Thumbnail Image

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

News

https://angrau.ac.in/ANGRU/Library_Resources.aspx

Browse

202212
Reset filters
Subject: Entomology × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2022 × Type: Thesis ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 12
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INCIDENCE OF INSECT PESTS OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn) AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH BIOPESTICIDES AND NEEM BASED PRODUCTS
    (guntur, 2022-08-26) MURALIDHAR, LOVA; ANIL KUMAR, D.
    A field experiment entitled as “Studies on incidence of insect pests of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn) and their management with biopesticides and neem based products” was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Naira during rabi, 2020-21. The peak incidence of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (12.89 % DH) was observed during 5th-6th standard meteorological weeks. Whereas, in case of white ear heads (8.40 % WEH) the peak incidence was observed during 7th-8th standard week. On observing the multi regression analysis, it was found that all abiotic factors together accounted for 53.6 and 21.6 per cent variation in dead heart and white ear heads infestation, respectively. The minimum temperature (r = -0.539) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.712) showed significant negative correlation with the incidence of dead hearts formation. Whereas in case of white ear heads incidence, all the weather parameters had a non significant positive correlation except rainfall (r = - 0.161) which exhibited a non significant negative correlation. The incidence of natural fauna viz., spiders and lady bird beetles population was noticed from 3rd standard week, whereas the maximum incidence of spiders was observed at 6th -7th and lady beetles was observed at 5th -6th standard meteorological weeks. A significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r = 0.626) and significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = -0.699) was observed with ladybird beetle population. Whereas a non-significant correlation was observed with all weather parameters related to spiders occurrence. The data of overall and cumulative mean related to management of ragi pink stem borer, S. inferens revealed that cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2 g/l (9.36% DH, 10.42% WEH) was highly effective followed by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. The treatments, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and azadirachtin 10000ppm were observed to be effective among biopesticides and botanicals tested, respectively. The performance of the botanicals remained the same all along the period of experimentation where azadirachtin 10000 ppm was followed by azadirachtin 3000 ppm, NSKE 5% and azadirachtin 300 ppm. The studies on management with biopesticides and neem based products in finger millet revealed that, Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2.0 g/l was found to be very effective in containing ragi pink borer. The highest B: C Ratio of 2.64: 1 was obtained by Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2.0 g/l with a yield of 30.68 q/ha followed by other treatments which were observed to be significantly superior over untreated control (1.42:1).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON INCIDENCE OF MAJOR LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN RICE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH BOTANICALS AND NEW INSECTICIDES
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) APPALANAIDU, NEELABONU; ANIL KUMAR, D.
    An experiment entitled as “Studies on incidence of major lepidopteran pests in rice and their management with botanicals and new insecticides” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira, during rabi, 2020-21. The incidence of major lepidopteran pests with abiotic factors was recorded at an interval of 5 days beginning at 15 days after transplantion on 10 randomly selected hills. While for management, when the yellow stem borer and leaf folder infestation was observed to reach Economic Threshold Levels, pretreatment count was recorded one day prior to the application of treatments and post treatment data was taken at 1st , 3rd , 7th and 12th day after spraying from ten randomly selected hills. The data pertinent to the incidence revealed that the months of March and April were favorable for the occurrence of yellow stem borer and leaf folder in rice. The peak incidence of Scirpophaga incertulas (23.50% dead hearts) was observed during 12th standard week (third week of March) and multiple regression analysis (dead hearts) showed that the weather parameters altogether can cause variation upto 49.5 per cent (R2 = 0.495). The results from correlation analysis between weather parameters and yellow stem borer showed non siginificant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.315) and morning relative humidity (r = 0.222). Whereas minimum temperature (r = -0.179), evening relative humidity (r = -0.307) and rainfall (r = -0.313) showed non significant negative correlation. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between minimum temperature (r = 0.693), rainfall (r = 0.515) and per cent white ear head incidence. The peak incidence of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (24.56% leaf damage) was observed during 13th standard week (last week of March) and multiple regression analysis showed that abiotic factors were able to cause variation in the incidence of leaf folder to an extent of 36.7 per cent (R2 = 0.367). The correlation analysis between leaf folder and weather parameters revealed that, maximum temperature (r = 0.372), mimimum temperature (r = 0.042) and morning relative humidity (r = 0.059) showed non significant positive correlation where as evening relative humidity (r = -0.134) and rainfall (r = -0.324) showed non significant negative correlation. The studies on management of major lepidopteran pests with insecticides revealed that, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/l was most effective against yellow stem borer and leaf folder followed by Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 3.0 ml/l and Spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 1.5 ml/l. The highest B: C Ratio of 2.44: 1 was obtained under Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/l by recording a yield of 5940 kg ha-1 with 86.60 per cent increase in yield over untreated control (3183 kg ha-1).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON TAXONOMY, SEASONAL INCIDENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF SESAMUM (Sesamum indicum L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) DIVYA, PONNANGI; DHURUA, S.
