urine (10%), panchgavya (5%) and jeevamrut (500 l ha-1) was found most profitable having highest system net return (271.49×103 ₹/ha) and system profitability (756.56 kg/ha/day) with increase of 14.0 and 29.1 percent, respectively over crops sown with conventional tillage without residue and fertilized with recommended dose of fertilizers. Hence, it may be concluded that combined application of ZT+R (3 t/ha) and organic package N5 or N4 is a better option for obtaining higher yield, sustainable soil health, improved energy use efficiency and better economics of soybeanwheat cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Pedological characterization and classification of soils under different land use in Eastern Agroclimatic Zone of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Gill, Ankit; DineshA study on “Pedological characterization and classification of soils under different land use in Eastern Agroclimatic Zone of Haryana” was conducted. Visual interpretation of IRS-P6 and ArcGIS (Version 10.8.2) satellite imagery (FCC) of 1:50000 scales were used for the preparation of base map of the area and different geomorphic units i.e., shiwalik hills, recent alluvial plains and old alluvial plains were identified and delineated. Keeping in view the relationship between physiography, soils and different land use in the study area, eighteen pedons were excavated morphologically in the field and physico-chemical, biological and mineralogically in laboratory. Morphological characteristics revealed that matrix colour of soils of the area varied from dark brown (7.5YR) to yellowish brown (10YR) in colour, with dominant hue of 10YR. The soils of shiwalik hills were medium to moderately heavy, recent alluvial plains were light and old alluvial plains were light to heavy in texture. The soils were found structureless to strong in grade, fine to coarse in class and subangular blocky in type of structure. Calcium carbonate nodules were absent in all the pedons of shiwalik hills and recent alluvial plains. Irregular distribution of clay content with depth was observed in few pedons of shiwalik hills and recent alluvial plains. Bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity varied from 1.17 to 1.52 Mg m-3, 2.40 to 2.82 Mg m-3, 43.24 to 54.12 % and 42 to 51 % respectively. A significant positive correlation between moisture retention and water holding capacity with clay and organic carbon was observed. The penetration resistance is decreasing in order shiwalik hills< old alluvial plainslabile>less labile>recalcitrant in all the pedons of intensive land use. Among the exchangeable cations calcium was the dominant followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium; and exchangeable anions followed the order sulphate>chloride>bicarbonate>carbonate. The available N, P and K were ranged from 64 to 274, 5 to 38 and 75 to 398 kg ha-1 and DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were found in the range of 0.11 to 4.58, 1.62 to 27.57, 0.87 to 28.04 and 0.15 to 1.78 mg kg-1. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Co & Ni) was found negligible in most of the studied pedons whereas Cr was not detected in any of the pedons. Among the chemical composition SiO2 was the dominant followed by Al2O3and Fe2O3. Quartz and feldspars were the dominated minerals in all the soil pedons. The soil MBC and MBN in all the pedons of study area were ranged from 72 to 274 and 8 to 44 mg kg-1 and the urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity ranged from 19 to 78 (μg NH4+ -N g-1 h-1), 17.4 to 52.1 (μgTPFg-1soil 24hr-1) and 102 to 366 (μg PNP g-1soil h-1), respectively. The ground water quality of these areas was non-saline. non-sodic in nature and was found suitable for irrigation for all the crops. Taxonomically, the soils of study area were placed under Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols orders.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morpho-molecular characterization, epidemiology and management of Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Exner causing banded leaf and sheath blight of maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03-09) Parvesh Kumar; Mehra, RakeshBanded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii has emerged as an economically important disease in most of maize growing areas of India, leading to considerable qualitative and quantitative losses in maize. The present investigation on survey and surveillance of banded leaf and sheath blight, epidemiology, management and morpho-metric, pathogenic, molecular characterization were carried out with fifty one R. solani isolates collected from different geographical locations of India. Occurrence of banded leaf and sheath disease intensity ranges from 4.47-55.62 per cent in major maize growing districts of Haryana during kharif 2020 and 2021. Maximum disease severity (55.62%) was in Panchkula, followed by Karnal (41.84%), Sonipat (39.96%), Ambala (32.66%), Kurukshetra (23.20%) and Yamunanagar (21.89%). Significant variations was observed among fifty one R. solani isolates on the basis of cultural and morphological