Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Open Access
Interspecific Hybridisation in Sorghum
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Jithesh, V G; KAU; Suma Bai, D I
A study on ‘Interspecific hybridization in Sorghum’ was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003-2004 with the objective of developing sorghum-sudan grass hybrids with high fodder yield potential and better quality. Five superior accessions of sorghum viz., GD 65174-1,GD65174-2, GD 65195, GD 65239 and Acc. No. 846 (lines) with high yield potential and better palatability and three accessions of sudan grass viz., Jhansi local, SSG-59-3 and IS-720 (testers) with high tillering ability were crossed in a Line x Tester mating design to obtain 15 hybrid combinations. The lines, testers and their hybrids were evaluated along with a check COFS-29 in a replicated field trial for mean performance, combining ability and heterosis. Observations on plant height, tiller number per plant, stem girth, internodal length, leaf/stem ratio, leaf number per plant, leaf weight per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein content, crude fibre content and HCN content were recorded. Significant differences among treatments were observed for all characters. Significant differences among crosses were observed for all characters except tiller number per plant. General and specific combining ability variances and effects were studied. The magnitude of SCA variance alone was significant suggesting the predominance of dominance gene action in controlling these traits. Based on mean performance and gca effects, Acc. No. 846 was identified as the best general combiner among lines and SSG-59-3 among testers. The crosses, GD 65195 x IS-720 and Acc. No. 846 x SSG-59-3 were found to be promising for green fodder yield and its component traits based on mean performance, sca effects and standard heterosis. Hence these crosses can be advanced for further trials for developing superior sorghum-sudan grass hybrid varieties.
Open Access
Genetic analysis of segregating generations for yield attributesand resistance to fruit and shoot borer (Earias vittella Fab.) in bhindi (Abelmoschus spp.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2008) Divya, Balakrishnan; KAU; Sreenivasan, E
The research study entitled “Genetic analysis for yield attributes and resistance to shoot and fruit borer (Earias Vittella Fab.) in Bhindi (Abelmoschus spp.)” was undertaken during the period 2006-2008 at Department of plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur. The main objectives of this project were to study the nature of gene action governing fruit and shoot borer resistance and yield attributes and to attempt for transfer of shoot and fruit borer resistance to genotypes with desirable yield attributes. Six diverse okra genotypes viz, Arka Anamika, KL9, Salkeerthy, Sel 2, Susthira and AC5 were crossed in a 6 x 6 complete diallel pattern. Thirty crosses were made out of which 24 Fjs were fertile and six interspecific crosses were sterile. Fifteen selected F2S were evaluated for yield attributes and resistance to fruit and shoot borer. High genetic variability, heritability and genetic gain were observed in fruit weight and plant height. Both Fi and F2 of the cross Arka Anamika x Salkeerthy recorded the higher fruit yield than others. Arka Anamika was found to be a good general combiner for fruit number, fruit weight and fruit length. KL9 showed high gca for days to first flowering, intemodal number and fruit weight. Fruit yield was positively associated with number of fruits, number of intemodes, fruit weight and fruit length. Shoot and fruit borer infestation recorded- negative association with plant height, flowering period, fruit number, fruit yield and intemodal length. Overdominance was observed for most of the yield contributing traits. Generation mean analysis for six generations from two crosses viz. Sel 2 x AC 5 and KL 9 x Salkeerthy were carried out and gene action for yield attributes and resistance to fruit and shoot were studied. Duplicate non allelic interactions were observed for most of the traits studied. Complementary epistasis govern the inheritance of fruit borer resistance in the cross Sel 2 x AC 5. Digenic non-allelic interaction model was found inadequate to explain shoot borer infestation. Biochemical analysis indicated the presence of higher levels of phenol and tannin content in fruits and shoots of resistant genotypes. The Fi of the cross Sel 2 x AC 5 was identified as the best hybrid for both marketable fruit yield and resistance to fruit and shoot borer and it also showed field resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus.