    An experiment entitled “Studies on Taxonomy, Seasonal incidence and Management of Major Insect Pests of Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Naira, during rabi, 2020-2021. Collection, Identification and taxonomical description of major insect pests of Sesamum, to study the seasonal incidence of major insect pests on Sesamum and to evaluate the efficacy of certain insecticides against major insect pests on Sesamum were the objectives of the investigation. From the survey carried out in 3 mandals of Srikakulam district and in experimental plot, two major species of leafhoppers i.e., Hishimonus phycitis (Distant) and Orosius orientalis (Mastumura) were identified in large populations on Sesamum causing economical damage. The line diagrams of important male genitalia structures along with colour photographs were depicted in detail. Cheatotaxy of Antigastra catalaunalis larva was described. On prothorax Microscopic seta MXD1, dorsal setae D1 and D2 anterior dorsal setae XD1 and XD2 are distinct. On mesothorax dorsal setae D1 and D2 and microscopic setae MXD1 and MXD2 are distinct. Microscopic setae MV1, MV2 and MV3 are distinct. Third abdominal segment is with dorsal seta D1 positioned antero dorsally from D1. Sub dorsal setae SD1 and SD2 present above the spiracle. Lateral seta L1 present nearer to the spiracle. Subventral setae SV1 and SV2 are distinct. Crochets on abdominal prolegs are uniordinal mesoseries. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) adults are about 1 mm long, the males are slightly smaller than the female. The body and both pairs of wings are covered with a powdery, waxy secretion, body yellow, wings hyaline white to slightly yellowish in colour. Nymphs are flattened and oval in shape, yellow-white in colour and have two yellow spots and are scale like measuring 0.3-0.6 mm. The relation between abiotic factors and insect pests which were identified on Sesamum crop in experimental plot was studied using simple correlation and multiple regression analysis. The correlation data indicated that all three pests viz., leafhoppers (Hishimonus phycitis), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis) showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.623, 0.821, 0.729) and minimum temperature (r = 0.283, 0.120, 0.33) respectively. While, negatively correlated with morning RH (r = -0.183, -0.097, -0.436) and evening RH (r = -0.165, -0.182, -0.078) respectively and rainfall showed nonsignificant correlation (r = 0.0) with insect pests. The predicted mean pest population per plant was represented by using multiple regression analysis. Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.25 g/l was very efficient against both the sucking pest population i.e., leafhoppers (Hishimonus phycitis) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) recording 76.7% and 50.2% reduction in population over the control respectively. Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.25 g/l was also proved as good insecticide against Sesamum phyllody by recording lowest overall PDI of 5.66 after two sprays. Results also revealed that Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml/l was highly effective against Antigastra catalaunalis recording lowest larval population (1.30/plant) and lowest capsule damage (1.25%). Considering the yield and economics parameters Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.25 g/l was best treatment recording highest seed yield of 6.50 q/ha and highest B:C ratio (1: 4.7).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF COTTON PINK BOLLWORM, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (GELECHIIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) APPALA RAJU, ANNEPU; PRASADA RAO, G.M.V.