characters and hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all R. solani isolates into five major cluster (C1- C5). Molecular analysis confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani species exhibited relation with anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA belong to maize crop causing BLSB disease and also in maize cultivated lands. In the pathogenic variations, isolates RS 29 from New Delhi and RS 1 from Karnal were found highly virulent. Out of four dates of sowing of maize, the highest disease intensity, AUDPC and AIR was observed in 1st date of sowing (16 June) followed by 2nd date of sowing (30 June), 3rd date of sowing (14 July) and least in 4th date of sowing (28 July) in all the seven maize hybrids. Maximum temperature range of (31.39-33.23°C), minimum temperature (25.36-26.73°C) with morning relative humidity (93.43-96.79%) and evening relative humidity (71.17-87.37%), rainfall (1.98-10.21 mm) and sunshine (4.90-7.47 h/day) were most congenial for disease development. Temporal progression was maximum in 34th to 35th and 37th to 38th meteorological weeks in seven maize hybrids. Temperature and relative humidity are the major components responsible for disease development and progression. Regression equation on relationship between disease development and weather parameters have been developed for seven maize hybrids. R2 value of regression equation in relation to weather parameters could comprise of disease level up to 96 to 98 per cent. Among seven maize hybrids, maximum AUDPC was recorded in QPM 9 and minimum in HQPM 4 in all the four dates of sowing. However, mean AUDPC of four dates of sowing were more in kharif 2021 as compare to kharif 2020 in maize hybrids QPM9, HQPM 4, HQPM 1 and HSC I. Mean AIR of four dates of sowing was highest in QPM 9 and minimum in HQPM 4 during both the years. Out of five hundred and seventy two maize genotypes (hybrids/inbred) screened against BLSB under artificial inoculated conditions, sixteen maize genotypes were resistant. Among sixteen plant extracts garlic, eucalyptus and pudina were most effective at 20 % concentration both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Under in vitro conditions bio agent Trichoderma sp. 1 was highly effective with 73.06 per cent mycelium growth inhibition followed by Trichoderma sp. 2 (59.72%) while, in vivo conditions T. viride was most effective and gave 33.32 per cent disease control followed by T. harzianum (27.86%). The fungicides fluxapyroxad 167 g/L + epoxiconazole 333 g/L SC, pyraclostrobin 13.3% + epoxiconazole 5% SE and propiconazole 25% EC were most effective both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In integrated management, out of eleven treatments, application of soil amendment of Trichoderma formulation @ 6T/acre FYM+ seed priming with salicylic acid @100 μg ml-1 + foliar sprays of azoxystrobin 2%+ difenoconazole 11.4% @ 0.1% and neem extract @1% was most effective against BLSB of maize.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on management of ashwagandha wilt and host-microbiome interaction with its incitant (Fusarium spp.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Abhishek Kumar; Kushal RajWilt caused by Fusarium solani is major disease of ashwagandha in India leading to significant losses. Management of disease using bacterial endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is considered an eco-friendly and viable alternative to synthetic fungicides. The present study was carried out to explore the efficacy of bacterial endophytes retrieved from ashwagandha roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) cultures for Fusarium wilt management. Amongst 32 bacterial endophytic isolates screened against Fusarium solani under in vitro conditions, three isolates identified as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas sp. Strain HH170 exhibited significantly higher antagonistic activity i.e. 89.06%, 86.76% and 83.09% respectively against F. solani. Under screen house and field conditions all three promising endophytic bacteria were also found promising for growth attributes as well as managing wilt of ashwagandha. Amongst different treatments, seed treatment with combination of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5 WS @ 4 g/kg. seed followed by endophytic bacterial culture suspension (108 cells/ml) @5 ml/kg seed exhibited maximum plant disease management under both screen house and field trials. Amongst four AMF cultures, i.e., Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus hoi inoculation with Glomus mosseae @ 600 spores/kg soil was found best for wilt incidence reduction, plant growth enhancement as well as boosting the nutrient content in ashwagandha roots. On the basis of various experiments, it was found that the combination of Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5 WS @ 4 g/kg. seed followed by application of endophytic bacterial culture suspension (108 cells/ml) @5 ml/kg seed and Glomus mosseae @600 spores/kg soil could be used as eco-friendly and viable option for wilt management and growth promotion in