Open Access
Characterization of long pepper (piper longum L) genotypes using morphological, anatomical and molecular markers
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2006) Jitha, Jaleel; KAU; Nandini, K
The present investigation entitled “Characterisation of long pepper (P. longum L.) genotypes using morphological, anatomical and molecular markers was undertaken at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture ,Vellanikkara during the period 2003-2006. Six female and two male accessions formed the material for the study and were subjected to morphological, anatomical, and molecular characterization. The accessions showed variation in the morphology of vegetative and reproductive branches in leaf size, leaf shape and l/b ratio. Vegetative branches had large cordate leaves with petioles whereas reproductive branches had lanceolate leaves with rudimentary petiole. The l/b ratio of leaves of reproductive branches was higher compared to leaves of vegetative branch. The spikes of females were short, bold and greenish black on maturity whereas it was long, slender and yellow in the case of males. At early stages of spike growth, female spikes were creamy yellow and male green in colour. The stem, leaf, and root anatomy of the male and female accession showed almost similar features. The difference was noticed in the number of medullary and cortical bundles and the presence or absence of mucilage canals. Mucilage canal was present only in the female accessions, Assam, NL-84-68 and Viswam. The male and female spikes differ in their anatomical features. The physiological parameters revealed higher photosynthetic rate for the female accession, Viswam. The male accessions had lower photosynthetic rate compared to female accessions. RAPD analysis done on the eight accessions using five selected primers revealed 15 to 49% variability among the accessions at the molecular level and the primer OPF 5 produced male specific bands. The female accessions yielded maximum piperine and oil content at 60 -70 days maturity when they were greenish black and hard. Among the female accessions, Viswam, NL-84-68 and Assam recorded highest piperine and oil content. Low amounts of piperine and oil were found in male spikes also. Based on the study three female accessions, Viswam, NL-84-68 and Assam were found to be promising types and further breeding programmes can be carried out in these accessions to improve their performance.
Open Access
Genotype - environment interaction in new plant type (npt) lines of rice (oryxa sativa L)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Marimutthu, M; KAU; Elsy, C R
The present study on Genotype - Environment interaction in New Plant Type (NPT) lines of rice was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. Eight selected NPT rice lines (developed at IRRI) along with Jyothi as check variety were evaluated for ten agronomic characteristics and seven grain quality characteristics across three low land rice ecosystem in Palghat district in central zone of Kerala during rabi season 2005. In the experiment, variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path analysis and stability were disclosed. Mean performance of NPT rice lines across three locations revealed that in general NPT rice lines performed significantly better than check variety at two locations for grain yield. Characters like days to 50 per cent flowering and number of productive tillers and harvest index did not differ significantly than that of Jyothi at all the test locations. With respect to grain quality parameters such as L/B ratio, 1000-grain weight, milling percentage and head rice recovery. NPT-8 had shown better grain qualities except amylose content.Jyothi showed superior performance for this character. In general, panicle length and mean number of spikelets were high in most of NPT rice lines than Jyothi.The average plant height of NPT lines was same or higher than that of Jyothi.None of the NPT rice lines showed tendency to lodge. Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with days to 50 per cent flowering, number of spikelets per panicle, panicle length and straw yield .Path analysis indicated that characters like days to maturity, number of spikelets per panicle, straw yield and 1000-grain weight had the positive direct effect on grain yield. Based on the economical important agronomic characters, promising NPT rice lines for each location were identified. At Nenemni, the promising NPT lines identified were NPT-2, NPT-3 and NPT-4.Taking into consideration of grain quality parameters like medium shaped grains, high 1000-grain weight and head rice recovery, NPT-8 was adjudged as a best NPT line at Nenmeni.NPT-2, NPT-5, NPT6 and NPT-8 were identified as the promising four NPT rice lines at Thenkurissi. At Mathur, NPT-4, NPT-7 and NPT-8 were identified as the promising NPT rice lines. Based on the performance for yield, agronomic characters, grain characteristics and stability NPT-7 had shown better performance in the present study.
