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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × Author: KAU × End date: 2008 × Start date: 2008 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gastrointestinal and neurotoxic effects of cypermethrin in rats
    (Centre For Excellence In Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya Nair, R; KAU
    The present study entitled ‘Gastrointestinal and neurotoxic effects of cypermethrin in rats’ was undertaken to investigate the potential toxic effects of cypermethrin in rats with particular emphasis on its effect on the nervous and digestive system.The clinical signs, gross pathology, histopathology, haematology and biochemical parameters were analysed to study the effects. Cypermethrin was found to be neurotoxic and gastroenterotoxic at the given dose levels. Oral administration of cypermethrin in medium and high doses produced nervous signs in animals. However cypermethrin did not cause any significant variation in the body weight of animals. All haematological parameters evaluated showed a dose dependent reduction in its value. Biochemical parameters assessed revealed hepatotoxic and multisystemic effects of cypermethrin. Gross lesions observed in the intoxicated groups were bloat, congestion of lungs, heart, brain, pulmonary haemorrhage and degenerative changes in liver and kidneys. On histopathological examination, cypermethrin was found to be neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, pneumotoxic, cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic as evidenced by varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis in various organs examined. Effects on all organs were mild to moderate degenerative changes at the low dose level. Medium and high dose intoxicated groups revealed necrotic changes, extensive haemorrhages, congestion in organs like liver, kidney and lungs apart from the changes observed in low dose group animals. Haemodynamic disturbances were manifested in the forms of congestion and haemorhages in lungs, heart, liver and kidneys. The histopathological evaluation revealed no cypermethrin induced toxic effects on the oesophagus. Spinal cord lesions were observed only in the lowest dose group. Brain lesions were only degenerative changes. These findings suggested that biochemical effects rather than structural changes were involved in toxicity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Utero-ovarian and endocrine pathology in goats
    (Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Thomas, K Thomas; KAU; Vijayan, N
    The present study was aimed at finding out the various utero ovarian disorders affecting goats and correlating with the lesions of pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands. A total number of 1000 genital tracts were examined for utero-ovarian disorders. Out of which 84 genitalia showed one or more lesions in the ovary, oviduct and uterus. A total of 54 cases out of 84 showed lesions in the ovaries. The follicular cysts were the most common condition and were recorded in 14 cases (1.4%). The other conditions encountered were ovarian hypoplasia (0.6%), luteal cyst (0.3 %), embedded corpus luteum (0.3 %), persistent corpus luteum (0.2 %), ovarian haematoma (0.2 %), ovarian sclerosis(0.4 %), senile atrophy (0.3 %), follicular atresia (0.4 %), epoophoron (0.2 %), serous inclusion cyst (0.2 %), parovarian cyst (0.6 %) and perioophoritis (0.3 %). Seven cases showed lesions in the oviduct. The conditions encountered were hydrosalpinx (0.2 %), hyperplasia of the salpingeal epithelium (0.2 %) and ovario-bursal adhesion (0.3%).Uterine disorders were recorded in 36 cases. The conditions encountered were cystic endometrial hyperplasia (0.6%), adenomyosis (0.4 %), mucometra (0.4 %), perimetrial cyst (0.6%), endometritis (1.4 %) and metritis (0.2%). The histopathological changes of all these conditions have been studied in detail and the possible pathogenesis described. The various pathological changes associated with reproductive disorders are suggestive of endocrine imbalances, multiple nutritional deficiencies, infectious nature, managemental factors and developmental defects. The results of the study highlighted the need to monitor the hormonal levels in the blood, micronutrients and managemental factors. Lesions of varying frequency in pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands were recorded in 23 out of 84 cases with utero-ovarian lesions examined. Lesions observed in the pituitary glands were pituitary abscess (1), Pituitary cyst (6) and pituitary apoplexy (2). In the thyroid gland, lesions recorded were hypoplasia (7), colloid goitre (5) and nodular goitre (2). Lesions observed in the adrenal glands were cortical hypoplasia (2), cortical hyperplasia (5) and medullary hyperplasia (8). Correlation study has highlighted that in many of the utero-ovarian disorders there were concurrent affections of the endocrine glands particularly pituitary, adrenal and thyroid glands which is of major significance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pathological studies on the ameliorative effect of Curcuma longa on experimental Pasteurellosis in rabbits
    (Centre for Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Manjula V, James; KAU; Lalithakunjamma, C R
    An experiment was conducted to evaluate the symptoms and lesions of experimental pasteurellosis and to study the beneficial effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) in managing pasteurellosis. Thirty two New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups each having eight replicates. Group I served as control. Group II were given feed mixed with turmeric at the rate of 2 g/kg body weight for the whole period of experiment and on the thirty first day of the experiment, animals were intranasally exposed to P. multocida. Group III rabbits were intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment and turmeric was fed at the rate of 2 g/ kg body weight after exposure until the end of the experiment. Group IV rabbits were fed on control diet alone for thirty days and then intranasally exposed to P. multocida on the thirty first day of the experiment. Body weight and haematological parameters were recorded on day zero, 14th and 28th day of the experiment and biochemical parameters on 28th day were estimated. The rabbits were challenged with 0.1 ml of 18 h broth culture of P. multocida serotype A: 1 containing approximately 3 ×108 organisms/ml by intranasal route. Blood was collected for haematological and biochemical evaluations after eighteen hours of post inoculation from all the groups. Supplementation of turmeric significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight on 28th day of the experiment. Turmeric supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the haemoglobin concentration on day 28. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count did not reveal significant difference between the dietary groups. The serum total protein, albumin and albumin : globulin ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher in turmeric fed group on the 28th day. The serum creatinine values were within the normal range and no significant difference was noticed. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were comparatively lower in turmeric fed group but no significant difference were noticed on the 28th day. Results of the present study after challenge with P. multocida indicated that the haemoglobin concentration did not reveal significant difference except for numerical decrease in values noted in challenged groups compared to the control. The total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count significantly (P<0.05) increased in challenged groups compared to the control. Also the levels of serum total protein, albumin: globulin ratio and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) higher in challenged groups. The levels of ALT, AST and ALP were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in the challenged groups. Pathological studies on the trachea, lungs, heart, liver and kidney revealed acute lesions suggestive of septicaemia. The intensity of damage in Group II rabbits were found to be much less in these organs which were evident in the haemato-biochemical values and gross and histopathological lesions. Overall evaluation of the results of the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric was advantageous. Also the study brought to the light that apart from the beneficial effects on body weight, haematology and biochemical profile, turmeric revealed partial protective role on pasteurellosis. The results of the study prove promising and need further investigation using different levels of turmeric in diets.