ashwagandha.ThesisItem Open Access Strategies for nano-nitrogen use and scheduling to improve use-efficiency and minimize environmental losses in rice-wheat system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09-20) Manu Rani; Bhardwaj, Ajay KumarNitrogen (N) is the most frequently limiting plant nutrient for crop growth and yield. N fertilization is very important in crop production due to its requirement in high amount by plants for vital function in practically all metabolic activities, and also due to high losses linked with soil-plant system during cropping cycle. It needs to be applied in amounts more than the actual requirement of crop because of its low recovery (30-50%) and its losses in different forms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improving N use efficiency in agricultural crop production. The existing strategy of fixed-rate, fixed-time (blanket) fertilizer application has proven ineffective for increasing NUE beyond certain limits. The enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are being developed on a continual basis to manage the release of N from fertilizers, allowing for increased absorption and utilization by plants, minimizing losses and boosting crop output per unit of fertilizer. Nanofertilizer is one such type of EEFs wherein the nutrients are present in form of nanoparticles (0-100 nm). Nano-N is one of the first nanotechnology based fertilizers which was released by IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited) for agricultural application in India and worldwide. Conceptually, Nano-N can contribute to lessening the environmental N leakages from agricultural areas through reduced leaching and gaseous emissions, both of which contribute to pollution and climate change. Though preliminary studies suggest Nano-N to be very effective as it reduces the losses of N to environment due to its foliar application mode it may not suffice meeting the plant N requirement for protein synthesis if used alone. The precision and use efficiency apart a ottle of Nano-N contains only 20 g of N compared to a ag of prilled urea which has 20 kg N. Keeping these factors in view, a field experiment was initiated in 2020 at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India to develop strategies for Nano-N use and scheduling to improve use-efficiency and minimize environmental losses in rice-wheat system under different combination with prilled urea and precision application techniques. The present experiment was carried out with eight treatments in total: four treatments with replacement of prilled urea by nano-N namely, 33% replacement (R33), 50% replacement (R50), 66% replacement (R66), 100% replacement (R100); two precision-scheduling treatments namely, application of nano-N based on leaf colour chart (LCC) values after basal dose of prilled urea (M-LCC), and application of nano-N based on GreenSeeker (GS) values after basal dose of prilled urea (M-GS) and two control treatments included „100% recommended N through prilled urea‟ (R0; no replacement) and „no N fertilizer at all‟ (No-N) treatment to observe their impact on environmental loses, growth, physiology, yield parameters, and use efficiency of nitrogen under rice-wheat system. The findings showed that the incremental replacement of conventional urea with nano-N resulted in decreased environmental losses of reactive N (N2O and NO3). No decrease in the available soil N pool was noticed upto 33% replacement (1 split dose replacement) of urea with Nano-N. The available N in the soil showed a noticeable decrease when nano-N replaced conventional urea by 50% or more. Therefore, only one split dose replacement of conventional urea with nano-N would avoid N mining over time, unless N addition from any other source is provided. Upto 50% replacement of conventional urea with nano-N, the plant growth parameters were statistically at par with the treatment having 100% conventional urea. The overall assessment suggests that at least one dose of conventional urea (1 out of 3 splits) may be replaced with nano-N without a reduction in yield in basmati rice crop and upto 50% replacement with nano-N in wheat crop without yield loss yet significant gain in use efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical evaluation of rice genotypes under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Goyal, Alisha; Sharma, P. C.A total of 44 rice genotypes were evaluated in controlled and field conditions with three replications over two seasons (2020 and 2021) at ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal to study the physiological and biochemical attributes of rice genotypes under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions for which three experiments were performed. In the 1st exp. based on germination (%), shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling vigor index, alpha amylase activity and sucrose synthase activity, genotypes CSR 53, PS5, IR-4630-CSR11-175 and CSR 2748-4441-195 were the best performer under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions respectively. In the 2nd exp., best performing genotypes were CSR MAGIC-167, CSR 49 and CRS 56 based on gas exchange attributes, NDVI, CT, CAT, POX, APX and yield traits i.e. 