Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP)

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND BORON ON POLLEN FERTILITY AND YIELD OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) UNDER WATER STRESS
(guntur, 2022-08-10) SAI ALEKHYA, M.; RAVI BABU, M.
The present investigation entitled “Physiological and Biochemical Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Boron on pollen fertility and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water stress” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during late kharif, 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with two main treatments i.e., M0 - no water stress and M1 – water stress and eight sub treatments viz., no spray (S0), 25 ppm of GA foliar spray (S1), 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids foliar spray (S2), 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S3), 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids foliar spray (S4), 25 ppm of GA + 2.5 ppm Boron foliar spray (S5), 0.01 mg of Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S6), 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron foliar spray (S7) with three replications. The results of the study revealed that, significant differences were observed among the main treatments, sub treatments and their interactions. Plant height decreased under water stress conditions, and the decrease was 11.4 per cent over the irrigated conditions. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron at flowering stage increased the plant height by 17.3 per cent over the control plants. Leaf water potential was decreased by two folds over the irrigated rice crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron helped to increase the leaf water potential of the rice crop. Higher membrane injury index was recorded by the water stress compared to irrigated conditions, indicating increased lipid peroxidation under water stress conditions. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron helped in minimizing the damage to cellular membranes by recording lesser membrane injury index values. In the present study, pollen characters viz., pollen fertility, percent pollen germination, protein content in pollen, total soluble sugars in pollen were adversely affected under water stress. Percent pollen germination, protein content in pollen, total xiii soluble sugars in pollen were reduced by 8.1, 48.8 and 69.6 per cent over the irrigated rice crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron exhibited superior performance in enhancing the pollen characters under water stress conditions. Proline content in leaves was increased by 91 per cent under water stress conditions over the irrigated crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01 mg Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron significantly increased the proline content in leaves by 28.6 per cent compared to untreated control plants. In the present study, the yield parameters viz., number of panicles m-2, length of the panicle, number of filled spikelets per panicle, sterility percentage, test weight and yield were decreased by 17.0, 8.5, 21.8, 36.3, 16.0 and 13.7 per cent, respectively, under water stress conditions over irrigated crop. Foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron increased the number of panicles m-2, length of the panicle, number of filled spikelets per panicle, sterility percentage, test weight and yield increased by 6.3, 14.7, 17.3, 50.8, 18.9 and 21.2 per cent respectively over the control under water stress conditions. Based on the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be concluded that the morpho-physiological, pollen characters, seed yield and its components were drastically reduced when the rice crop was exposed to water stress during flowering and anthesis stages, that reflected the reduction on the above parameters. Foliar spray of 25ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron improves the pollen characters, growth, yield and its components of rice crop under normal as well as water stress conditions. The use of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids +2.5 ppm of Boron at flowering and anthesis stages especially under water stress conditions could alleviate the negative effects of water stress on growth and yield of rice crop by improving the pollen characteristics of the crop and maintaining less membrane injury index, higher pollen germination percentage, protein content in pollen, total soluble sugars in pollen, proline content in leaves which helped the rice crop to ameliorate the adverse effects of water stress at flowering and anthesis stages. Hence, foliar spray of 25 ppm of GA + 0.01mg of Brassinosteroids + 2.5 ppm of Boron at 100 DAS at flowering stage in late sown rice crop to ameliorate the adverse effects of water stress.
Open Access
Influence of zinc nutrition on growth, thermotolerance and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(guntur, 2022-08-10) KARTHIK, MAMIDALA; JAYALALITHA, K.