    The present study entitled “Monitoring and Management of Cotton Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera)” was carried out during 2018-19 and 2019- 20. The objectives are; to assess the incidence of pink bollworm in different cotton-growing regions of Andhra Pradesh, management of pink bollworm by mating disruption technique, assessment of the sources and carryover of PBW incidence during the offseason, studies on the screening F2 population of PBW for resistance alleles to Cry toxins, and molecular characterization of Andhra Pradesh Pink bollworm populations. The last two studies were done at Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR) Nagpur, Maharashtra. The insect was recovered from all the 12 sampled locations. Significant differences were observed across the mandals and among different survey dates. In 2018-19 the average damage to flowers was 14.64% for all the 12 mandals of three districts. However, the boll damage recorded was 52.27%, with an average of 0.84 larvae/boll. The per cent locule damage recorded was 31.50%. Likewise, in 2019-20, the average flower damage recorded was 16.38% and boll damage was 53.62% with 0.86 larvae/boll. The per cent locule damage recorded was 34.19%. Results obtained from the study of carryover mechanisms of pink bollworm in Andhra Pradesh revealed that in 2018-19, an average of 371.47 moths/trap/fortnight were trapped at ginning mills in the Guntur district. The fortnight interval catches ranged from 21.80 on 30th July to the maximum of 1237.80 on 30th March 2019. In 2019-20, an average of 466.0 moths/trap/fortnight were recovered. The fortnight interval catches ranged from 30 on 30th July to 1376 on 30th March 2020. The studies on the role of ginning waste in the carryover of the pest were conducted during the offseason. From the collected sample of 10 kg of ginning waste, the average number of live larvae, pupae, and double seeds were 63.57, 21.35, and 18.64 in 2019 and 70.35, 24.42, 20.78 in 2020. The average male and female moths xviii were 57.71 and 85.71 in 2019 and 60.71 and 95 in 2020. The damage was 1.5 and 1.8 per cent on mesta, whereas on bhendi it was 2.7 and 3.5 per cent. It is indicated that the alternate host plants of the Malvaceae family are supporting this pest only to a limited extent, and most of the pest population is carried through seed cotton in ginning mills. The frequency of Cry1Ac resistance alleles in PBW collected from Andhra Pradesh was estimated to be 0.082 with a 95% CI of 0.051 – 0.105, and the frequency of Cry2Ab resistance alleles was estimated to be 0.054 with a 95% CI of 0.029 – 0.077. We report a high frequency of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab resistance alleles in the field population collected from Andhra Pradesh. A < 3% probability of missing a resistance allele in 66 lines screened for Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab resistance. The descriptive statistics Haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd), Variance of Haplotype diversity, and Standard Deviation of Haplotype diversity were measured with DnaSP ver. 5.10.01 software in a phylogenetic study of P. gossypiella and found to be 0.853, 0.00283, and 0.053 respectively, suggesting that the entire population had a low degree of genetic diversity. The per cent mating disruption results revealed that the treated plot moth catches ranged from 0.2 to 10.2 per trap per week, and the average moth catch was 3.55 moths/trap/week. In the control plot, moth catches ranged from 2.2 to 89.6 per trap per week, and the average was 40.82 moths per trap per week. Per cent disruption ranged from 81.8 to 99.0, and mean disruption was 91.3% in 2018-19. Similarly, in 2019-20 the treated plot moth catches ranged from 0.6 to 26.8 per trap per week, and the average moth catch was 8.3 moths /trap/week. In control, plot moth catches ranged from 3.6 to 90.1 per trap per week, and the average was 51.9 moths per trap per week. Per cent disruption ranged from 70.3 to 96.8, and mean disruption was 84.1%.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF BLACKGRAM BASED SEMI-SYNTHETIC DIET FOR SPOTTED POD BORER, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) (CRAMBIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) AND ITS MANAGEMENT WITH BIOPESTICIDES
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) ANUSHA, NITTA; SAI RAM KUMAR, V.
