Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP)

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT
(guntur, 2022-08-17) PRATIBHA, D.; PRASAD, P.R.K.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of biochar on soil properties and yield of groundnut” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2019-2020. The experimental soil was loamy sand in texture, neutral in reaction and non-saline. The soil was low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, available potassium, sufficient in sulphur and sufficient in all available cationic micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The biochar of Redgram stalk, Prosopis juliflora and Sugarcane trash was prepared by pit method under anaerobic condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted Control treatment (without biochar and inorganic fertilizers) (T1); 100% RDF (T2); 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T3); 100% RDF + Redgram stalk biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T4); 75% RDF + Redgram stalk biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T5); 100% RDF + Prosopis juliflora biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T6); 75% RDF + Prosopis juliflora biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T7); 100% RDF + Sugarcane trash biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T8); 75% RDF + Sugarcane trash biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T9). FYM @ 5 t ha-1 two weeks before and Biochar @ 4 t ha-1 were applied one week before sowing to the respective plots. Nitrogen was applied in the form of urea at different levels as per the treatments in 2 splits (at basal dose and at 30 DAS). Entire phosphorus and potassium was applied as basal dose in the form of SSP and MOP. The effect of FYM and biochar on soil properties and performance of groundnut at different stages were determined by following standard procedures. Reduction in soil bulk density was observed in FYM and biochar treated treatments (4 t ha-1). Significant increase in porosity, water holding capacity and soil moisture content was noticed in FYM and biochar applied treatments. The treatments imposed had non-significant effect on soil pH and EC. The CEC and organic carbon was increased in FYM treated plot followed by biochar treated plots. The available N, Name of the Author : D. PRATIBHA Title of thesis : “EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT’’ Degree to which it is submitted : Master Of Science In Agriculture Faculty : AGRICULTURE Major field of study : SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Major Advisor : Dr. P.R.K. PRASAD University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission : 2021 xvi P2O5, K2O and S were highest in treatment which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and this was on par with the treatments supplied with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 through different sources (T4, T6 and T8). The treatment supplied with inorganic fertilizer alone (T2) showed greater values compared to treatment which received 75% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 through different sources (T5, T7 and T9). However, the influence of treatments on soil micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) was not significant. Soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and soil enzymes (urease, dehydrogeanse, acid and alkaline phosphatase) were significantly superior in treatment T3 which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 compared to biochar added treatments. The lowest values were recorded in control (T1). Dry matter production, growth parameters, yield parameters and quality parameters were highest in treatment which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and this was on par with the treatment supplied with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 (T4, T6 and T8). The corresponding lowest values were recorded in control (T1). Groundnut pod yield was highest (2522 kg ha-1) in T3 treatment received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, which was on par with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 (T4, T6 and T8). The N, P, K concentration and their uptake by the plants were significantly higher in 100% RDF + FYM and biochar applied treatments (T4, T6 and T8) compared to the control (T1). Sulphur and Micronutrient concentrations (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were not significantly influenced by biochar applied treatments. Significant increase in uptake of sulphur and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were noticed due to increased dry matter production. The results further showed that combined application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 along with biochar applied treatments have been proved to be superior treatments for the best management of soil fertility. Among 100% RDF + biochar @ 4 t ha-1 and 75% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 the values noted were highest in 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1.
Open Access
STUDIES ON SITE SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (SSNM) USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES IN CHINNAPALEM VILLAGE OF GUNTUR DISTRICT
(guntur, 2022-08-12) RAGHU, R S; PRASAD, P.R.K.
