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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VARIETAL PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS TO DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEDULES UNDER HAT ZONE CONDITIONS OF A.P.
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) P. VENKATA SWAMI RAMUNAIDU; D. SEKHAR
    A field experiment entitled “VARIETAL PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS TO DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEDULES UNDER HAT ZONE CONDITIONS OF A.P.” was carried out on sandy clay soils of the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalle of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur during rabi, 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three irrigation schedules as main plots and four varieties as sub plots with a total of twelve treatments and replicated thrice. Three irrigation schedules i.e., irrigation at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages (M1), irrigation at CRI, flowering and milking stages (M2) and irrigation at CRI and milking stages (M3) were imposed in main plots and four varieties i.e., DBW-252(V1), HI-1544 (V2), HI-8759 (V3) and HI-8713 (V4) as subplots. Wheat crop was sown on thoroughly prepared experimental plot. The crop was supplied with recommended fertilizer dose of 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1. At basal 60 kg of N and entire dose of P2O5 and K2O were applied. Remaining 60 kg of N was applied in two splits at 25 DAS and 45 DAS. Application of irrigation was done to the respective treatments as specified. Field operations such as weeding and plant protection measures were taken as per recommendations of ANGRAU. The data on plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, drymatter production (kg ha-1), CGR (g m-2 day-1), days to 50 % flowering, spike length (cm), spike weight (g), number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight (g), grain, straw xv and biological yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%), consumptive use (mm), soil moisture use rate (mm day-1), moisture use efficiency (kg ha-mm-1) and economics were recorded as per standard procedures. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance was tested by Fisher's least significance difference. Plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production (kg ha-1) and CGR (g m-2 day-1) values were found superior with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages and among the varieties HI-8759 recorded the higher growth parameters which were on a par with HI-8713. Number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering was found early with application of irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages. There was no significant difference among the varieties for number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering. Spike length and spike weight were found significantly higher with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages and among the varieties DBW-252 recorded the maximum spike length and spike weight was highest with the variety DBW-252 and was at par with HI-8759. Number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1 and 1000 grain weight were significantly highest in five irrigation schedules and lowest were recorded with two irrigation schedules and it remained on a par to three irrigation schedules in terms of number of grains spike-1 and number of filled grains spike-1. However, among the varieties significantly highest number of productive tillers and test weight were recorded with the variety HI-8759 and the lowest were recorded with DBW-252. Although DBW-252 recorded significantly highest number of grains and filled grains spike-1 and remained on a par with HI-8759 in terms of grains spike-1. Higher grain, straw and biological yields were recorded under five irrigation schedules. Despite of lower grain yield observed with two irrigations but straw yield remained statistically on a par with three irrigations. Biological yield was recorded significantly highest with five irrigation schedules and lowest with two irrigation schedules. The harvest index (%) was significantly highest with five irrigations and lowest with two irrigations. However, among the varieties HI-8759 recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield. Straw & biological yields remained at par with HI-8713. Harvest index of HI-8759 was significantly superior over all the varieties. Lowest grain, straw and biological yields were recorded with HI-1544. Consumptive use of water and soil moisture use rate were higher with five irrigation schedules followed by three and two irrigation schedules which were on par to each other. Among the varieties HI-8759 recorded significantly the higher consumptive use and on a par with HI-8713. xvi Scheduling two irrigations resulted in higher water use efficiency which was on par with three irrigation schedules. Among the varieties HI-8759 resulted in higher water use efficiency. Among different irrigation schedules, five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages recorded higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio over rest of the treatments. While, among the varieties HI-8759 recorded the higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio over rest of the varieties. The overall results of the experiment revealed that irrigation at five critical phenological stages viz., CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering and milking stages for wheat resulted higher productivity in the High Altitude and Tribal Area zone of Andhra Pradesh. Wheat cultivar HI-8759 performed better in terms of economics and proved to be beneficial for the farmers of High Altitude and Tribal Area zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    REVISITING THE FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION IN IRRIGATED CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (2023-07-10) BHANUSRI, KOTHURU; SRINIVASA REDDY, MALLU.