    The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla during the period 2020-21 on ―Development and Standardization of Blackgram based Semi-Synthetic Diet for Spotted Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) and its Management with Biopesticides‖. To mass rear M. vitrata under laboratory conditions, a study was carried out to develop a blackgram based semi-synthetic diet (D-B). Comparison of several biological, reproductive and digestive parameters for three successive generations of M. vitrata reared on four different semi-synthetic diets viz., D-J, D-JR, D-NEW and blackgram based semi-synthetic diet (D-B) along with blackgram natural diet was successfully attempted. Larvae fed on blackgram based semi-synthetic diet (D-B) recorded the shortest developmental time (29.37 days), the highest food consumption (64.21 mg) and fecal production (20.83 mg) resulting in the maximum larval and pupal weights (48.46 and 47.11 mg, respectively). The insects fed on D-NEW and blackgram natural diet recorded the longest developmental period (32.90 and 34.48 days) with minimum larval weights (44.03 and 48.64 mg) and pupal weights (40.39 and 49.43 mg), respectively. The highest per cent pupation (82.53), adult emergence (78.22), larval (6.50) and pupal growth indices (12.86) were recorded on larvae fed with blackgram based semi synthetic diet (D-B). The highest sex ratio (1.81) and fecundity (43.94 eggs) were recorded on blackgram semi-synthetic diet (D-B). The highest Relative Consumption Rate (0.23 gg-1day-1), Relative Growth Rate (0.084 gg-1day1), Relative Metabolic Rate (0.073 gg-1day-1), Approximate Digestibility (67.49%) and Metabolic Costs (46.51%) lowest Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested Food (36.09%) and Efficiency of Conversion of Digested Food (53.49%) were recorded on blackgram semi-synthetic diet (D-B). xvi Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of native Bt isolates viz., 16, 49, 51, 52, 55, 493.A bioassay was carried out on third instar larvae of M. vitrata using a blackgram flower dip bioassay method and compared with a reference strain, HD-1. The mean per cent mortality of M. vitrata larvae with native Bt isolates ranged between 60.00 and 93.33 per cent. Among the seven treatments tested, Bt isolate HD-1 was found to be highly effective against third instar larvae with LC50 and LC90 values of 3.18 × 107 and 3.62 × 1011 CFU, respectively with LT50 and LT90 values of 108.15 and 168.84 hpi, respectively. Among the native Bt isolates the lethal action regarding LT50 was recorded by Bt isolate 493 followed by Bt isolates 16, 51, 52, 55 and 49 with 112.05, 117.96, 130.14, 134.33, 135.30 and 150.44 hpi, respectively and the LC50 of 1.53× 108, 3.64 × 108, 9.15 × 109, 3.09 × 1010,1.30 × 1010 and 5.57× 1010 CFU ml-1, respectively. Similarly, LT90 was recorded with 184.01, 206.15, 234.22, 239.71, 240.46, and 272.88hpi, respectively and the LC90 of 1.99× 1012, 9.05 × 1013, 2.32 × 1015, 9.24 × 1015, 5.39 × 1015, and 1.60 × 1017 CFU ml-1, respectively. Field efficiency of nine microbial bioinsecticides (Bt isolates16, 49, 51, 52, 55, 493, HD-1, Dipel, M. anisopliae) and spinosad 45 SC were evaluated against M. vitrata infesting blackgram during rabi season of 2021. The results revealed that spinosad 45 SC, Dipel, M. anisopliae, Bt isolate HD-1and Bt isolate 493 were found to be the most effective in reducing the larval population and also in per cent reduction of the bud, flower and pod damage of blackgram. The maximum increase of seed yield (166 kg) of blackgram over control was recorded in spinosad 45 SC. The next effective treatments were Dipel, M. anisopliae, Bt isolate HD-1and Bt isolate 493. The treatments of spinosad 45 SC and Dipel gave the highest ICBR of 1:7.24 and 1:6.75, respectively followed by M. anisopliae (1:6.24) Bt isolate HD-1 (1:5.62) and Bt isolate 493 (1:4.70). Thus, three sprays of microbial bioinsecticides, at the time of bud initiation, flowering and pod developmental growth stages were found efficacious on the field management of M. vitrata on blackgram with higher yields.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF INERT MINERALS AND BOTANICALS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PULSE BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) SATWIKA, MAHARAJ; MADHUMATHI, T.