Open Access
Exploration, collection and evaluation of brahmi (bacopa monniera wettst.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2006) Vishnuvardhan, Reddy Banda; KAU; Radhakrishnan, V V
The study on “Exploration, Collection and Evaluation of brami (Bacopa monniera wettst.) was undertaken during 2004-2006 at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University for evaluating the collected accessions from different eco-geographical locations of Kerala based on the morphological characters and the pharmaceutically important constituent i.e. bacoside-A. Twenty-nine accessions of Bacopa monniera collected from different eco-geographical locations were examined for genetic variability carried in them. The accessions were grown in pots, arranged in completely random block design, replicated twice, and observed for eight quantitative characters and bacoside-A content in the herbage. All the accessions were distinctly different irrespective of the geographical locations from where they were collected. The accessions were grouped into five clusters and the accessions showed no parallelism between clusters and geographical distribution. The bacoside-A content of the herbage was found to be low in the accessions possessing high internodal length and more number of flowers. Positive correlations for bacoside content was observed with shoot length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and biomass. The accessions, which flowered late, had good bacoside-A content. The accessions collected from Ernakulam district recorded good bacoside content when compared to accessions from other districts. The accession from Delhi recorded very trace amount of bacoside-A content. Bacoside content and biomass, which are very important for ayurvedic practioners had high heritabilities indicating the consistency of these two irrespective of the effect of the environment. It can be inferred that both the gross agroclimatic environment of the region and microenvironment in the vicinity of the water bodies where Bacopa monniera genotypes occur will regulate its growth and the content of bacoside-A.
Open Access
Induction of variability through mutagenesis in neelayamari (Indigofera tinctoria L.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2009) Kumanan, E; KAU; Mareen Abraham
The study entitled “Induction of variability through mutagenesis in neelayamari (Indigofera tinctoria L.)” was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2006-2008, with the objective of inducing variability for higher biomass yield and indigotin content in leaves. Indigofera tinctoria is a valuable medicinal plant, which is also utilized as a natural source of the blue dye, ‘indigo’. At present the leaf biomass obtained from the genotypes currently cultivated is not appreciable. Hence an attempt has to be made to evolve variants with higher leaf yield and indigotin content. Mutation breeding has been attempted in this study with a local variety. The LD50 was calculated as 20.0 KR gamma rays. The mean performance for all the characters was reduced as the doses of mutagen increased in M1 generation. In M2 generation the positive shift in mean plant height, plant spread, girth of stem, number of branches, number of leaves, weight of leaves, weight of shoots, weight of pods and indigotin content were observed in the intermediate dose of mutagen. Indigotin content of leaves increased significantly with increased doses of gamma rays treatments when compared to control. The optimum dose for maximum yield and yield contributing characters ranged between 17.5 KR and 22.5 KR of gamma rays mutagen. A high magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were noticed for the characters viz., harvest index, leaf area index, dry weight of pods and number of branches. High estimates of heritability were observed for all the characters studied, the highest being exhibited by fresh weight of leaves. Maximum genetic advance was observed for the character harvest index while fresh weight of shoots expressed the minimum. Correlation coefficient between shoot yield and its components indicated significant positive association of yield with plant height, leaf area index, fresh weight of leaves, number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of shoots, fresh weight of pods and dry weight of pods, where as harvest index showed significant negative correlation. Path coefficient analysis of important yield attributes indicated that the number of branches, plant height and indigotin content had the maximum direct effect on fresh weight of shoot and minimum for dry weight of leaves. Indigotin content has negative correlation with yield where as it has direct effect on yield through other correlated characters. This indicates that selection for improvement for indigotin content should be carried out with other characters also. It also indicates that there should be an optimum level of biomass yield for higher indigotin content. Frequent harvest will influence the indigotin content favourably. This has to be determined by assessing the regression coefficient for other characters with indigotin content. The selection index score was highest for control followed by the treatment 22.5 KR and 20.0 KR of gamma rays. Selected mutants showed morphological variation over the control. High yielding mutants were observed in plants treated with 20.0 KR of gamma ray. A total of five high yielding mutants were identified and their yield characters and indigotin were also found out for further evaluation. Raising M3 progeny lines from each of these plants and evaluation of the lines in comparison with the control plants are suggested as future line of work.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of hybrids in ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis L. Voigt)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2008) Prabu, R; KAU; Wilson, D