    The present field experiment entitled “Revisiting the fertilizer recommendation in irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Mahanandi during rabi, 2021-22. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, with neutral in reaction (pH 7.35), low in organic carbon (0.48 %) and available nitrogen (256 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (48 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (583 kg ha-1). The design adopted was randomized block design with ten treatments which were replicated thrice. The experiment consists of ten different levels of fertilizer application viz., 20 kg N basal + 50 kg P2O5 basal (RDF) (T1), 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2), 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T3), 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T4), 15 kg N basal + 15 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T5), 15 kg N basal + 15 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T6), 15 kg N basal + 15 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T7), 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T8), 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) and 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10). Plant height and number of branches plant-1 were significantly higher with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) and lowest with 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2). Dry matter accumulation was significantly highest with treatment 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10) and lowest was with 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T3). xv Significantly earlier days to 50 % flowering was noticed in the treatment 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) and delayed 50 % flowering was recorded in 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2). Significantly highest number of pods plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield were recorded with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) over other treatments but it was statistically similar with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10). Haulm yield was significantly highest with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10) and was statistically similar with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10). Lowest number of pods plant-1, 100 seed weight, seed yield and haulm yield were recorded with 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2). Number of seeds pod-1 and harvest index in chickpea were not significantly in affected by the levels of fertilizer application. With regard to nutrient uptake, significantly higher uptake of N and K in seed was recorded with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) but it was on par with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10). Uptake of P was significantly higher with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10) and was statistically similar with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9). Uptake of N, P and K were significantly lower with 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2). In haulm, significantly higher uptake of N, P and K was recorded with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) and was statistically similar with T10. Lower values of N, P and K uptake were with 20 kg N basal + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T1). Post-harvest soil pH, EC, organic carbon and soil nutrient (N, P2O5 and K2O) status were not significantly affected by the levels of fertilizer application. Significantly highest gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were recorded with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) and was statistically similar with 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 70 kg P2O5 basal (T10) and lowest gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were recorded with 10 kg N basal + 10 kg N split + 50 kg P2O5 basal (T2). Based on the present experiment, it can be concluded that 20 kg N basal + 20 kg N split + 60 kg P2O5 basal (T9) was the optimum dose of fertilizer to obtain higher growth, yield and monetary returns in scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURES IN MINIMIZING THE NUTRIENT USE IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-07-07) CHAITANYA KUMAR, GODDUMARRI; VIJAYA BHASKAR REDDY, U.
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of different green manures in minimizing the nutrient use in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried out during rabi, 2021-22 on sandy loam soils of College Farm of Agricultural College, Mahanandi, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. The present experiment was laid out in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments included four different green manures viz., cowpea (M2), greengram (M3), horsegram (M4), pillipesara (M5) and fallow (M1) as main plots and four levels of fertilizers viz., 25 % RDF (S1), 50 % RDF (S2), 75 % RDF (S3) and 100 % RDF (S4) as sub-plots. The soils of the experimental site were slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The variety of chickpea used in experimentation was NBeG-3 (Nandyala Senaga). There was a significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea (plant height, number of branches, dry matter production and days to 50 % flowering) due to in situ green manuring with cowpea (M2) relative to green manuring with horsegram (M4), however it was at par with greengram (M3) and pillipesara (M5) green manuring. Significantly higher number of root nodules were recorded with greengram (M3) green manuring. The lowest stature of growth parameters were recorded with control (M1) i.e., fallow. Application