    The present investigation on “Influence of inert minerals and botanicals on growth and survival rate of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)” was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2020-21. The effect of inert minerals and botanicals like diatomaceous earth, china clay, paddy husk ash, cow dung ash, coal ash, sand, alluvial soil, sweet flag powder, neem kernel powder, neem leaf powder and spinosad (insecticide check) against pulse beetle was studied. The bioassay of the inert minerals and botanicals was done on one day old adult beetles by jute cloth disc method and by mixing them with blackgram seeds. By jute cloth disc impregnation method, the lowest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for spinosad (0.25 and 2.52 mg cm-2) and diatomaceous earth (0.78 and 5.02 mg cm-2) at 3 DAT. The highest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for alluvial soil (12.25 and 38.18 mg cm-2). Among botanicals the lowest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for sweet flag powder (1.25 and 6.12 mg cm-2) and the highest for neem leaf powder (3.77 and 13.98 mg cm-2). By mixing with seed, the lowest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for spinosad (1.15 and 7.25 mg per 50 g) and diatomaceous earth (21 and 30 mg per 50 g) at 7 DAT. The highest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for alluvial soil (991 and 4020 mg per 50 g). Among the botanicals, the lowest LD50 and LD90 values were recorded for sweet flag powder (24 and 32 mg per 50 g) and the highest for neem leaf powder (396 and 797 mg per 50 g). Similarly, by jute cloth disc method and mixing with seed method at effective dose (LD90) the lowest LT50 was recorded for spinosad (29.40 and 33.16 h) and diatomaceous earth (32.77 and 35.02 h). The highest LT50 was recorded for alluvial soil (60.57 and 88.94 h). Among the botanicals, the lowest LT50 was recorded for sweet flag powder (36.55 and 40.68 h) and the highest for neem kernel powder (40.67 and 49.17 h). xiii The highest co-toxicity co-efficient of inert minerals in combination with spinosad by jute cloth disc method and mixing with seed method was recorded for diatomaceous earth (433.33 and 150, respectively). Among botanicals, the highest co-toxicity co-efficient was recorded for sweet flag powder (403.22 and 141.17, respectively). The influence of effective inert minerals and botanicals on growth and development of C. maculatus was tested at LD50 values in comparison with the spinosad and the untreated control in three replications by mixing with seed. The number of eggs laid were minimum (5.33 eggs) for 50 g blackgram seeds treated with spinosad and diatomaceous earth (12.00 eggs) followed by sweet flag powder (18.38 eggs) against 54.00 eggs in untreated control. There was no significant difference between treatments and untreated control w.r.t day of first adult emergence and mean development period of C. maculatus. The per cent adult emergence and growth index of C. maculatus in blackgram seeds treated with spinosad were 10.36% and 0.25, respectively and for diatomaceous earth were 21.06% and 0.54, respectively which were significantly the lowest values when compared to untreated control (86.03% and 2.68). The total number of adults emerged from the main sample was less in spinosad treated seeds (80.33 adults) followed by diatomaceous earth (135.33 adults) and sweet flag powder (249.07 adults) against untreated control (751.67 adults). The per cent seed damage was less (8.66%) and no weight loss was observed in spinosad treated seeds. Diatomaceous earth recorded less per cent seed damage and per cent weight loss (18.01 and 3.66%) followed by sweet flag powder (29.16 and 11.12%) as against control (79.33 and 21.10%). The seed viability and germination percentage was more in spinosad (92.11 and 92.11%) and diatomaceous earth (82.11 and 82.09%) followed by sweet flag powder (71.22 and 71.24%) treated seeds as against control (23.16 and 23.66%).
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FALL ARMYWORM Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) IN MAIZE”
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) ANITHA, NEETHIRAJAN; Sandhya Rani, C.