The present investigation entitled “Influence of zinc nutrition on growth, thermotolerance and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2020 – 21. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main treatments i.e., three dates of chickpea sowing viz., normal sowing (sown on November 10th - (M1)), moderately delayed sowing (sown on November 30th - (M2)) and late sowing (December 20th - (M3)) to expose the crop to late sowing induced heat stress during flowering and pod formation stages, and four sub treatments viz., no zinc application (control – S0), foliar spray of ZnSO4. H2O @ 0.2 % (S1), Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % (S2) and ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % (S3) at pre flowering and pod formation stages in three replications. The results of the study revealed that, significant differences were observed among the main treatments, sub treatments and their interactions. Plant height decreased significantly under late sown conditions, and the decrease was 12.5 and 10.0 per cent in late sown and moderately delayed sown chickpea crops, respectively. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the plant height by 10.0 per cent, over the control plants. The late sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the plant height by 10.6 per cent, over no zinc application (M3S0). Late sown chickpea crop attained 50 % flowering and maturity by 9 days early over the normal sown crop, indicating accelerated flowering and maturity under heat stress condition in the present study. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages took significantly more number of days to 50 % maturity compared to control plants. Leaf area was reduced by 14.2 and 7.1 per cent, and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry matter was decreased by 30.0 and 21.8 per cent; 18.0 and 11.3 per cent; 27.0 and 18.6 per cent and 26.5 and 18.4 per cent in late sown and moderately delayed sown crops, respectively, over the normal sown crop. Among the zinc treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the leaf area by 14.0 per cent; leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total xiv dry matter by 15.8, 17.6, 26.3 and 21.8 per cent, over control plants. Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % spray came in the second order in increasing the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry matter by 9.1, 10.4, 11.8, 16.7 and 14.3 per cent, respectively, over control plants. Normal sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M1S3) recorded the highest values of above parameters and the lowest values were recorded by the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). Under late sown conditions, the chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total dry mater by 17.5, 12.2, 23.4, 22.0 and 21.5 per cent, respectively, over the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). Thermotolerance parameters such as MII, CSI, RWC and CTD varied significantly by different dates of sowing. Higher MII was recorded by the late sown crop compared to the normal sown crop, indicating increased lipid peroxidation under heat stress (late sown) conditions. Lesser CSI, RWC and CTD were recorded by the late sown chickpea crop compared to the normal sown crop. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages decreased the MII values and improved the CSI, RWC and CTD. under late sown conditions (heat stress conditions), foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) helped in minimizing the damage to the cellular membranes by recording lesser MII values, higher CSI, RWC and CTD compared to the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0), indicating the role of zinc in amelioration of heat stress especially under late sown conditions. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were decreased in the late sown chickpea crop by 12.3, 7.0 and 24.8 per cent, respectively, over the normal sown crop. ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray exhibited superior performance in enhancing net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 22.2, 12.3 and 40.7 per cent, respectively, over control plants. Late sown chickpea crop sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M3S3) increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 20.2, 9.7 and 40.0 per cent respectively, over untreated plants (M3S0). SOD activity was increased by 35.4 and 14.0 per cent in chickpea due to late sowing and moderately delayed sowing compared to normal sowing. Protein and zinc contents in seed were also reduced in the late sown chickpea crop. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages significantly increased the SOD activity, and protein and zinc contents in seed compared to the untreated plants. Late sown chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % (M3S3) recorded higher SOD activity, higher protein and zinc content in seed, over the crop without zinc application (M3S0). In late sown chickpea crop, the number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, test weight and seed yield were decreased by 14.1, 12.6, 5.5 and 17.6 per cent, respectively, over the normal sown crop. Among the zinc treatments, foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages increased the pods per plant, seeds per plant, test weight and seed yield by 17.3, 26.0, 3.4 and 42.6 per cent, over the untreated plants. Under normal sown conditions, the chickpea crop that was sprayed with ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % at pre flowering and pod formation stages (M1S3) recorded 21.1 per cent increase in seed yield over the crop without zinc xv application (M1S0), and 21.1 per cent increase over the late sown crop with zinc application (M3S3). Under late sown conditions, ZnSO4. 7H2O foliar spray @ 0.5 % (M3S3) increased the seed yield by 41.2 per cent, over the late sown crop without zinc application (M3S0). ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray to the late sown chickpea crop recorded higher harvest index compared to the crop without zinc application. According to the results obtained above, it can be concluded that the morpho- physiological, thermotolerance and photosynthetic parameters; seed yield and its components and quality parameters were drastically reduced in the late sown chickpea crop in the present study, indicating the exposure of the crop to heat stress under late sown conditions during flowering and pod formation stages, that reflected reduction on the above parameters. Foliar spray of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % could improve the growth, yield and its components of chickpea both under normal sown as well as late sown conditions. Zn-EDTA @ 0.3 % came in the second order in improving the above parameters. The use of ZnSO4. 7H2O @ 0.5 % foliar spray at pre flowering and pod formation stages especially under late sown conditions, could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on growth and yield of chickpea by improving the thermotolerance capacity of the crop in terms of maintaining lesser MII; higher CSI, RWC and CTD and higher activity of SOD, which helped the late sown chickpea crop from the adverse effects of heat stress from flowering to maturity.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE ON LODGING RESISTANCE, GROWTH AND YIELD IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(guntur, 2022-08-08) VENKATESH REDDY, K.; RAVI BABU, M.