The present investigation on “Development and evaluation of hybrids in ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis L.Viogt.) was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2007-2008. The objectives of the study were to develop hybrids in ivy gourd, to estimate genetic parameters, variability among and within families and to identify superior hybrids over the check variety “Sulabha”. Hybridization was carried out between four selected gynoecious and three androecious lines. Based on the mean values of the twelve families and their progenies variability among the families and progenies were studied. Genetic parameters and standard heterosis were also estimated in this study. The family 1(Royappanpatty 1 x Royappanatty local) revealed superiority over the other families for days to flower, first harvest, length, girth number of fruits and fruit yield per plant. The magnitude of variation among the progenies of 12 families revealed the heterogeneous nature of the F1 families. Significant variation among the progenies for vitamin C content was expressed in eight families viz., family 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 12. Seven families viz., family 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11 and 12 showed significant variations among progenies for days to first flowering. Variations among progenies for fruit length were expressed by the families 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 11. The families 4, 5, 8 and 10 showed significant variations for average fruit girth among the progenies. The families 4, 5 and 7 showed variations among progenies for days to first fruit harvest. The families 2, 6 and 8 showed variations among the progenies for girth of fruits. Families 4, 6 and 11 recorded significant variations among the progenies for number of fruits. Families 4 and 6 showed significant variations among progenies for fruit yield per plant. Superior plants can be selected from the families showing significant variation for different characters. Pooled analysis of the data showed significant differences among the progenies for all the characters. The minimum days to flowering was recorded in progeny 1 and 5 of family 1 (Royappanpatty 1 x Royappanatty local) followed by progeny 7 of the same family and progeny 1 of family 3. (Royappanpatty 1 x Karyavattam). The same trend was observed for days to first harvest of fruits. The progeny 1 of family 1 was found to be earliest to take harvest followed by three other progenies progeny 2, 5 and 6 of the same family. Significant variation for average fruit length was observed among the progenies. Progeny 1 of family 1 recorded the longest fruits. The highest fruit girth was observed in progeny 1 of family 4. The progeny 3 of family 3 produced fruits having the maximum weight followed by progeny 3 of family 1. The maximum number of fruits was produced by progeny 4 of family 1. Progeny 1 of family 4 recorded the highest vitamin C content. The highest fruit yield was recorded by progeny 3 of family 1 followed by progeny 1 of family 3 and progeny 3 of the same family. Superior progenies identified for different characters from the hybrid population can be utilized for further improvement. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied. The differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were found to be low in this study indicating the major contribution of genetic component. The highest heritability was estimated for days to first harvest followed by fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, number of fruits per plant, days to first flower and vitamin c content. High heritability and high genetic advance estimated for important traits like fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight which indicated the effectiveness of selection. Higher genotypic correlation than the phenotypic correlation observed for most of the characters indicated the reduced influence of environment. The number of fruits per plant had significant positive correlation with yield per plant, fruit length and fruit weight. Average length of fruits, girth of fruits, average weight of fruits and number of fruits per plant exerted significant positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant. Therefore improvement of anyone of these characters would bring out simultaneous improvement of yield. The families showed standard heterosis at varying levels for different characters. In this study mean values of the families were taken for comparison with the standard parent. Compared to the standard check “Sulabha” the hybrid population took more days to flower. However, among the hybrid progenies family 1 took the minimum days to flower and fruit harvest. The families 1 (Royappanpatty 1 x Royappanatty local) and 3 (Royappanpatty 1 x Karyavattam) manifested marginal positive heterosis for fruit length and families 1 (Royappanpatty 1 x Royappanatty local), 2 (Royappanpatty 1 x Vellayani local), 3 (Royappanpatty 1 x Karyavattam) 5 (NBPGR 1 x Vellayani local and) and 6 (NBPGR x Karyavattam) expressed heterosis for fruit girth. The positive heterosis for average fruit weight was observed in the families 1 and 3. The maximum positive heterosis for number of fruits per plant was observed in the family 1 followed by 2 and 3. Nine hybrids expressed positive heterosis for vitamin C content. The heterosis for fruit yield per plant was the maximum in family 1 followed by 3 and 2. The superior progenies identified for different characters from the hybrid population can be utilized for further improvement.