The texture of the surface soils varied from sandy clay loam to clay. While, in sub-surface clay and colour was varied from dark grayish to black. The bulk density values of the soils were low at surface compared to sub-surface layers. Water holding capacity and volume expansion values varied according to clay content. Soil pH was neutral to moderately alkaline while sub-surface was more alkaline than surface. Surface and sub-surface soil samples of the study area were found to be normal in soluble salt concentration. The surface and sub-surface soil samples were low to high in organic carbon content. The available nitrogen content was low to medium in surface and sub-surface. The available P2O5 content was medium to high in surface and low to high sub-surface soils. The available K2O content of the soils varied from medium to high in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. The available calcium and magnesium contents were well above the critical limits at surface and sub-surface. Contents of available calcium and magnesium were more in sub-surface than surface soils. The soils were low to medium in available sulphur content which was higher in the surface soils. The soils of study area were sufficiently rich in Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu but some part of area were deficient in zinc and iron. All macro and micronutrients were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon as it was the predominant factor, which controled availability of nutrients in soils. Spatial variability of soil properties was studied and maps were generated based on the data generated using geo-statistics. In the present study, the variability was observed in the availability of all the nutrients except calcium, magnesium, and copper at both surface and sub-surface soil samples. xx The site specific fertilizer recommendations for Rice, Maize and Sorghum for both surface and sub-surface levels in Chinnapalem village were developed utilizing the thematic maps of spatial variability of N, P and K status. A delineated variable rate of fertilization maps for NPK based on STCR to targeted yields of rice, maize and sorghum revealed that the corresponding recommendation and application of fertilizers was essential to improve the efficacy of fertilizer application and enhancing the returns to the growers. The hyperspectral data revealed that soil reaction, available Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn showed positive and significant correlation. However, EC and available S were negative and significant throughout visible and SWIR. From, Stepwise regression approach the poorest fit was observed in all the properties although the highest accuracy (R2=0.467) was found for available zinc, while lowest predictability (R2=0.028) was for sand. It can be summarized that geospatial techniques are highly reliable in generating natural resource database to integrate and assess their potential on spatial basis. The use of geostatistics enabled the assessment of heterogeneous nature of fertility variations. Integration of GIS with various models in the present study was highly useful in correlation studies between spectral indices and soil properties, generating the soil fertility and fertilizer recommendation maps and management of crop fields provided the real time availability of high spatial resolution satellite data is ready available.
Open Access
EFFECT OF COMBINED USE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN KHARIF MAIZE
(guntur, 2022-08-12) SARATH KUMAR, GOWDU; VENKATA SRIDHAR, T.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Kharif Maize” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during 2018. The test soil was non-saline, sandy loam in texture with acidic reaction. The soil was low in available nitrogen, high in phosphorus and high in potassium status. The available Cu, Mn and Fe were sufficient while Zn was deficient. The experiment was laid out in RBD with seventeen treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1-Absolute control; T2- 75% of RDF (N in three splits);T3- 75% RDF (N in four splits); T4 – 100% RDF (N in three splits); T5- 100% RDF (N in four splits); T6- 75% of RDF (N in three splits)+ Vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T7- 75% of RDF (N in four splits) + Vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T8- 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T9-100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost(2.5tha-1);T10- 75% of RDF ( N in three splits)+azosprillum+PSB+ KSB;T11- 75% of RDF (N in four splits)+Azosprillum+PSB+KSB; T12–100% RDF (N in three splits) +azosprillum+PSB+KSB; T13- 100% RDF (N in four splits)+azosprillum +PSB+KSB;T14-75%RDF(N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+ PSB+ KSB; T15- 75%RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+KSB;T16-100%RDF(N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum +PSB+KSB;T17-100%RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum +PSB+KSB. xvi The influence of various treatments on plant height, grain &stover yield, nutrient content, uptake and soil properties (physical, physico-chemical, available nutrients and biological) were determined by standard procedures at different stages. Among the treatments, 100%RDF(N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+KSB treated plot recorded maximum dry matter, grain and stover yield followed by 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+PSB+KSB.However the treatments with 100% RDF with N in 3 or 4 splits and also with bio fertilizer alone or in combination with vermicompost did not show any significant difference. The treatments imposed had no significant effect on harvest index. Higher N,P and K contents content was recorded by the application of 100% RDF (N in four splits) +vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB, at all stages of crop growth. Micronutrient (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) contents were also maximum with same treatment which was on par with treatment which received 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB +KSB. The uptake of macronutrients (N,P, K) and micronutrients at all stages was markedly influenced by the treatments with maximum values recorded by the treatment that received 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+ KSB. Which was at par with 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB and 100% RDF (N in four splits) +azosprillum+PSB+ KSB. The soil properties viz. pH and EC were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments, while highest organic carbon was recorded in 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB treated plot. Similar trend was observed in available macro (N P and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zinc) . The highest available nutrient content was recorded in the treatment with 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azospirulam+PSB+KSB but no significant difference was observed in the treatment treated with N in three split or four splits . However the plots treated with organics showed significant positive effect on soil properties when compared with the plots treated with inorganic. Application of inorganics, biofertilizers, vermicompost showed significant influence on biological activity of soil. Addition of organic fertilizers proved to be more efficient in improving the enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase) significantly.
