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Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic polymorphism and association study of milk production related genes and transcriptome analysis of mammary tissue at different stages of lactation in Indian Goat Breeds(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-07-26) Kumar, Avneesh; Satyendra Pal SinghGoat husbandry plays a crucial role in Indian agriculture, it has become indispensable for millions of small farmers, landless laborers, and rural households. This sector accounts for 4.2% of rural employment in India, providing economic empowerment and livelihood options. However, tackling issues such as inadequate healthcare services, restricted access to high-quality breeding stock, and insufficient scientific knowledge among farmers is vital for the sustainable development of goat husbandry. The genetic diversity of native goat breeds is diminishing due to the slaughtering of superior bucks and does for meat, posing challenges for enhancing goat milk production. Conventional selection methods are time-consuming, but advances in molecular and whole genome sequencing techniques enable swift and effective selection of economically significant milk production traits via marker assisted selection. Nonetheless, data on the genetic diversity of economically crucial genes is scarce, and the interaction of genes and molecular pathways associated with milk production remains limited. This research sought to explore the correlation between genetic variations in established milk-related genes and disparities in gene expression within the mammary glands of Indian goat breeds throughout various lactation stages. The present investigation examined the polymorphism of PIT1, PITX2, GH, and MTHFR genes in 100 adult female goats of the Barbari breed at the University Goat Farm, Department of Physiology, DUVASU, Mathura. PCR-RFLP assay was utilized to analyze gene polymorphism, with restriction enzymes confirming restriction sites and indel sequences in the PCR products by sequencing. Standard methods were employed to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies and association studies on milk-related traits were conducted using data from the University Goat Farm, DUVASU, Mathura. Differential mRNA expression was analyzed through transcriptome profiling of the mammary gland alveolar parenchyma in Jamnapari indigenous goats. Mammary tissue samples were obtained from Indian goats during different lactation stages (early, mid, and late) for evaluating gene expression variations. Total RNA was extracted, assessed for quality, and converted into cDNA libraries for Next Generation Sequencing RNA-Seq. The raw reads were quality-checked, and aligned with the reference genome (Capra hircus) using Hisat2. Abundance estimation was performed with featureCounts, and differential expression analysis and visualization were carried out using the edgeR package. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses identified biological pathways enriched in differentially expressed genes. RT-qPCR validated the gene expression differences found in RNA-Seq. After investigating genetic polymorphisms in PIT1, PITX2, GH and MTHFR genes their associations with milk traits like daily milk yield, fat%, SNF%, lactose% and protein% was carried out. While GH and PITX2 polymorphisms did not show significant links to milk traits, while PIT1 and MTHFR genes were found monomorphic. The transcriptome study was helpful in providing cognizance regarding the interplay and dynamics of key genes also it gave acumen about the molecular pathway in the important biological process and function the current study identified 26 uniquely and significantly upregulated genes during mid-lactation, while 14 uniquely and significantly upregulated genes were found during the late lactation period. Interestingly, ten genes that were uniquely downregulated during mid-lactation were significantly upregulated in late lactation. Furthermore, the research revealed that 427 unique genes were significantly upregulated in mid-lactation but were shut down in the late lactation period. These results show how gene expression changes during different stages of lactation. This gives us more information about how the mammary glands in dairy goats are controlled at the molecular level. Examination of gene expression across lactation stages highlighted key genes (CRABP1, CDA, CXCL9 and SPP1) crucial for mammary gland development. The analyses underscored vital mechanisms governing milk production. This detailed analysis lays the groundwork for targeted breeding efforts to enhance the milk production in Indian goat breedsThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of some candidate biomarkers for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-07-25) Nidhi; Singh, Ajay PratapBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a significant problem in India, affecting both cattle and buffalo populations and leading to economic losses and public health risks. Current diagnostic methods like the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT) have limitations, contributing to underreporting and inadequate surveillance. This study examines the potential of molecular biomarkers to improve bTB diagnosis accuracy and reliability, with the goal of enhancing disease control efforts. Farm animals were screened by SICCT test and based on test results animals were grouped into four group’s namely Group I SICCT TB/JD (animals were positive for both JD and bTB), Group II-SICCT JD (animals were positive for JD only), Group III-SICCT Negative Exposed (animals were not positive for JD or bTB, but they were in close contact with animals that tested positive for JD and bTB), and Group IV-SICCT Negative Unexposed (animals tested negative for both bTB and JD, and they had no direct interaction). All the animals grouped were tested with ancillary TB testing viz. demonstration of AFB in nasal and faecal sample, detection of MTb complex DNA in Nasal, Faecal and Plasma samples by semi-nested qPCR. Plasma samples were collected for enzyme immunoassay for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IP-10 and Vitamin-D Binding Protein levels. Additionally, a lateral flow assay was conducted to detect MTb specific antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. RT-qPCR was performed to quantify gene expression levels associated with bTB and JD. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the fold change in gene expression relative to control groups.The research explores biomarkers like IFN Gamma and IP-10, showing promising results in distinguishing TB-infected animals from those with Johne's disease or exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The study observes elevated plasma levels of IFN-Gamma and IP-10 in TB-infected animals, reflecting heightened immune responses and ongoing immune-mediated processes against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Conversely, lower levels of Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) suggest dysregulation or suppression of immune responses associated with TB and Johne's disease infections. These findings highlight the potential of biomarkers to improve bTB diagnosis, offering non-invasive or minimally invasive methods such as blood or milk tests. The present study suggests that IP-10 holds promise as a potential biomarker for diagnosing bovine TB. However, further research involving larger populations of TB-infected animals is necessary to determine its limit of detection accurately. This would provide a more comprehensive understanding of IP-10's diagnostic utility and help establish its reliability in practical TB diagnosis protocols.ThesisItem Open Access Ameliorative potential of Tinospora cordifolia extract on ehrlichiosis induced anemia in dogs(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-07-02) Verma, Sonika; Srivastava, Mukesh KumarIn the current study, a total of 212 dogs were examined for ehrlichiosis, using the observation of 2-3 typical clinical symptoms of the disease in dogs. All the canines that were examined had blood smear screening to establish the disease status. The blood smear examination revealed a percentage of 8.49% (n=18). Similarly, the investigation of buffy coat smears identified 14.62% (n=31) of animals as positive, whereas PCR analysis detected 119 (16.04%) cases of E.canis infection. Out of the total number of dogs tested, 46 (21.70%) were found to be positive for Hepatozoon canis additionally, 12 dogs (5.66%) were found to be positive for co-infection with E. canis and Hepatozoon canis. Similarly, 8 dogs were found to be positive for E. ewingi, and 6 dogs were found to be positive for Babesia. A total of 177 dogs, accounting for 83.49% of the sample, were determined to be infected. The ehrlichia positive dogs commonly had two prominent clinical symptoms, namely high fever and lymphadenomaegaly. whereas, other less common symptoms including melena, mucosal pallor, depression, weight loss, tick infestation, ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages, ascites, epistaxis, ocular abnormalities, vomiting, hind limb/scrotal edema, and face edema were also observed. The vital parameters, such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, showed a significant increase, while there was a simultaneous decrease in hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, leucocyte count, and platelet count. However, the mean value of lymphocytes increased considerably, while there was a decrease in neutrophils. The mean values of basophil, monocytes, eosinophil, MCV, MCH, and MCHC did not show any significant difference from the control group. In dogs infected by ehrlichiosis, the average levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and BUN were higher, whereas the levels of albumin, globulin, and total protein were lower. Although the average values of serum creatinine did not show any significant difference compared to the control group. The dogs in group 2 (administered with Doxycyclin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight once daily) showed the best weekly percentage improvement in TEC, Hb, and HCT. This was followed by group 4 (administered with Giloy at a dosage of 25 mg/kg body weight). The proportion of positive cases of ehrlichiosis was reported based on age, sex, breed, and season, accordingly. The age group that had the highest positivity rate was category 3 (over 1 year old), with a positivity rate of 68.07%. The sex that had the highest positivity rate was male, with a rate of 63.86%. The German Shepherd breed accounts for 38.65% of the total, while the monsoon season represents 40.34% cases. The current investigation revealed a noteworthy rise in Canine specific IL-17 and Immunoglobulin G levels in all the groups of dogs undergoing treatment, as compared to the control group. The group with the highest recovery rate is group 2, followed by group 4. Group 3 has a recovery rate that is lower than group 2 and group 4, while group 1 has the lowest recovery rate. Furthermore, we observed that the number of corrected reticulocytes in infected animals was less than 1, when compared to healthy control animals. Additionally, there was no significant difference in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which indicates the presence of normocytic, normochromic, and non-regenerative anemia. Thus, when evaluating the improvement in treatment groups of dogs, the highest level of recovery was observed in the group treated