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Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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19852
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Subject: Animal Reproduction and Gynecology × Author: KAU × End date: 1989 × Start date: 1985 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of intrauterine administration of gentamicin in the treatment of clinical endometritis in crossbred cattle
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Varadarajan, M; KAU; PrabhakaranNair, P K
    The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of intrauterine infusion of Gentamicin, a bread spectrum antibiotic with deep tissue penetrance either alone or in combination with Stillboestrol in the treatment of clinical endometritis. Isolation of the infective organisms and sensitivity test were also carried out on a limited number of cases. One hundred and seventy crossbred cows and heifer with clinical endomtritis formed the materials for the study. These animals were randomly allotted into two treatment groups. Group 1 comprising of 86 animals were given 250 mg of Gentamicin intrauterine and group 11 comprising 250 mg of Gentamicin intrauterine and group 11 comprising of 84 animals were given a combination of Gentamicin and 10 mg of Stilboestrol. Those animals which were completely free of infection were inseminated in the next heat and rest were given a second infusion of the above drugs. Conception rate was worked out both on 90 days non return rate and actual pregnancy verification. Uterine discharges from 25 animals were collected for bacterial isolation and sensitivity test. Among 8352 cattle examined during the period of study 807 (9.66%) were found to be affected with clinical endometritis. Eighty six cases treated with Gentamicin gave a single insemination conception rate of 56.45 per cent with an overall conception rate of 72.58 per cent needing 1.91 inseminations per conception. On the ether hand, 84 cases receiving Gentamicin, Stilboestrol combination recorded a single insemination conception percentage of 40.90 with an overall conception of 63.63 per cent requiring 2.39 insemination per conception. There was no variation between groups with respect to percentage conception and average number of days from treatment to conception. The percentage clinical recovery with single infusion in group 1 and 11 were found to be 96.51 and 94.03. The number of intrauterine infusion was not found to influence the conception rate and the recovery period. The study also revealed that the parity of the animal in both the treatment groups did not influence the effectiveness of the treatment with respect to percentage conception and the average number of days from treatment to conception. It can be concluded that Gentamicin or Gentamicin Stillboestrol combination is equally effective in the treatment of clinical endomtritis. However, addition of Stillboestrol in the Gentamicin infusion did not have any added beneficial effect. The bacterial isolates were Haemophilus (8%), Staphylococcus (20%), Bacillus (4%),Pasteurella (8%) Actinobacillus (4%), Heromonas (12%), Lectobacillus (4%)and Streptobacillus (4%). The sensitivity of the isolates to Gentamicin, Septran, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Ampicillin were respectively 60, 44, 28, 28 and 8 per cent. Isolation and sensitivity study has proved that most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin and hence it is considered to be a very effective antibiotic for treating uterine infection.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Changes in sperm morphology of crossbred bulls during preservation
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1985) Pronab Kumar, Duarah; KAU; M S Nair
    A systematic study was made on the semen characteristics of crossbred bull and their changes, if any, during preservation in egg yolk – citrate, Tris and skim milk diluent upto 72 hours. A total of 72 ejaculates, from five crossbred bulls maintained at A. I. Centre attached to College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy were utilised for the study. Immediately after collection semen was subjected to routine evaluation and smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa stain and examined for various types of sperm abnormalities and sperm head biometry. Semen samples were then diluted at the rate of 1:20 in EYC, Tris and skin milk diluent and stored at 50 C. To study the effect of preservation in the above diluents at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours, motility, various sperm abnormalities and sperm head biometry were observed during the above storage periods. The overall average concentration and livability of sperm was 1.59 + 0.025 million per cmm and 83.45 + 0.522 per cent, respectively. No significant difference in concentration and livability of sperm was found between bulls. The overall average initial motility was 83.00 + 1.00 per cent before dilution. During preservation upto 72 hours in EYC. Tris and skin milk diluent sperm motility declined significantly to 57.10, 58.00 and 55.80 per cent respectively. There was no significant variation between the diluent used in maintaining sperm motility but significant difference was noticed between the bulls. The mean percentage of free normal head, free abnormal head, detached acrosome, pear shaped head, narrow at the base; knobbed head, abnormal contour and underdeveloped head was 2.20 + 0.151, 1.56 + 0.132, 1.26 + 0.180, 1.80 + 0.130, 1.22 + 0.086, 0.80 + 0.122, 1.52 + 0.08 and 0.82 + 0.082 respectively, before dilution. Among all the head abnormalities, detached acrosome increased significantly with the advancement of storage period upto 72 hours irrespective of the diluent used. However, no variation in sperm head abnormalities was noticed between the diluents. All types of head abnormalities varied significantly between bulls. The average percentage of proximal protoplasmic droplets and middle piece defect was 1.18 + 0.156 and 0.90 + 0.083 per cent respectively, before dilution. They remain unchanged upto 72 hours of storage in all the three diluents. Though, significant difference was found between the bulls, no variation could be noticed between the diluent used. Simple bent tail and coiled tail showed significant variation between bulls and between the storage periods; mean values being 2.18 + 0.106 and 1.24 + 0.102 per cent, respectively, before dilution. They increased significantly at 72 hours of storage in EYC, Tris and skin milk diluent, the mean values being 2.74 + 0.150, 2.74 + 0.050 and 3.06 + 0.037 per cent, respectively, for simple bent tail and 1.44 + 0.092, 1.44 + 0.092 and 1.48 + 0.215 per cent, respectively for coiled tail. Though, in the case of simple bent tail significant variation was found between the diluents, no such variation could be noticed in case of coiled tail. The average length and breadth of sperm head was found to be 9.51 and 4.72 microns, respectively, before dilution, No significant variation in spermatozoan head length and breadth could be noticed as the storage period advanced to 72 hours. There was no significant variation between the diluents. However, significant variation was found between the bulls. Thus it could be inferred that all the three diluents were found to be equally good for preservation of bull semen upto 72 hours at 50 C.