of 100 % RDF (S4), which was at par with xvi 75 % RDF (S3), significantly improved the growth parameters at all the stages of sampling, while their lowest were with application of 25 % RDF (S1). Interaction effect of different green manures and fertilizer doses were found insignificant. Yield attributes (number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight), seed yield, haulm yield and harvest index of chickpea responded significantly with incorporation of green manures and levels of fertilizer doses. Significantly, distinctive nature of yield attributes and yield were recorded with cowpea (M2) green manuring than green manuring with horsegram (M4) but it was found to be on par with greengram (M3) and pillipesara (M5) green manuring. The lowest yield attributes and yield were in the control (M1). Application of 100 % RDF (S4) significantly improved yield attributes and yield compared with 50 % RDF (S2) but was at par with 75 % RDF (S3), while their lowest were with the application of 25 % RDF (S1). Interaction effect with incorporation of green manures and levels of fertilizer doses on yield attributes and yield were found to be insignificant. The nutrient content and uptake (N, P and K) at harvest of chickpea was significantly higher with cowpea (M2) green manuring over green manuring with horsegram (M4) which was at par with greengram (M3) and pillipesara (M5) green manuring. Significantly lower nutrient content and uptake was observed in control (M1). Application of 100 % RDF (S4) resulted in higher nutrient content and uptake of chickpea at harvest that differed significantly with 50 % RDF (S2) but was at par with 75 % RDF (S3) and the lower content and uptake was observed with 25 % RDF (S1). In situ green manuring with cowpea (M2) in chickpea resulted in higher post harvest soil available nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) followed by greengram (M3), pillipesara (M5) green manuring and differed significantly with horsegram green manuring (M4) and lower soil available nutrients were observed with control (M1). Significantly, higher post harvest soil available nutrients were with the application of 100 % RDF (S4) to chickpea and lower availability was recorded with 25 % RDF (S1). Increase in soil microbial activity and decreased loss of soil moisture were recorded with cowpea (M2) green manuring and differed significantly with control (M1) before and after incorporation of green manures. xvii The maximum gross returns were obtained by in situ green manuring with cowpea (M2) and higher net returns, benefit:cost ratio were realized with pillipesara (M5) green manuring. Application of 100 % RDF (S4) to chickpea resulted in significantly higher gross returns, net returns and benefit:cost ratio compared to the application of 25 % RDF (S1). From the present study, it can be concluded that pre-green manuring with grain legumes like cowpea (M2) in addition to the application of 100 % RDF to chickpea proved to be promising in realizing higher stature of growth parameters, yield parameters and yield on succeeding crop of chickpea.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) TO DIFFERENT LAND CONFIGURATIONS AND SPACINGS IN SCARCE RAINFALL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-06-30) SOWMYA, NELAPATI; RAMESH BABU, P.V.
    The present field experiment entitled “Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to different land configurations and spacings in scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh” was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi during rabi, 2021-2022. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, with neutral in reaction (pH 7.33), low in organic carbon (0.49 %), available nitrogen (258 kg ha-1) medium in available phosphorus (49 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (584 kg ha-1). The design adopted was strip plot design with two factors each consisting of four treatments and replicated thrice. The experiment consists of two different factors viz., factor 1 (Land configurations) - L1: Ridges and Furrows, L2: Corrugations, L3: Flatbed, L4: Flat bed with crop compaction and factor 2 (Spacings) - S1 : 30 cm x 10 cm, S2 : 30 cm x 20 cm, S3 : 45 cm x 10 cm, S4 : 60 cm x 10 cm. Among different land configurations, corrugation (L2) recorded higher plant height, whereas lower plant height was observed in flatbed (L3). Higher plant height was recorded at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) and lower plant height was recorded at 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among different treatment combinations higher plant height was observed in ridge and furrow (L1) at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1). Plant height was lower in flatbed (L3) at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1). xvii Dry matter accumulation was found to be higher in flatbed with compaction (L4) while lower in the flatbed (L3) configuration. Higher dry matter accumulation was observed in 30 x 10 cm (S1) while lower in 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among all the interactions, flatbed with compaction (L4) with 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing recorded higher dry matter accumulation, while lower dry matter accumulation was observed in flatbed (L3) with 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing. The ridge and furrow (L1) and corrugation (L2) registered higher and similar LAI. Whereas, it was found to be lower in flatbed with compaction (L4). Higher LAI was observed in 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing while lower LAI was observed in 30 x 20 cm (S2). The flatbed with compaction (L4) with 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing had registered higher LAI. Higher number of branches per plant was observed in flatbed with compaction (L4) and lower number of branches plant-1 was observed in ridge and furrow (L1). The 60 x 10 cm (S4) spacing had recorded higher number of branches plant-1 while lower number of branches plant-1 was recorded with 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing. Flatbed with compaction (L4) with spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4) recorded higher number of branches plant-1. Significantly higher and lower number of pods plant-1 was observed in flatbed with compaction (L4) and flatbed (L3) configuration respectively. Higher and lower number of pods plant-1 was observed with the spacings 60 x 10 cm (S4) and 30 x 10 cm (S1), respectively. Groundnut sown under flatbed with compaction (L4) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4) recorded significantly higher number of pods plant-1 while flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) registered lower number of pods plant-1. Higher pod weight per plant was observed with flatbed with compaction (L4) while lower pod weight plant-1 was observed with flatbed (L3). Significantly higher and lower pod weight per plant was observed in 60 x 10 cm (S4) and 30 x 10 cm (S1), respectively. Groundnut sown under flatbed with compaction (L4) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4) recorded higher pod weight plant-1 while flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded lower pod weight plant-1. No significant difference was observed due to the influence of different land configurations and spacings on the number of kernels pod-1. Higher 100 kernel weight was observed with flatbed with compaction (L4) and lower with flatbed (L3). The 60 x 10 cm (S4) spacing recorded higher 100 kernel weight while 30 x 20 cm (S2) spacing registered lower 100 kernel weight. Significantly higher and lower shelling percentage were observed with flatbed with compaction (L4) and flatbed (L3), respectively and with the spacings of 60 x 10 cm (S4) and 30 x 10 cm (S1), respectively. Groundnut sown under flatbed with compaction (L4) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded xviii higher shelling percentage and flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) noted lower shelling percentage. Significantly higher pod yield was observed in the flatbed with compaction (L4) and lower with flatbed (L3). Significantly higher pod yield was observed with the spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) and lower with 30 x 20 cm (S2) spacing. Groundnut sown in flatbed with compaction (L4) at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded higher pod yield while flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4) registered lower pod yield. Significantly higher haulm yield was observed in flatbed with compaction (L4) and lower with flatbed (L3). Significantly higher pod yield was observed with the spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) and lower with 30 x 20 cm (S2) spacing. Groundnut sown in flatbed with compaction (L4) at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded higher haulm yield and flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 30 x 20 cm (S2) registered lower haulm yield. Among different land configurations, higher harvest index was observed in flatbed (L3) and lower index was observed in ridge and furrow (L1). Significantly higher and lower harvest indexes were observed in 30 x 10 cm (S1) and 45 x 10 cm (S3) spacings, respectively. Out of all combinations treatment, flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 45 x 10 cm (S3) recorded more harvest index, while lower harvest index was noted in corrugation (L2) with a spacing of 45 x 10 cm (S3) and flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among different land configurations, flatbed with compaction (L4) recorded higher gross returns, while flatbed (L3) recorded lower gross returns. Higher and lower gross returns were observed in 30 x 10 cm (S1) and 30 x 20 cm (S2) spacing, respectively. Among different combination of treatments, flatbed with compaction (L4) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded higher gross returns while lower gross return was observed in flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among all land configurations, flatbed with compaction (L4) recorded significantly higher net returns, while flatbed (L3) recorded significantly lower net returns. Significantly higher net return was observed in the spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) and significantly lower net returns was observed in 30 x 20 cm (S2). Among different combination of treatments, flatbed with compaction (L4) at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded higher net returns and significantly lower net returns was observed in flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among all land configurations, flatbed with compaction (L4) recorded significantly higher B:C ratio, while flatbed (L3) and corrugation (L2) recorded similar and lower B:C ratio. Higher B:C ratio was observed in 30 x 10 cm (S1) spacing, lower and similar B:C ratio were observed in 30 x 20 cm (S2) and 60 x 10 cm (S4). Among different combination of treatments, flatbed with compaction (L4) with a spacing of 30 x 10 cm (S1) recorded higher B:C ratio. xix Lower B:C ratio was observed in flatbed (L3) with a spacing of 60 x 10 cm (S4) and corrugation (L2) with a spacing of 45 x 10 cm (S3). From the above findings, it could be concluded that higher yield of groundnut can be obtained under flat bed with crop compaction at a spacing of 30 x 10 cm.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) VYSHNAVI, BOBBILI; VIJAYA BHASKAR REDDY, U.