Open Access
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICULATE ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY GROUNDNUT – SUNFLOWER CROPPING SYSTEM IN ALFISOLS
(guntur, 2022-08-12) DEEPIKA, JANGAM; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.V.
The present investigation on “Effects of Application of Nanoparticulate Zinc and Boron on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Groundnut – Sunflower Cropping System in Alfisols” was conducted at RARS, Tirupathi, during 2018 and 2019. The nanoscale ZnO was prepared using oxalate decomposition technique, whereas nano boron was prepared using encapsulation method. The synthesized nanoscale ZnO and boron was characterized using the different techniques like UV-Vis, HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR and DLS analysis. The synthesized nanoscale ZnO and boron was 37.2 and 53.6 nm in size with zeta potential of -37.7 mV and -28.3 mV, respectively. Pot culture experiment was conducted as a pilot study to know the phytotoxicity of foliar applied nanoparticulate ZnO and boron on groundnut. After completion of phytotoxic studies, a field experiment was carried out with groundnut – sunflower cropping system during kharif and rabi seasons of 2019, respectively in the R.A.R.S. farm, Regional Agricultural Research station, Tirupati. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with fourteen treatments and replicated thrice. Foliar application of nano ZnO and nano boron were done at 45 DAS of groundnut and ray floret opening stage of sunflower. Soil application treatments are given only for groundnut and residual effect was seen in sunflower crop. The results from the pot culture experiment revealed that application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) produced taller plants with higher chlorophyll content and dry matter production of groundnut. Foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest peroxidase, catalase and super oxide dismutase enzyme activities of groundnut measured at peg formation stage. Yield attributes of groundnut was xxi found maximum with the foliar spray of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5). Significantly highest pod and haulm yield of groundnut was recorded with foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) which was on par with 400 ppm nano ZnO (T4), 300 ppm nano ZnO (T3), 500 ppm nano boron (T10) and 400 ppm nano boron (T9). Oil and protein content of groundnut was not significantly affected. However, highest oil content and protein content of groundnut was noticed with 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut were significantly affected by foliar application of various concentrations of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest nitrogen and potassium content whereas application of 500 ppm nano boron (T10) recorded highest phosphorus content of groundnut. Significantly highest zinc and boron content at all growth stages of groundnut was found with the foliar application of 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) and 500 ppm nano boron (T10), respectively. Macro and micronutrient uptake by groundnut was significantly influenced by foliar application of various concentrations of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. 500 ppm nano ZnO (T5) showed significantly highest nitrogen, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper uptake by groundnut at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut whereas phosphorus and boron uptake was recorded maximum with foliar application of 500 ppm nano boron (T10). A field experiment was conducted with the groundnut – sunflower cropping system. Results showed that RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) recorded significantly highest plant height and dry matter production of groundnut and sunflower which was on par with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm + nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 and number of filled pods plant-1 of groundnut were significantly highest with the RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) however, 100 kernel weight was observed to be non significant. Whereas in succeeding sunflower, treatment T14 (RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm) recorded significantly highest number of filled seeds per head and number of unfilled seeds per head. Head diameter and 1000 seed weight was found to be non significant. Significantly highest pod, kernel, haulm yield of groundnut and seed, stover yield of sunflower was recorded with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm and nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) followed by RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm and nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Quality parameters of groundnut (oil and protein content) and sunflower (oil content) was found to be non significant due to foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. However, RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) recorded higher quality parameters of both the crops. Significantly highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron content at peg formation, pod development, pod and haulm of groundnut was recorded with RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) followed by RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm + nano boron @ 150 ppm (T13). Whereas RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron xxii @ 200 ppm (T14) significantly enhanced the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron content at vegetative, flowering, seed and stover of sunflower. Iron, manganese and copper content of both the crops were not significantly influenced by the foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. Macro and micronutrient uptake by groundnut and sunflower was significantly influenced by foliar application of nanoparticulate zinc and boron. RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14) showed significantly highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron uptake at all stages of crop growth. Soil physical (bulk density, porosity and water holding capacity) and physico-chemical (pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon content) properties after harvest of groundnut and sunflower did not vary significantly due to treatment effect. There was significant in available N, P2O5, K2O, zinc and boron status in soil with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 + borax @ 10 kg ha-1 (T5) after the harvest of groundnut and sunflower and it was on par with RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T3) and RDF + Soil application of borax @ 10 kg ha-1 (T4). Non significant difference was recorded in available iron, copper and manganese content, microbial population and enzyme activities in soil at harvest of groundnut and sunflower crops. The gross returns and net returns of groundnut and sunflower were higher in RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm + nano boron @ 200 ppm (T14). The B:C ratio of groundnut was found higher in RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 150 ppm (T9) and RDF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 200 ppm (T10) whereas in case of sunflower significant increase in benefit cost ratio was observed with RDF + foliar application of nano boron @ 200 ppm (T12). The poor growth, low productivity and a lesser amount of returns in groundnut and sunflower was as usual with the crop not received any fertilizers. Based on the outcome of pot culture experiment, it was concluded that no phytotoxicity was observed in all the concentrations and nanoscale materials tested in the present study which indicates use of nanoscale materials for field studies in a safest manner to agricultural crops. The concentration of 500 ppm of nanoparticulate ZnO and boron was identified as optimum dose. The field experiment concluded that foliar application of nano ZnO and nano boron @ 150 and 200 ppm in combination or alone found to be best treatment for getting maximum yields with higher monetary returns for groundnut - sunflower cropping system.
Open Access
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF RABI MAIZE
(guntur, 2022-08-12) MADHURYA, POONDLA; LATHA, M.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on soil properties, growth and yield of rabi maize” was carried out during the year 2020 at Agricultural College Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh India. The objective of this research was to study the influence of different sources of inorganic fertilizers with varied levels of nitrogen fertilization in combination with FYM and biofertilizers on soil properties, growth, yield, quality, nutrient content and uptake of maize. The variety Pioneer - 3396 was taken as Test crop. The treatments consisted viz., T1: Control, T2: 100% RDN, T3: 125% RDN, T4: 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM, T5: 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers, T6: 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM, T7: 100% RDN + Biofertilizers and T8: 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers. The initial status of soil was non saline, sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction, low in organic carbon low in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus, high in available potassium and sufficient in sulphur. The micronutrient status of the soil was sufficient regarding available iron, manganese and copper contents, but was deficient in zinc. The FYM @ 10 t ha-1 was applied as per the treatments as an organic component of INM. The inorganic fertilizer dosage of 200:60:50 N-P2O5 -K2O kg ha-1 was followed as RDF via Urea, SSP and MOP respectively. Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits as per the treatments. The biofertilizers (Azospirillum, PSB (pseudomonas sp.)) were applied @ 5 kg ha-1each. The effect of applied organic and inorganic source of nutrients was found to be non-significant on soil physical properties & physico-chemical properties assessed i.e soil texture, bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity ; soil reaction, electrical conductivity and CEC. However a significant effect was observed in organic carbon content of the soil. xviii The effect of different treatments on available macronutrient status of soil was found significant except for available sulphur content. Among all the treatments tried, the highest available macro and micro nutrient status in soil and their contents in plant was found in 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8). Regarding soil available N and plant N content, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) and 125% RDN (T3). For soil available P and plant P content,the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatments which contained biofertilizers as a component viz., 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5), 100% RDN + Biofertilizers (T7). Regarding soil available K and plant K content, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatments where FYM was in combination with inorganic doses i.e 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T4) ,75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5), 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6). However a non significant effect was noticed regarding soil available sulphur and micronutrient status of soil and their contents in maize, but a comparably better performance of the integrated treatments than sole inorganic fertilized treatments was noticed. The lowest of all soil available macro and micronutrient status and their contents in plant was noticed in the unfertilized control treatment (T1). Application of inorganics, biofertilizers and FYM showed significant influence on bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population of soil and also on the activity of dehydrogenase. For all biological parameters, the best performed treatment i.e 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatment in which