with prednisolone in addition to conventional treatment. The next best recovery was seen in the group treated with Tinospora cordifolia along with conventional treatment. The group that showed the least amount of recovery was the first group, which only received conventional treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SONOPHORESIS MEDIATED TRANSDERMAL EFFICACY OF POLYHERBAL GEL IN BOVINE SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-18) Choudhary, Shubhangi; Dr. Alok Kumar ChaudharyThe prevalence of subclinical mastitis in indigenous cows in the Brij region of Mathura was found to be 55.83%. Organized farms had a lower prevalence of 44.12%, while unorganized farms had a notably higher prevalence of 71.15%, due to factors like nutritional imbalance, poor hygiene, and lack of awareness. The 3-5 parity group had the highest prevalence at 63.7%, possibly due to structural changes in udder tissue and immune function in older cows. Sahiwal cows had a higher prevalence of 61% compared to Haryana cows at 49%, attributed to their higher milk production and udder characteristics. Diagnostic tests using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) showed differences in prevalence rates. Staphylococcus aureus was the most dominant isolate in microbial analysis. Ethanol extracts of various plants contained common phytochemicals and exhibited antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. A polyherbal gel was formulated with synthetic polymer powder and DMSO as a permeation enhancer, and sonophoresis enhanced transdermal permeation. The gel formulations were evaluated for various parameters and showed potential in improving milk quality and reducing somatic cell counts. Pro-inflammatory markers like lactoferrin and haptoglobin were assessed to gauge inflammatory status, and the polyherbal gel treatment led to reduced concentrations of these markers. The findings indicate the potential of the polyherbal gel in managing subclinical mastitis and its effects on milk quality and udder health in indigenous cows.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF HERBS AND HUMECTANTS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, SENSORY AND SHELF LIFE PROPERTIES OF GOAT MILK SOFT CHEESE(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-11) Kumar, Rishi; Dr. Meena Goswami AwasthiThe present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbs and humectants on physico chemical, sensory and shelf-life properties of goat milk soft cheese. First experiment was conducted to standardize the processing technology for preparation of goat milk soft cheese. Goat milk soft cheese was prepared with slight modifications in methodology. First sub experiment was conducted to standardize the incubation period i.e. 12 hours (C1), 15 hours (C2) and 18 hours (C3). Titratable acidity, total solid, fat/ dry matter and yield% increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas pH and moisture content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in incubation period. There was no significant difference in fat, ash content, water activity and brix values. Among the textural and color parameters, springiness and cohesiveness decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas gumminess and chewiness values increased significantly (P<0.05). C2 had significantly (P<0.05) higher acidity, flavor, body and texture and overall acceptability scores. C2- goat milk soft cheese incubated for 15 hours was found optimum. Next sub experiment was undertaken to standardize salt concentration viz. 0.5% (T1), 0.75% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) in goat milk soft cheese. Total solid, yield %, fat and ash content as well as brix values increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas pH, titratable acidity, moisture content and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased salt concentration. Among textural and color parameters, springiness and chewiness values increased significantly (P<0.05). Flavor, body and texture, saltiness and overall acceptability scores of T2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than C2, T1 and T3. Therefore, T2- goat milk soft cheese with 0.75% salt and incubated for 15 hours was selected. In second experiment, goat milk soft cheese was incorporated with different humectants viz. glycerol (G1, G2, G3) and sorbitol (S1, S2, S3) separately under two sub experiments at 2%, 4% and 6% level. For glycerol, pH, moisture content, fat/dry matter content and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas titratable acidity, total solid, ash content and brix values increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased glycerol level. There was no significant difference in yield %, protein and fat content. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and lightness values increased significantly (P<0.05). Sensory scores decreased significantly (P<0.05) with no significant difference between G1 and G2. Therefore, G2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% glycerol was selected. For sorbitol, pH, moisture content, fat/dry matter and water activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) while titratable acidity, total solid and brix values increased significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in yield%, protein, fat and ash content. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness and gumminess values increased significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in sensory scores between T2, S1 and S2 but decreased significantly (P<0.05) in S3. Therefore, S2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% sorbitol was selected. On comparison of G2 and S2 treatments, S2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% sorbitol was selected as the best treatment. Third experiment was conducted to optimize the level of natural herbs viz. oregano (OR1, OR2, OR3) and cinnamon (CN1, CN2, CN3) separately under two sub experiments at 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% level. For oregano powder, moisture content, fat/ dry matter content, water activity and brix values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas ash content increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of oregano powder. The pH, titratable acidity, total solid, yield, moisture, protein and fat content showed no significant difference. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and lightness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas redness values increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of oregano powder. The scores of all the sensory attributes were significantly (P<0.05) higher in OR1 than OR2 and OR3. Therefore, OR1- goat milk soft cheese with 0.5% oregano powder was selected. For cinnamon, pH and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas ash content increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of cinnamon powder. There was no significant difference in titratable acidity, total solids, yield%, moisture, protein, fat, fat/dry matter and brix values. Among the textural and color parameters, gumminess, chewiness and redness values increased significantly (P<0.05) with significant (P<0.05) decrease in lightness values. The scores of sensory attributes including overall acceptability were significantly (P<0.05) higher in CN1. Therefore, CN1- goat milk soft cheese with 0.5% cinnamon was selected. In fourth experiment, goat milk soft cheese with optimum level of humectants and natural herbs powder (OR1 and CN1) along with control (T2) were stored at 4±20C under different packaging conditions i.e. parchment paper, LDPE and vacuum laminates. Samples were evaluated for various physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties at every 3rd day interval for parchment paper and LDPE till incipient spoilage was evident, whereas at every 7th day interval for vacuum laminates for at least for 35 days. TBARS and FFA values, total plate count, yeast and mould count as well as psychrophilic count of T2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher and scores of all sensory attributes were significantly (P<0.05) lower than OR1 and CN1 at the end of the storage in all three packaging conditions. There was no Coliform count throughout the storage period in control and treatments in any packaging condition except the detection of few colonies in T2 packaged in parchment paper on 6th day. Titratable acidity, TBARS, FFA values and microbiological count of control as well as treatments increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas pH and scores of all sensory attributes decreased significantly (P<0.05) with progression of storage period. OR1 and CN1 were well acceptable upto 9th day and 15th day in parchment paper and LDPE pouches respectively. All the products packaged in vacuum laminated were well accepted atleast for 35 days with minimum changes in physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties. OR1 had better acceptability than CN1 in terms of sensory attributes throughout the storage period. It is concluded that goat milk soft cheese incorporated with 0.75% salt, 4% sorbitol, 0.5% oregano and incubated for 15 hours was selected as the best treatment and this product had a shelf life of 9th day, 15th day and atleast 35th day in parchment paper, LDPE and vacuum laminates respectively under refrigeration.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding urea and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme treated paddy straw on performance of growing cattle(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-12) Devidas, Naitam Shubham; Dr. Raju KushwahaThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding urea and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) treated paddy straw on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, haematology, blood biochemical, plasma minerals, enzymatic activity, and animal behaviour in Sahiwal heifers. In first phase, in vitro degradability of nutrients as an effect of supplementation of urea and EFE at various levels was tested and optimum results were obtained at 4% and 8 g/kg dry matter (DM) mixed with total mixed ration (TMR) based paddy straw. The result showed better in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total gas production, microbial biomass production and partition factor in comparison to control. In second phase, a total of 24 Sahiwal heifers were selected and allocated into four groups having six heifers in each group and fed treatment diet for 120 days. The control group was fed on basal diet without any supplementations whereas, group-1 was supplemented basal diet with 4% urea treated paddy straw, group-2 was supplemented basal diet with 8 g/kg DM EFE and group-3 was supplemented basal diet with 4% urea and 8 g/kg DM EFE treated paddy straw. The nutrient requirements of Sahiwal heifers were met by feeding concentrate mixture, jowar green fodder and paddy straw (50:30:20 ratio) on DM basis as per NRC (2001) guidelines. Experimental animals were monitored daily for dry matter intake (DMI) and fortnightly body weight change. At the end of the study, a digestion trial of 6 days was conducted to study the effect of urea and EFE treated paddy straw on nutrients utilization. Blood samples were collected on the days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days post supplementation and analyzed for haematological attributes, biomarkers of energy, lipid and protein metabolism, biomarkers of liver function, endocrine biomarkers of growth and plasma mineral levels. At the end of trial rumen enzyme activity and animal behaviour were also noted. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and body weight gain was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group but there was no difference in DMI. There was no significant effect (P<0.05) of treatment on hematological parameters. Treatment groups showed significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma total protein, plasma albumin, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), whereas, no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on plasma glucose, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, plasma globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin levels. Triiodothyronine (T3) and Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) concentration were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group whereas Thyroxine (T4) show non-singnificant difference between treatment and control group. There was no difference in plasma minerals concentration and animal behaviour parameters but rumen enzymes activity is significantly higher in combination group than that of control and other treatment groups. Finally it may be concluded that urea and EFE @ 4% and 8 g/kg DM, respectively improved weight gain and digestibility of nutrients without affecting blood haematology, biochemical parameters, mineral profile and animal behaviour adversely. Thus, urea and EFE treated paddy straw may be included in ration of ruminant’s upto 20% of DM.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF ANTI PROGESTOGEN DRUGS DURING CRYOPRESERVATION OF SAHIWAL BULL SPERMATOZOA(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-03) Chaudhary, Neha; Dr. Jitendra Kumar AgrawalThesisItem Open Access Study on awareness and adoption pattern of livestock oriented mobile applications in Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-18) Rawat, Umashankar; Dr. Sanjeev Kumar SinghIndia is generally referred as a country with “Agriculture Economy i.e. Krishi Pradhan Desh” and animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the lives of the people since immemorial time by supporting livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural population. Animal husbandry plays a crucial role in the Indian economy by supplementing the family income, strengthening household nutritional security and generating gainful employment for millions. Though India is highest milk producing country in the world, the production potential of indigenous animal is less as compared to their population and improvement in the productivity of the dairy animals is the need of time for prevention of economic losses to the farmers and to fulfil the increasing demand for food of the country. In this age of information it is very crucial to deliver the relevant and timely information to the livestock owners. So, it is of immense importance to utilise the potential of mobile and its application in dissemination of credible information to farmers to maximise production with minimum cost. With this background the study was planned to assess the awareness, adoption pattern and constraints faced among livestock owners of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Information was collected from 15 randomly selected respondents from each village, thus comprising a total of 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected through pre-designed structured interview schedule and the results were analysed using suitable statistical tools. The study revealed that majority of the farmers belong to medium age group, having middle to graduation level of education and having marginal and small land holding with Dairying along with agriculture as the primary occupation. Nearly 47.34% of dairy farmers were having high experience in dairy farming having medium herd size (2-4 animals) and high milk production (>16 litres/day). Nearly two-third of the dairy farmers had medium to high level of information seeking behaviour, innovation proneness and participated in one or more than one organisation. All the farmers possessed smartphones and most of them had television. Majority of the respondents was aware about various mobile applications like e-Commerce, social networking, payment, gaming applications but only 57.00% of them are aware about livestock oriented mobile applications. The most influencing factors responsible for low awareness about livestock oriented mobile application were popularity of the mobile application, relative advantage, credibility of information and security and privacy concern. Minor factors like readiness of user, trialability, compatibility etc. are least influencing the usage pattern of mobile applications. YouTube was the most used applications for both entertainment and information seeking related to livestock. Feeding and healthcare were the mostly searched livestock practices and the overall extent of adoption was found to be 55.34% for marketing and trading of animals, followed by 46.00% for breeding aspects. Major constraints faced by the respondents were lack of update technology, lack of customized plan and hectic registration process. Hindrances that were not much bothering the dairy farmers were voice command, inadequate social interaction, insufficient availability of ICT’s services etc. There were some perceived need for mobile applications by the farmers such as training reminder, updated content, voice command to overcome language barrier and multi-user collaboration.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Effect of Certain Drugs on Treatment of Canine Pyometra with Special Reference to Heart and Kidney Function(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-05) Kumar, Mohit; Dr. Anuj Kumar