    A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of physical and chemical weed management practices on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” on sandy loam soils at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi campus of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during rabi, 2020-2021. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The present experiment consists of eight different weed management treatments viz., weedy check (T1), two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2), intercultivation fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T3), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS (T5), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 222 g a.i. ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T7) and fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 222 g a.i. ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T8). The data on weed flora observed in the experimental field consists of twelve species of weeds belonging to eight taxonomic families of which four species were grasses, one species was sedge and seven species were broad leaved weeds. Data on weed dynamics viz., weed density, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency and weed index revealed that alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4) recorded xvi lesser weed density, weed dry weight and higher weed control efficiency at 30 DAS. But at 60 DAS and at harvest two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) registered lower weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and higher weed control efficiency. Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) found superior in controlling weeds. However, maximum weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and lower weed control efficiency were observed in weedy check (T1). Data on growth parameters of chickpea viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation and days to 50 % flowering revealed that alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4) recorded maximum plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter accumulation at 30 DAS. But, at 60 DAS and at harvest two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) recorded higher values of plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation and days to 50 % flowering. Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) recorded higher growth parameters compared to other treatments. Lower values of growth parameters were recorded with weedy check (T1). The higher yield attributing characters i.e., number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield, haulm yield and harvest index were recorded with two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2). Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) registered higher yield attributes over other treatments. The lowest values of yield attributes were observed with weedy check (T1). The higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio was registered with two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) and alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6), however these two treatments were on par with each other. The lower gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were observed with weedy check (T1). In conclusion, among the physical and chemical methods tried in the experimentation during rabi revealed that two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) and alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) found superior in recording higher yield and economics of chickpea.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) CULTIVARS TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN
    (guntur, 2022-08-08) VASEEM AKRAM, SHAIK; PRASAD, P.V.N
    A field experiment entitled “Potential performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars to levels of nitrogen’’ was conducted during rabi 2020 on sandy loam soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with factorial concept and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of three varieties V1: Dharani, V2: Kadiri lepakshi and V3: TAG-24 and four nitrogen levels viz., N1: 0 kg N ha-1 N2: 25 kg N ha-1 N3: 50 kg N ha-1 and N4: 75 kg N ha-1. The results indicated that among the three varieties tested, the plant height of dharani (V1) was significantly taller and found superior over kadiri lepakshi (V2) and TAG -24(V3). The number of branches plant-1recorded with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was significantly higher over other two varieties. The drymatter accumulation observed with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was significantly the maximum over TAG 24 and was found on par with dharani (V1). Similarly number of pods plant-1and number of filled pods plant-1were significantly more with kadiril epakshi (V2), than that of dharani (V1) and TAG -24 (V3). Pod yield, haulm yield and kernel yield were recorded significantly higher with kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1) over TAG-24. xv Among the four levels of nitrogen tried the growth characters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, drymatter accumulation and nodule dry weight were higher with the application of 75 kg N ha-1 followed by 50 kg N ha-1, which were however statistically on par with each other and was found significantly superior to other levels of nitrogen. Similarly, number of pods plant-1, number of filled pods plant-1, pod yield and haulm yield were also registered higher with 75 kg N ha-1 and found significantly superior to that of 25 kg N ha-1 and control respectively. Nitrogen content (%) did not exhibit significant differences with varieties at 30,60 DAS and at harvest. Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) was recorded the highest with kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1), whereas nitrogen content and uptake increased significantly with incremental increase in nitrogen level and higher uptake of N was attained with 75 kg N ha-1, which was on par with 50 kg N ha-1. Protein content recorded was the highest with 75 kg N ha-1 followed by 50 kg N ha-1. The maximum oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1) were obtained with variety kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1) and the lowest was observed with TAG-24. There was no significant difference observed in respect of oil content and oil yield with increasing levels of nitrogen. The higher gross returns was achieved with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was found on par with dharani (V1). While application of 75 kg N ha-1 recorded the maximum gross returns and it was found on par with 25 kg and 50 kg N ha-1.Net returns and B:C ratio followed the similar trend as that of gross returns with respect to nitrogen levels. With increase in levels of nitrogen application, the soil available N also increased. Application of nitrogen @ 75 kg N ha-1 resulted in significantly higher available soil N, which was however, on par with the treatment that received 50 kg N ha-1. Interaction between varieties and nitrogen levels was found to be non- significant for all parameters studied. It can be concluded from the present investigation that higher growth parameters, yield parameters, gross returns were recorded with kadiri lepakshi (V2) with the application of 50 kg N ha-1 which can be advisable under rainfed conditions of coastal Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR MANAGING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE – GREENGRAM SEQUENCE
    (guntur, 2022-08-08) NAGARJUNA, POLAGANI; VENKATESWARLU, B.
    A field experiment entitled “Tillage and nutrient management options for managing productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice-greengram sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21) on clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The kharif experiment on rice consisted of four tillage practices viz., Dry seeding on puddled soil (T1), Reduced tillage (T2), Minimum tillage (T3) and Conventional tillage (T4); as horizontal strip treatments. Five nutrient management treatments to rice viz.,100% STBN through fertilizer (N1), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through FYM (N2), 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM (N3), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure(N5) as vertical strip treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications in a strip plot design. During rabi, the experiment was continued in the undisturbed plot to find out the residual effect of the treatments imposed to rice were studied (strip plot design) on succeeding greengram. The cultivers used in the investigation were Samba Mashuri (rice) and LGG 460 (greengram) respectively. xxiv Conventional tillage (T4) recorded significantly higher growth parameters of rice viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production and CGR but were comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1) treatment with similar trend in both the years of study. The lowest growth parameters were recorded with minimm tillage (T3). The influence of tillage practices exhibited non significant associated with respect to LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings. Nutrient combination comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered significantly the highest plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production, leaf area index at harvest. SPAD, CGR, RGR and NAR were also recorded highest under N5 treatment and were comparable with 75% STBN through fertilizer with 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) treatment regarding all growth parameters. The lowest growth parameters were registered with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment. Yield attributes viz; number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 were significantly higher under conventional tillage but was comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1). Panicle length and test weight of rice did not alter to an infeasible extent during both the years of study. Application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, panicle lenght, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 which was however comparable with N4 treatment. Various nutrient management practices did not influence the test weight of rice during both the years of study. Supply of either 100% STBN through fertilizers (N1) or with minimum tillage concept resulted in the lowest yield attributes during both the years of study. Significantly higher grain and straw yields were observed with conventional tillage (T4) and the lowest yields were registered under minimum tillage (T3) during both the years of study. Significantly the highest grain and straw yields were recorded with application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5), which was however comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were exhibited in 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at different growth stages of rice were significantly influenced by tillage as well as nutrient management practices and the highest values were recorded with conventional tillage (T4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer blended with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5). Grain nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were uninfluenced by various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management practices, higher nutrient content and uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were associated with combined application 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) xxv but were comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were registered under 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Analysis of economic return indicated that conventional tillage (T4) was superior to other treatments, however which was comparable with T1 treatment. Further nutrient management supplying 50% STBN through fertilizer along and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher economic return but was comparable with N4 treatment. The lowest economic return was realized