both FYM and biofertilizers were added i.e 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5). However the superior performance of FYM added treatments than sole inorganic treatments was also observed. The lowest value of all microbial counts and dehydrogenase enzyme activity was noticed in the control treatment (T1). The performance of maize with respect to plant height, dry matter production, kernel, stover yield of maize and carbohydrate, protein content of maize kernels were significantly influenced by the imposed treatments. Among all treatments, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) performed best and it was found on par with 125% RDN (T3) and 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6). The effect of different treatments on maize test weight was found insignificant. The lowest value for all growth and quality parameters was noticed in the control treatment (T1). The treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) has recorded the highest uptake of N, P, K and S. For N uptake of maize, the treatments 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) and 125 % RDN (T3) were found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8). Regarding P uptake, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatment 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5) except at xix knee high stage and with 100% RDN + Biofertilizers (T7) at knee high, harvest stages. Regarding potassium uptake, the best performed treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) at all stages of crop growth and with 125 % RDN (T3) at knee high and tasseling stage. The potassium uptake in grain, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) which was found on par with 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5). The lowest uptake values of N, P and also for K were noticed in the control treatment (T1). Regarding sulphur, iron, manganese, copper and zinc uptake by maize, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) had recorded highest uptake values and it was found on par with 125 % RDN (T3) and 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) in most instances. The lowest value for all uptakes was noticed in the control (T1) treatment.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ORGANICS AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF RABI SORGHUM
(guntur, 2022-08-12) MOUNIKA, KURUVA; LALITHA KUMARI, A.
A field study on “Effect of organics and biofertilizers on soil properties and performance of rabi sorghum” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during 2020-2021. The experimental soil was slightly alkaline in reaction and non-saline in nature. The soil was clay in texture, medium in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The soil was sufficient in zinc, copper, iron and manganese. The experiment comprised of eight treatments viz., 100% RDF (T1); 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T2); 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3); 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum@ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4); 125% RDF (T5); 75% RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha-1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T6); 75% RDF+ Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T7); 75% RDF + Neemcake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T8) and replicated thrice. Biofertilizers (Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) were mixed with FYM, vermicompost, neem cake separately and applied two weeks before sowing to the field according to the treatments. Inorganic nitrogen (urea) was applied at different levels as per the treatments in three splits (as basal dose, 30 DAS and at 60 DAS). The phosphorus and potassium were applied to all the plots in the form of SSP (basal) and MOP (two equal splits), respectively (Recommended dose of fertilizers were 80-40-40 (N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1). Name of the Author : KURUVA MOUNIKA Title of thesis : “EFFECT OF ORGANICS AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF RABI SORGHUM’’ Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Science in Agriculture Faculty : AGRICULTURE Major field of study : SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Major Advisor : Dr. A. LALITHA KUMARI University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission : 2021 xvii The effect of treatments on soil physical (bulk density, water holding capacity), physico-chemical properties (pH, EC and CEC) were found non-significant but significantly highest organic carbon was recorded in the treatment T2 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) at harvest stage and this was on par with the treatments T3 (100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1), T4 (100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1), T6 (75% RDF+ FYM @10 t ha-1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and T7 (75% RDF+ Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5kg ha-1) while the lowest was observed with the treatment that received 100% RDF (T1). At blooming and harvest stage, significantly highest available nitrogen was recorded in the treatment T4 (100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and it was on par with the treatments T5 (125% RDF), T2 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum@ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and T3 (100% RDF +Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum@ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and the lowest was observed in the treatment that received 75% RDF+ vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T7). Significantly highest available phosphorus and potassium were recorded in the treatment T2 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and it was on par with the treatments T5 (125% RDF), T3 (100% RDF +Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and T4 (100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and