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility, total no. of tillers per plant, panicle length, biomass and grain yield under direct seeded condition. Overall, on the basis of physiological, biochemical and yield traits, two genotypes were selected for proteomic experiment in which total no. of proteins were found more in tolerant genotype CSR MAGIC-167 (1050, 1152) as compared to sensitive genotype CSR 27SM-132 (814, 794) under both DSR and non-DSR conditions respectively. Total 195 proteins were differentially expressed under DSR condition out of which 90 proteins were up-regulated and 119 proteins were down-regulated whereas in non-DSR condition, 288 proteins were differentially expressed out of which 105 proteins were up-regulated and 169 proteins were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway of DEPs revealed that a number of pathways are involved in DSR condition but none in non-DSR condition viz., methane metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, RNA degradation, fatty acid degradation, alpha- linolenic acid metabolism etc. Further, these lines need to be evaluated in larger and multilocation trails of AICRP under DSR conditions, so that stable and best performing lines could be released as commercial varieties for direct seeded conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera L. colony placement modes under protective environment in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Penumajji Ganesh Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.Present research on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Inthanon in enclosures (walk-in-tunnel) and open field was conducted at Center of Excellence on Vegetables (CEV), Gharaunda, Department of Horticulture, Haryana. Three honey bee colony placement modes viz. i) colony permanently inside, ii) colony with dual entrance and iii) addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval were further evaluated with three other treatments namely hand pollination (HP), without bee pollination (WBP) and crop grown in open field conditions (open pollination, OP) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. An early and prolonged flowering period was recorded under protected environment when compared to open field crop. A total of 12 species of flower visitors from 4 orders and 9 families were recorded on muskmelon bloom. Six of the 12 species were hymenopterans, while the other 6 were lepidopterans, dipterans, and coleopterans each with 2 species in each order. In 2020-21, Bactrocera cucurbitae (23.93%), Aulacophora foveicollis (21.86%) and hymenopterans (28.19%) were major floral visitors. Among hymenopterans, A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 9.30% proportion. In 2021-22, hymenopterans (61.32%) were major floral visitors in which A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 19.85% proportion, whereas, B. cucurbitae (4.51%) and A. foveicollis (7.25%) were reported in negligible amount. During both the years, A. mellifera foragers visited significantly higher foraging rate in colony with dual entrance (8.1 and 7.7) followed by colony permanently inside (7.8 and 7.4) compared to open field- OP (4.7 and 4.3/minute, respectively). Foraging speed for different resources (pollen, nectar and pollen+nectar) was maximum in enclosures with colony permanently inside (3.6, 5.2 and 5.5 seconds/flower, respectively which was at par with colony with addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (3.5, 4.7 and 5.4 seconds/flower) followed by colony with dual entrance (3.4, 4.4 and 5.1 seconds/flower, respectively) and the lowest in OP (3.1, 4.0 and 4.7 seconds/flower, respectively). In muskmelon, hermaphrodite flowers produced higher DNS (0.916 mg/flower) than the staminate flowers (0.212 mg/flower) in 2020-21 season. Both quantitative and qualitative fruit parameters were dropped with devoid of bee pollination (WBP), increased on exposure to pollinators in open field and hand pollination but were maximum under bee pollination plots (Colony with dual entrance). Muskmelon fruit yield in plots devoid of bee pollination input was negligible (WBP - 35.15 q/ha) compared to plots having honey bee pollination inputs (150.30 to 545.44 q/ha). Exposure to open pollination (OP), yield increased 5 times to 150.30 q/ha and in hand pollination increased significantly to 247.27 q/ha. Ensuring fruit pollination with honey bee input increased yield significantly and was maximum in colony with dual entrance (545.44 q/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (507.14 q/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (409.69 q/ha). The maximum income was obtained in treatments of honey bee colony with dual entrance (Rs. 10.56 lakhs/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (Rs. 9.86 lakhs/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (Rs. 7.85 lakhs/ha) which was lowest among bee input plots. Superior colony growth parameters were recorded in colony with dual entrance.