with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Plant height, drymatter accumulation, CGR, LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings of succeeding greengram were significantly affected by residual outcome of diversified nutrient management practices imposed in rice during both the years of study. The residual effect of nutrient supply to kharif rice comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure resulted in the higher growth parameters, but were however on a par with the treatments N4 and N3. Similarly, SPAD values registered under the treatment supplying with 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure was also on a par with N4, N3 and N2 treatments. Tillage practices and their interaction with nutrient management practices did not exhibit significant influence on growth parameters of succeeding greengam. Yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economic return of rabi greengram were significantly influenced by nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice, but not by the tillage practices or their interaction. Among the nutrient management treatments, conjuctive use of either 50 or 75% STBN through fertilizer + 50 or 25% N through cured poultry manure, respectively; resulted in manifesting significant superiority over the other treatments. Physical properties of soil viz; pH and EC after harvest of rice and greengram were not influenced significantly by either the tillage or nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice crop. Total system productivity (total rice equivalent yield) was the highest with conventional tillage (T4) which was however on a par with T1 treatment under various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management treatments, application of 50% STBN through fertilizer along with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) treatment to kharif rice manifested was significantly superiority over rest of the treatments but was comparable with N4 treatment during both the years of study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT IN SANDY SOILS
    (guntur, 2022-08-08) ABHIGNA, DOKKA; LAKSHMAN, K.
    A field experiment entitled ―Effect of soil and foliar application of micronutrients on productivity of groundnut in sandy soils‖ was conducted during rabi, 2020 on sandy loam soil of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice with ten treatments. The treatments consisted of T1 (Control), T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), T3 (RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 16 kg ha-1 as a basal), T4 (RDF + soil application of FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T5 (RDF + soil application of borax @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T6 (RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 16 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + borax @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T7 (RDF + foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 and 60 DAS), T8 (RDF + foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at 30 and 60 DAS), T9 (RDF + foliar application of borax @ 0.25% at 30 and 60 DAS) and T10 (RDF + foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + borax @ 0.25% at 30 and 60 DAS). The results indicated that application of each and combined micronutrients through soil and foliar methods significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, quality parameters, nutrient content, uptake and available nutrient status in soil after harvest and economics of groundnut crop. The highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of branches plant-1, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings, leaf area index, total number of nodules and nodules dry weight were recorded with application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF (T2) and was on a par with soil and combined foliar application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T10, T5, T3 and T4). The higher number of developed pods plant-1 and lower number of undeveloped pods plant-1 recorded with T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and was found on par with sole and combined application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3 and T4) to soil. xv The highest number of pods plant-1, 100 kernel weight, pod and haulm yield were recorded significantly higher with application of RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and found on par with soil and combined foliar application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3, T4 and T10). There was no significant effect of micronutrient fertilization on number of kernels pod-1 and harvest index of groundnut. However, the highest shelling percentage and protein content in kernel was recorded with treatment T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and was on a par with all the other treatments except with the application of RDF alone (T1). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded the highest oil content and oil yield. It remained on a par with soil application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3 and T4) in case of oil content and with T6 and T5 in case of oil yield. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded the highest nutrient content and was found on par with all the treatments except RDF alone (T1) in case of nitrogen and potassium and treatments (T1, T3 and T7) in case of phosphorous content. The treatment T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) recorded higher total zinc content and was found at par with the treatments (T3, T7, T6 and T10). The total iron content recorded with RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T2) was found on par with soil and foliar application of iron treatments (T4, T8, T6 and T10) and in case of boron, T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) recorded higher total content and was found on par with soil and foliar application of boron treatments (T5, T9, T6 and T10). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded highest total nutrient uptake and was found on par with treatments (T6 and T5) in case of nitrogen, potassium and boron uptake; treatment (T6) in case of phosphorous and zinc uptake and treatments (T6 and T4 ) in case of iron uptake. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF (T2) recorded the highest available N, P2O5, K2O, Zn, Fe and B status in soil after harvest. It was found on par with the treatments T6, T5, T3, T4 and T10 in case of nitrogen; treatments T6 and T5 in case of phosphorous; treatments T6, T5, T3 and T4 in case of potassium; treatments T3, T6, T7 and T10 in case of zinc; T4, T6, T8 and T10 in case of iron and treatments T5, T6, T9 and T10 in case of available boron nutrient status in soil. Higher agronomic use efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency due to micronutrient fertilization was recorded with the combined foliar application of micronutrients (T10) whereas, higher physiological use efficiency was obtained with the combined soil application of micronutrients (T6). The highest gross returns were realized with T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), however the higher net returns and benefit cost ratio was realized with combined soil application of micronutrient treatment (T6). From the findings it can be concluded that combined soil application of all micronutrients followed by individual micronutrient application alone found better than foliar application of each micronutrient alone. The highest net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained with the combined soil application of all micronutrients. However, combined foliar application of all micronutrients proved on par with soil application of micronutrients.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EFFECT OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.)
    (guntur) PRIYANKA BAI, ESLAVATH; PRASAD, P.V.N.
    The field experiment entitled “Studies on effect of weed management practices in castor (Ricinus communis L.)” was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2020. The experimental site was uniform in topography and the soil was clayey in texture. The soil pH was neutral in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorous and available potassium. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments replicated three times consisted of T1 - Weedy check (or) control, T2 - Hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS, T3 - Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE, T4 - Chlorimuron @ 10 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS, T5 - Halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS, T6 - Propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS, T7 - Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb Chlorimuron @ 10 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS, T8 - Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb Halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS, T9 - Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1as PE fb Chlorimuron @ 10 g + Propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS, T10 - Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb Halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i + Propaquizafop @ 63g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS. The predominant weed species observed in the experimental field are Celosia argentea, Phyllanthus niruri, Euphorbia hirta, Trianthema portulacastrum, Tridax procumbens, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Cardiospermum haliacababum among broad leaved weeds; Cynodon dactylon among grasses and Cyperus rotundus among sedges. xv The lowest density and dry weight and the highest weed control efficiency were exhibited under hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T2). Among the herbicidal treatments, pre-emergence spray of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb chlorimuron @ 10 g + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T9) as well as pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T10) significantly registered lowest density and dry weight and higher weed control efficiency and were found statistically on par with treatment T2. The highest density and dry weight and lowest weed control efficiency was recorded under weedy check (T1). No phtotoxicity symptoms were observed either with pre or post emergence herbicides and were selective to castor. Growth parameters viz., plant height and drymatter accumulation, yield attributes viz., number of spikes plant-1, number of capsules spike-1, spike length and the highest nutrient uptake of castor and the lowest nutrient uptake by weeds at harvest hence registered high values in hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T2). Pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb chlorimuron @ 10 g + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T9) as well as pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T10), were found on par among themselves as well as with hand weeding practice at 20 and 40 DAS (T2). Among the various treatments tested, sequential application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb chlorimuron @ 10 g + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T9) and pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb halosulfuron @ 67.5 g a.i + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T10) recorded a seed yield of 2388 and 2326 kg ha-1, respectively and these treatments were statistically comparable with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T2), which recorded the highest seed yield (2482 kg ha-1). Similar trend was observed in straw yield as well under different weed management practices. Even though the highest gross return (Rs. 93,013 ha-1) was recorded under hand weeding treatment (T2), pre-emergence application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb chlorimuron @ 10 g + propaquizafop @ 63 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS (T9) recorded the highest net return (Rs. 62,276 ha-1) with a B: C ratio of 2.29 and found superior to hand weeding treatment (T2) due to lower cost of herbicides that reduced the cost of cultivation.