the lowest was observed in the treatment that received 75% RDF+ Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T8) at blooming and harvest stages. Available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in soil were found non-significant at blooming and harvest stages. Soil biological properties like enzyme activity (dehydrogenase and urease) and microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were recorded significantly highest in the treatment that received 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T2) at blooming and harvest stage and it was on par with the treatments 100% RDF +Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) and 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4) while the lowest was observed in the treatment T1 (100 % RDF). The effect of treatments on labile and non-labile carbon pools was found non-significant. The effect of treatments on C:N ratio was found non-significant. Significantly highest nitrogen content and uptake were recorded in the treatment that received 100% RDF + Neem cake @ kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4) at booting, blooming, harvest stage (grain and stover) and this was on par with 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T2), 125% RDF (T5), 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) xviii and the lowest was observed in the treatment T8 (75% RDF+ Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1). Significantly highest phosphorus and potassium content and their uptake were recorded in the treatment that received 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 +Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T2) and this was on par with 125% RDF(T5), 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) and 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4) at booting , blooming, harvest stage (grain and stover) and the lowest was observed in the treatment T8 (75% RDF+ Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1). Micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) contents in plants were found non-significant, whereas their uptakes were significantly highest in the treatment T2 (100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1) and this was on par with the treatments, 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) and 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4), 125% RDF (T5) at booting, blooming and harvest stages (grain and stover). The lowest was observed with the treatment that received 100% RDF (T1). At blooming and harvest stages, significantly highest plant height was recorded in the treatment that received 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 and it was on par with the treatments 125% RDF (T5), 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) and 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1(T4) and the lowest was observed in the treatment T8 (75% RDF+ Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1). Significantly higher grain yield, stover yield, drymatter production and protein content were recorded in the treatment received 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T2) and it was on par with treatments 125% RDF (T5), 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3) and 100% RDF + Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1 + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 (T4) and the lowest was observed in the treatment T8 (75% RDF+ Neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1+ Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1). The effect of treatments on test weight and harvest index was found non-significant. From the present investigation it was concluded that the soil properties, yield attributes and yield of rabi sorghum were found to be improved with the application of 100% RDF along with FYM and biofertilizers (Azospirillum and PSB) improved. Integrated use of inorganics and organics (FYM) along with biofertilizers not only increased yield but also improved the soil health by increasing organic carbon, available nutrient contents and soil biological activity.
Open Access
PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC INTERACTION IN CLAY LOAM SOILS UNDER SORGHUM
(2022-08-12) SPANDANA, P.; USHA RANI, I.
A field experiment entitled “Phosphorus and Zinc Interaction in Clay Loam Soils Under Sorghum” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, during Rabi, 2020. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture, neutral in reaction, non-saline, low in organic carbon, low in available N, medium in available phosphorus, and high in potassium and sufficient in all available micro nutrient’s (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1 - Control (Zero P& Zn), T2 -100% Recommended Dose of Phosphorus (RDP), T3 -100% Recommended Dose of Zinc (RD Zn), T4 -75% RDP + 100% RD Zn, T5 -100% RDP + 100% RD Zn, T6- 125% RDP + 100% RD Zn, T7 - 75% RDP + 75% RD Zn, T8 - 100% RDP + 75% RD Zn, T9 -125% RDP + 75% RD Zn. Well decomposed farmyard manure @ 10 t ha-1 was applied before sowing. A common dose of nitrogen @ 100 kg ha-1 was applied in the form of urea in two equal splits i.e., 1/2 as basal and 1/2 at 60 DAS. Recommended dose of P2O5 @ 30 kg ,40 kg and 50 kg ha-1 were applied as per the treatments as basal just before sowing. A common dose of 60 kg K2O ha-1was applied as muriate of potash i.e., as basal dose. Recommended dose of Zn as ZnSO4 @ 37.5 kg and 50 kg ha-1 was applied as per the treatments as basal before sowing. To study the influence of various treatments on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, soil physico-chemical properties, available nutrients, Pfractions and Zn-fractions, nutrient content and uptake at different stages were determined by standard procedures. xviii The soil properties viz., pH, EC and organic carbon, available potassium were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments, there was significant influence of the treatments on available nitrogen and phosphorus. Among the micronutrients