    The present research was carried out at NIPHM, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during the period 2020-21 on “Studies on biological control of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize”. The laboratory work was conducted at Center for Biological Control, NIPHM, Hyderabad to evaluate parasitation efficiency of egg parasitoids on FAW egg masses. Telenomus remus, Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma japonicum were subjected to parasitization on FAW egg mass as no-choice test. The parasitoid-host ratio was adjusted accordingly to 1: 10 (parasitoid adult: host eggs) to get effective parasitism. Among all egg parasitoids used, the per cent parasitization and per cent adult emergence was recorded the highest in T. remus with 87.17% and 91.36%, respectively. Among the sex ratio of all parasitoids emerged from parasitized FAW eggs, T. remus was recorded with the highest female recovery of 64%. It was noticed that T. remus was potential to parasitize more than one-layer of eggs in FAW egg mass uniformly. Whereas, Trichogramma spp. able to parasitize eggs in the outer most layer of egg mass. The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020-21 at NIPHM, Hyderabad on maize crop for management of S. frugiperda using EPF (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) and EPN (Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae) formulations as individual treatments and scheduled treatments (sprayed with EPF as first spray followed by EPN as second spray). Cumulative data obtained from this field study revealed that H. indica was found to be effective with the highest per cent reduction in larval population (84.32%) followed by S. carpocapsae (75.16%), M. anisopliae fb H. indica xiv (72.73%) and M. anisopliae fb S. carpocapsae (62.27%) treatments which were on par with each other. Among all the treatments, cumulative per cent larval reduction over control for two sprays recorded the lowest in B. bassiana (36.51%) treatment followed by M. anisopliae (51.15%) treatment. Whereas, the treatments imposed with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae individually during the first spray and followed by EPN during second spray recorded per cent larval reduction of 60.71-64.88% and 67.27-72.73%, respectively. The descending order of biopesticides efficacy against FAW damage (in terms of leaf damage severity rating) indicated as H. indica (1.84) > S. carpocapsae (2.10) > M. anisopliae fb H. indica (2.87) > M. anisopliae fb S. carpocapsae (2.94) > B. bassiana fb H. indica (2.99) > B. bassiana fb S. carpocapsae (3.07) > M. anisopliae (3.30) > B. bassiana (3.45). The descending order of biopesticide efficacy against FAW damage (in terms of cob damage severity rating) indicated as H. indica (1.10) > S. carpocapsae (1.17) > M. anisopliae fb H. indica (1.20) > B. bassiana fb H. indica (1.23) > M. anisopliae fb S. carpocapsae (1.33) > B. bassiana fb S. carpocapsae (1.37) > M. anisopliae (2.03) > B. bassiana (2.17). The H. indica treatment was found to be the effective by recording the highest per cent reduction in leaf damage of 38.29% and with the lowest severity rating for leaf damage (1.84) and cob damage (1.10). Among all the treatments, the highest yield was recorded with H. indica (3560 kg ha-1) accounting 87.36 per cent increase in yield over control. The ICBR (Incremental Cost-Benefit Ratio) was recorded with the highest benefit in M. anisopliae fb H. indica (1: 5.90) and H. indica (1: 5.82) treatments. Over the all parameters considered, H. indica was found to be effective and the next best treatment was M. anisopliae fb H. indica for the management of S. frugiperda
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON USE OF PESTICIDES IN CUCURBITS GROWING AREA OF NARAKODURU, GUNTUR DISTRICT
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) DEVI VARAPRASAD SAI, ANNEPU; SREENIVASA RAO, CHERUKURI