Open Access
Study of reproductive biology and in vitro propagaton techniqes in kumizhu (gmelina arborea roxb)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2006) Sani, George; KAU; Dijee, Bastian
The present study ‘Study of reproductive biology and in vitro propagation techniques in kumizhu’ was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2004-2006. The study comprised of two major experiments namely (i) Studies on reproductive biology and (ii) Studies on micro propagation The trees started blooming in January when new flushes sprouted out and continued upto the end of March. Inflorescence is a terminal cyme blooming in an irregular manner. The flowers are short stalked, pubescent, large, bisexual and scented. Calyx persistent, tubate and five lobed at tip. Corolla brownish yellow and has a short tube with the upper tip formed by two lateral petals. Stamens four, epipetalous. Anthers dithecous and dehisce longitudinally. Ovary bicarpellary, style long. Stigma short with two unequal lobes. Anthesis from late mid night to 3.00 am. Stigma receptive during anthesis and the receptivity lasts for 4-5 hours. Fruit set was absent under artificial selfing while under natural cross pollination upto 16.5 per cent fruit set was recorded. Fruit drupe with one strong seed. Seeds oval shaped, tapering to one end. MS medium was best medium suited for callus induction and bud expansion. Nodal segments were the explants for direct organogenesis and for indirect organogenesis. Surface sterilization was done by soaking explants in 70 per cent alcohol for 30 seconds, followed by soaking in HgCl2 0.1 for 4 minutes. MS+BA 5 mg/l+NAA 0.5 mg/l produced leaf bud expansion. Pronounced callus formation was observed when explants were inoculated on medium containing 2, 4-D at various levels (0.5 mg/l to 2 mg/l). BA upto 3 mg/l and kinetin upto 1 mg/l induced callusing. WPM was found to be more suited for callus proliferation as the time for response was almost half of that of MS medium. WPM supplemented with adenine recorded maximum callus proliferation.
Open Access
Genome analysis of traditional rice varieties of Kerala using ISSR and RAPD markers
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2006) Reshmi, Manohar; KAU; Jayalekshmy, V G
The research project “Genome analysis of traditional rice varieties of Kerala using ISSR and RAPD markers” was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2004-2006. The major objectives of the study were to characterize indigenous rice collection of Kerala on the basis of two molecular markers viz. ISSR and RAPD and to assess the genetic diversity using molecular marker technique. The study using RAPD markers produced 222 amplicons of which 182 were polymorphic thus giving a polymorphism of 81.98 per cent. Twenty primers were used for the study. Of these the primer OPF-04 gave maximum number of polymorphic products and also produced two unique positive products in the accession Cheruvirippu (size between 1.0 kb and 1.5 kb) and in the accession Njavara yellow (size of less than 0.5 kb). The amplification products had size ranging from 2.0 kb to less than 0.5 kb. The analysis produced nine unique positive products and seven unique negative products. Clustering based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient revealed the highest similarity between the accessions Chettivirippu and Pokkali 3 (0.825). The least similarity index of 0.451 was between the accessions Cheeravithu and Vellakkoli. The Njavara group of accessions, Njavara yellow and Njavara black, clustered at a similarity value of 0.707. The primer OPB-05 and OPF-01 could distinguish the Njavara accessions from others. OPB-05 produced unique product with a size of less than 1.0 kb and OPF-01 produced product at size of less than 0.5 kb. ISSR analysis was carried out using two primers. The amplification using the two primers produced 19 amplicons of which 16 were polymorphic giving 84.21 per cent polymorphism. The amplification products had size ranging from 0.2 kb to more than 1.0 kb. A unique negative marker was amplified by the primer (GA) 8T in the accession Karuthacheera with a size of nearly 0.6 kb. The UPGMA clustering was done using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient values. The highest similarity of 1.00 was shown by the accessions, Athikiramundakan and Veluthakattamodan and by Vellamundakan and Chettivirippu. The least similarity was between the accessions Karuthacheera and Pandivella (0.230). The accession Karuthacheera was unique and formed a single cluster at similarity value of 0.420. The pattern of clustering for the individual marker systems did not show any congruence with each other. However the cluster analysis of combination of the two marker systems produced a better picture of the genetic relationship. The present study using the two dominant DNA markers, RAPD and ISSR, showed that both the DNA markers are effective and promising for detecting genetic variation. It has been observed that ISSR is superior to RAPD in terms of polymorphism detected.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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