the treatmental influence was significant on Zn and Fe, while Mn and Cu were not significantly influenced. The available phosphorus and zinc content was markedly influenced by different levels of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers along with recommended dose of fertilizers at different growth stages of the crop. The P fractions (Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P and total –P) were significantly influenced by application of 100% RDP. Whereas available P and Saloid-P were significantly influenced by application of 100% RDP along with 75% RD Zn. The Zn fractions (water soluble & exchangeable zinc, organically complexed Zn,) were significantly influenced by application of 100% RD Zn. Whereas Amorphous Sesquioxide–bound Zn and Crystalline sesquioxide bound Zn were significantly influenced by application of 100% RDP. There was a significant improvement in the dry matter production, yield attributes, grain and stover yield of sorghum with application of 100% RDP + 75% RD Zn (T8) and it was on par with T9 (125% RDP + 75% RD Zn). Lowest was recorded in T1 [Control (without P& Zn)]. The nutrient contents (N, K, Fe, Mn and Cu) of sorghum at flowering and harvest (grain &stover) stage were not significantly influenced by treatments whereas P and S, Zn contents were significantly influenced by the treatment T8 (100% RDP +75% RD Zn) which was on par with T9 (125% RDP + 75% RD Zn) and these two treatments were significantly superior over the other treatments. whereas Zn content was significantly higher with treatment supplied with T3 (100% Recommended Dose of Zinc (RD Zn). Lower values of all the nutrients were recorded in the treatment T1(control - without P & Zn). Uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mn and Cu) at flowering and harvest (grain &stover) was markedly influenced by the treatment T8 (100% RDP + 75% RD Zn) which was on par with T9 (125% RDP + 75% RD Zn). whereas highest Zn and Fe uptake by sorghum crop at flowering and harvest (grain &stover) stage were recorded in the treatment T3 (100% RD Zn). While lower values were recorded in the treatment T1 (control - without P & Zn). Overall, the study indicated that application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers proved significantly superior in yield, plant nutrient content, uptake and soil available nutrient status in sorghum.
Open Access
EFFECT OF BORON ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT IN COASTAL SANDY SOILS
(guntur, 2022-08-11) HANEENA, K M; VENKTA SUBBAIAH, P.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of boron on growth and productivity of groundnut in coastal sandy soils” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2020-21. The experimental soil was sandy in texture, neutral in reaction, non-saline, low in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, sufficient in sulphur, iron, manganese and copper and deficient in zinc and boron. The experiment was laid out in RBD with nine treatments (T1 - RDF (35:40:50 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1 through urea, SSP, MOP and 500 kg ha-1gypsum), T2 - RDF + soil application of Borax @ 7.5 kg ha-1, T3 - RDF + soil application of Borax @ 10 kg ha-1, T4 - RDF + soil application of Borax @ 12.5 kg ha-1, T5 - RDF + foliar spray of Borax @ 0.1% at 45 DAS, T6 - RDF + foliar spray of Borax @ 0.1% at 65 DAS, T7 - RDF + foliar spray of Borax @ 0.1% @ 45 & 65 DAS, T8 - T2 + foliar spray of Borax @ 0.1% at 65 DAS and T9 - T3 + foliar spray of Borax @ 0.1% at 65 DAS) replicated thrice. Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits (basal and 30 DAS), phosphorus and potassium as basal and gypsum at 45 DAS and Borax as per the treatments. The influence of various treatments on soil properties and performance of groundnut at different stages was determined by following the standard procedures. There was a significant influence on growth parameters (plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of compound leaves per plant, leaf area index, drymatter production) with the application of boron. The highest values were observed in T4, this was on par with T2, T3, T8 and T9 for most of the parameters. Yield and yield parameters and quality parameters increased significantly with the application of boron except shelling percentage, 100-kernel weight, oil content and oil yield. The highest values of yield and yield parameters were observed in T4, this was on par with all the other boron treatments. The soil properties viz., pH, EC, CEC, OC, available N, P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were not significantly influenced by the treatments imposed. The xvi available boron was markedly influenced by soil application of boron at all the stages of crop growth. The highest values were recorded in T4. This was superior over all the other treatments. The nitrogen content in plants was significantly higher with boron treatments. The highest nitrogen content in peg penetration, pod development and haulm in harvest stage was recorded in T4, this was on par with the T2, T3, T8, T9. The highest nitrogen content in pods at harvest stage was also recorded in T4, it was on par with all the other boron treatments. The nutrient contents of P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were not significantly influenced. The highest concentration of all the nutrients was recorded in T4. Boron content in plants and uptake of all nutrients at all stages of crop increased significantly with boron application. It was highest in T4, this was on par with all boron treatments. Application of boron resulted in higher gross and net returns when compared to control. The highest gross returns was obtained by T4 whereas, highest net returns and BC ratio was obtained by T6. Soil application of borax @ 7.5 kg ha-1 or foliar spray of B @ 0.1% at 45 or 60 DAS along with RDF may be recommended from the study as this improved available boron content in soil and concentration in plants, thus improved growth, yield and quality parameters.