    The studies on the seasonal occurrence of insect pests on cucurbits, as well as the various practices followed by cucurbits growers on pesticide use and handling were conducted during 2020 at Narakoduru village. Studies on pesticide residues in cucurbit farm-gate samples collected from Narakoduru were carried out at National Institute of Plant Health Management (NIPHM), Hyderabad, Telangana. Seasonal occurrence of insect pests revealed that major insect pests that cause damage to cucurbits are Diaphania indica (cucumber moth) which reaches its peak incidence during the fourth week of September (39th SMW) with a mean population of 2.71 larvae per plant, Raphidopalpa foveicollis (red pumpkin beetle) which reaches its peak incidence during the first week of October (40th SMW) with a mean population of 0.88 beetles per plant, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Epilachna beetle) which reaches its peak incidence during the fourth week of October (43rd SMW) with a mean population of 0.56 beetles per plant, Bactrocera cucurbitae (fruit fly) which causes peak fruit damage during the fifth week of October (44th SMW) with a mean fruit damage of 55.87 per cent and Liriomyza trifolii (leaf miner) which reaches its peak incidence during third week of September (38th SMW) with a mean population of 13.93 mines per plant. Diaphania indica, Raphidopalpa foveicollis, and Epilachna vigintioctopunctata populations were present during the entire study period on all cucurbits, but their populations never crossed ETLs, while Bactrocera cucurbitae and Liriomyza trifolii populations are above ETLs in almost all weeks in most of the farmer’s fields. xvii Cucurbit farmers were using pesticides very frequently, at least one spray in a week, and most commonly used pesticides are bio-product (155), monocrotophos (94), chlorantraniliprole (92), emamectin benzoate (35), acephate (30) and acetamiprid (28), in which all farmers are mixing bio-product every time with a synthetic chemical pesticide. The frequent pesticide applications were due to severe incidence of Bactrocera cucurbitae and Liriomyza trifolii during the entire season, above ETLs during the most of period of the study. Majority of farmers are using recommended dose of chlorantraniliprole (59.7%) and emamectin benzoate (71.42%), while monocrotophos, acephate (53.33%), cyantraniliprole (33.3%) are sprayed at higher dosages. Majority of cucurbit farmers (86.7%) are not aware about the registered and recommended pesticides on cucurbits as per Insecticide Act, 1968, while only 6.6% are aware about ban of monocrotophos on vegetables. All cucurbit farmers consult pesticide dealers for recommendations where as few farmers i.e. young farmers consult agricultural officers in addition to the dealer. Most of the spray men (57%) do not use any kind of personal protection equipment while spraying, while 20% wear separate cloths with full sleeves covering the entire, 17% spray men are wear gloves and 6.7% keep the mask. The studies indicate that the cucurbit growers have inadequate knowledge and limited awareness on various practices to be followed while handling/using pesticides, and the knowledge levels have no correlation with education levels of the farmers. The use of non-recommended pesticides or at higher dosages led to occurrence of pesticide residues, and that was clearly evident that 20 samples out of 30 samples were detected with pesticide residues. However, in view of the common practice of following 4 days interval between spray and harvest, the residues were below MRLs, except in one sample of bitter gourd in which chlorantraniliprole residues crossed MRLs. Commonly found pesticide residues in various cucurbit vegetables were, chlorantraniliprole in bitter gourds, acephate in bottle gourd, myclobutanil and chlorantraniliprole in coccinia, and carbendazim in ridge gourd. Risk analysis studies for chlorantraniliprole and myclobutanil on coccinia and acephate on bottle gourd were conducted to propose MRLs, and MRLs of 0.2 mg kg-1, 0.5 mg kg-1 and 0.6 mg kg-1 were proposed for chlorantraniliprole, myclobutanil and acephate on cucurbits.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON SOIL MICRO FAUNA IN RICE GROWING AREAS OF GUNTUR, PRAKASAM AND KRISHNA DISTRICTS, ANDHRA PRADESH
    (guntur, 2022-08-10) HEMANTH, TARRA; RATNA KUMARI, B.
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of Insecticides on Soil Micro Fauna in Rice Growing Areas of Guntur, Prakasam and Krishna districts, Andhra Pradesh” was carried out during kharif 2020. The findings of the survey which is intended for pest management advisory has revealed that 25.93% of the farmers’ consulted progressive farmers, followed by Agriculture Extension Officer (AEO) (18.52%) and only 14.81% of the farmers’ approached input dealers, Village Agriculture Assistant (VAA) and Scientists of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK). According to 80-85% of the farmers, yellow stem borer and green leaf folder were the most predominant lepidopteran pests, while 60-65% of farmers reported the incidence of brown plant hopper and green leaf hopper. Maximum incidence of pests was noticed at tillering stage (100%), followed by boot leaf stage (92.59%) and panicle initiation stage (81.48%). Nearly 50 per cent of farmers initiated plant protection measures based on first appearance of pest and few of them (6.67%) followed the concept of economic threshold level (ETL). The frequently used insecticides for the management of the pests in rice were chlorantraniliprole, acephate, dinotefuran, flubendiamide, pymetrozine and thiamethoxam. Less than 11.11 per cent of farmers followed label claim on the container and 59.26 per cent of them were unaware of toxicity levels based on different coloured triangles on insecticide bottles. Only about 14.81 per cent of farmers used protective aids during spraying operation, while 51.85 per cent of them were aware of the effect of insecticides on soil microbes. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of collected soil samples from farmers’ fields estimated using spectrophotometer revealed that among three mandals of Guntur district, the highest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected after harvesting (80.58 μ g triphenyl formazan/g soil) from Ponnur and the lowest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected at panicle initiation stage (37.69 μ g TPF/g soil) from Karlapalem. In Prakasam district also, the highest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected after harvesting (149.18 μ g TPF/g soil) from Karamchedu mandal. Whereas, the lowest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected prior to xiv transplantation (60.22 μ g TPF/g soil) from Vetapalem mandal. In Krishna district, the highest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected prior to transplantation (108.29 μ g TPF/g soil) from Challapalle mandal and the lowest DHA was noticed in the soil sample collected at panicle initiation stage (68.29 μ g TPF/g soil) from Mopidevi mandal. DHA analysis in the insecticide treated soils in vitro revealed that application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at both recommended dose (RD) and double the recommended dose (DRD) had no inhibitory effect on soil microbes in both sandy clay loam and black clay soil up to 20 DAA. On the other hand, application of cartap hydrochloride 4 G at DRD had slight inhibitory effect on DHA up to 24 HAA with a value of 49.27 μ g TPF/g of sandy clay loam and 160.90 μ g TPF/g of black clay soil compared to control. However, application of imidacloprid 17.8 SL at both RD and DRD resulted in significant drop in the DHA of both the soils even up to 20 DAA. Dinotefuran 20 SG at both RD (51.16 μ g TPF/g soil) and DRD (43.05 μ g TPF/g soil) had inhibitory effect only up to 24 HAA in sandy clay loam soil. Inspite, in black clay soil, inhibitory effect was noticed only up to 24 HAA at recommended rates (147.54 μ g TPF/g) and even up to 10 DAA at DRD (125.54 μ g TPF/g soil). Pymetrozine 50 WG at RD had significant inhibitory effect on the DHA in both the soils (50.77 μ g TPF/g of sandy clay loam and 150.55 μ g TPF/g of black clay soil) compared to their controls up to 24 HAA. At DRD, significant inhibitory effect was noticed even up to 10 DAA and 20 DAA. Among all the treatments, chlorantraniliprole at RD was found to be the safest molecule and imidacloprid at DRD was found to inhibit DHA to a greater extent with mean value of 115.69, 136.37 and 163.60 μ g TPF/g of chlorantraniliprole treated soil and 61.37, 48.79 and 48.18 μ g TPF/g of imidacloprid treated soil at 24 HAA, 10 and 20 DAA, respectively. Enumeration of bacteria and fungi in the insecticide treated soils in vitro revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at both RD and DRD had no significant inhibitory effect on bacterial population in both the soils with mean value of 245.37 x 10-6 CFUs/g at RD and 242 x 10-6 CFUs/g at DRD. But the fungal population declined slightly in both the soils (28.33 x 10-4 CFUs/g in sandy clay loam and 36.33 x 10-4 CFUs/g in black clay soil) at DRD of chlorantraniliprole compared to control. Application of cartap hydrochloride 4 G at DRD had inhibitory effect on bacterial and fungal population in both the soils compared to control. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL at both recommended and DRD resulted in significant decline in bacterial and fungal populations in both the soils with a mean value of 146.50 x 10-6 bacterial CFUs/g soil and 19.83 x 10-4 fungal CFUs/g soil at DRD. On the other hand, application of dinotefuran 20 SG and pymetrozine 50 WG at both RD and DRD resulted in remarkable declination of both bacterial and fungal populations in both the soils compared to control.