Open Access
PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) WITH BIO-INOCULANTS
(guntur, 2022-08-11) VYSHNAVI, A.; MOHANA RAO, PULI
A field experiment on “Phosphorus management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with bio-inoculants” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during Rabi, 2020. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam in texture, neutral in nature, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, high in potassium and sufficient in all micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The experiment was laid out in RBD with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1 - 100% RDP, T2 - FYM + PSB + VAM (Control, without P), T3 - 100% RDP + FYM + PSB, T4 - 100% RDP + FYM + VAM, T5 - 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM, T6 - 75% RDP + FYM + PSB, T7 - 75% RDP + FYM + VAM, T8 - 75% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM. To study the influence of various treatments, data on yield attributes, yield, soil physico-chemical properties, available nutrients, enzyme activity, P-fractions, nutrient content and uptake at two growth stages and oil content in the kernel were determined by standard procedures. The findings of the experiment revealed that the soil physico-chemical properties (pH and EC) at harvest stage and micronutrient content at peg penetration and harvest stage (Fe, Mn and Cu) were not markedly influenced by the imposed treatments. However, the application of different levels of phosphorus along with biofertilizers and FYM significantly influenced the N, P2O5, K2O, S and zinc status of the soil at peg penetration and harvest stages. The enzyme activity of dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase were also significantly influenced by the imposed treatments and the highest activity was recorded with the application of 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5) over 100% RDP (T1) alone and it was significantly superior xix over all the other treatments except T3 and T4 whereas the lowest was recorded in FYM + PSB + VAM (T2).The P fractions (saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P and total-P) were significantly influenced by the application of 100% RDP. Available P and saloid-P were higher in surface soil (0-15cm) and were significantly influenced by the application of 100% RDP along with FYM and biofertilizers. There was a significant improvement in the drymatter accumulation and yield attributes with the application 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5) and it was on par with (T4) and (T3) and it was significantly superior over all the other treatments. Treatment T8 (75% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM) was on par with 75% RDP + FYM + VAM (T7), 75% RDP + FYM + PSB (T6) and 100% RDP (T1) while lowest was recorded with the application of FYM + PSB + VAM (T2). The highest yield of pod and kernel yield was recorded with the application 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5). However lowest was recorded in the treatment received FYM + PSB + VAM (T2). The Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in the plant after harvest of the groundnut crop were not significantly influenced among the imposed treatments whereas N, P, K and S were significantly influenced by the treatments. A significant increase in nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn (except in pod), Fe, Mn and Cu) uptake was recorded with 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5) and it was on par with 100% RDP + FYM + VAM (T4), 100% RDP + FYM + PSB (T3) and it was significantly superior over all the other treatments. Treatment T8 (75% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM) was on par with 75% RDP + FYM + VAM (T7), 75% RDP + FYM + PSB (T6) and 100% RDP (T1) while lowest was recorded in FYM + PSB + VAM (T2). The oil content was significantly influenced with the imposed treatments and the highest oil content was recorded with 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5) and it was on par with 100% RDP + FYM + VAM (T4), 100% RDP + FYM + PSB (T3). T8 treatment was on par with (T7), (T6) and (T1) while lowest was recorded with the application of FYM + PSB + VAM (T2). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that 100% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM (T5) performed better in giving the maximum yield and nutrient uptake and it was on par with 100% RDP + FYM + VAM (T4), 100% RDP + FYM + PSB (T3) and it was significantly superior over all the other treatments. T8 treatment (75% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM) was on par with 75% RDP + FYM + VAM (T7), 75% RDP + FYM + PSB (T6) and 100% RDP (T1) while lowest was recorded in receiving treatment i.e., FYM + PSB + VAM (T2). The combined application of inorganic fertilizer + FYM + biofertilizer proved significantly superior over-application of FYM and biofertilizers alone without adding inorganic phosphorus fertilizer in obtaining better growth and higher yield of groundnut. The pod yield in plots receiving 100% RDP is at par with 75% RDP + FYM + PSB + VAM, 75% RDP + FYM + VAM and 75% RDP + FYM + PSB which suggests saving of 25% fertilizer P2O5 without losing the yield.

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP)

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