An investigation entitled “Effect of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on lodging resistance, growth, and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at college farm, Agricultural college, Bapatla. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design which was replicated thrice to find out the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on morpho-physiological characters, growth, lodging, yield, and yield attributing characters. The nine treatments in each replication consisting of two different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at two different stages of crop growth (100 and 200 ppm paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at 35 DAT and panicle initiation stage) and a control. Results indicated a significant difference in morpho-physiological characteristics viz., plant height, culm thickness, culm strength, lodging percentage and number of effective tillers hill-1. A significant difference in biochemical parameter viz., the lignin content of the stem was observed. A significant difference was observed in yield and yield attributes viz., number of panicles m-2, number of filled spikelet panicle-1 and grain yield under different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride. Data on different parameters were collected at 30 days interval. Significantly higher morpho-physiological parameters, yield and yield attributes and lower lodging percentage were recorded with foliar application of 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage (T7) when compared to other treatments.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH, RE-MOBILISATION EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN FORTIFICATION IN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)
(guntur, 2022-08-08) MRUDULA, G.; SANDHYA RANI, P.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of zinc application on growth, re-mobilisation efficiency and grain fortification in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)” was conducted in two consecutive years during kharif, 2019 and 2020 at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replication and two varieties Vakula (V1) and Tirumala (V2) as main treatments; seven zinc treatments viz., Control (T1), 60-30-20 of NPK + FYM @ 10t ha-1 (T2), T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3), T2 + soil application of chelated zinc sulphate @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal (T4), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence stage (T5), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at grain filling stage (T6), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) as sub treatments. Crop response to different treatments was measured in terms of quantitative and qualitative indices viz., morphological, physiological, yield and its attributes, quality parameters of grain, zinc partitioning among plant parts and re-mobilization of zinc to grains. Between the varieties, Tirumala (V2) variety recorded higher quantitative and qualitative indices compared to Vakula (V1) variety. Among the sub-treatments, upto ear head emergence stage, T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3) recorded significantly higher growth parameters, followed by T2 + soil application of chelated zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal (T4). After ear head emergence stage, T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly highest growth, yield and quality parameters of finger xv millet. The interaction effects revealed that the dry matter production and growth parameters which represent sink activity viz., crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and sink capacity viz., leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW) and SCMR were higher in V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) during kharif, 2019 and 2020. The growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf area, total dry matter revealed that, V2T3 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3) recorded significantly highest growth upto ear head emergence stage. And thereafter V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly higher growth parameters compared to other interactions. The yield attributes viz., number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per plant, 1000 grain weight were significantly highest in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) compared to all other interaction effects. Highest grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were recorded in V2T7 treatment compared to all other interactions during both years of experiment. Among the interaction effects of grain quality parameters, V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly higher protein, iron, zinc and calcium content, followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) compared to other interactions. The contribution of zinc from different plant parts viz., root, stem, leaf and leaf sheath to grain was highest in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) and the least contribution was noticed by V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control i.e. no fertilizer and also no zinc (T1) during kharif, 2019 and 2020. Re-mobilization efficiency was higher in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) and least was recorded by V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control (T1). xvi The zinc use efficiency and root to shoot translocation index were lesser in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7). Whereas V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control (T1) recorded higher translocation compared to other interactions. The highest post harvest available soil zinc status was recorded with T3 i.e. T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal and T4 i.e. T2 + soil application of chelated zinc sulphate @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal with no significant difference between them. However, the available soil zinc status was low with control (T1). Based on the results obtained from the present study, it is evident that the variety Tirumala (V2) found effective for physiological efficiency, yield attributes, partitioning efficiency, quality, zinc fortification and grain quantity parameters compared to Vakula (V1). The soil application of T2 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T3) recorded increased growth parameters up to ear head emergence stage, However, T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stage (T7) proved to be the best with higher grain yield, partitioning of zinc to grain, re-mobilization efficiency and grain fortification.
Open Access
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) cv BPT-5204
(guntur, 2022-08-08) PAVITHRA, NUTHALAPATI; SREEKANTH, B.
An in vitro plant tissue culture experiment entitled “Physiological basis of somatic embryogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv BPT-5204” was carried out at Department of Crop Physiology and Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural college, Bapatla during 2019-2020 to study the effect of plant growth regulators, nitrogen sources and carbohydrate sources of culture media (MS) on callus induction and somatic embryogenesis from mature dehusked seeds of popular indica rice variety BPT-5204. The study was carried out in three sequential experiments each one adopting Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first experiment was conducted with four treatments replicated five times viz., Control (MS alone), MS +10 μM 2,4-D (MS 10D), MS + 10 μM 2,4-D + 2.5 μM kinetin (MS 10D2.5K), MS + 10 μM 2,4-D + 2.5 μM BAP (MS 10D2.5B) to determine the best plant growth regulator or plant growth regulator combination to induce and develop embryogenic callus. Among the four hormonal combinations, maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 95.33% was recorded in MS 10D medium and the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium was yellowish white, compact with embryogenic appearance. Starch, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar contents were higher in the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium while, the total sugar, proteins, total nitrogen and nitrate contents were lower in the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium. From the results obtained from the first experiment, MS 10D2.5K medium was selected as a control for the second experiment because the callus produced on MS 10D2.5K medium was compact with embryogenic appearance, with high starch content which possibly affected the texture of callus. The second experiment was conducted with five treatments replicated five times viz., control (MSP), MSP + 60 mM NO3- (MSP 60N), MSP + 60 mM NH4+ (MSP 60A), MSP + 20 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3- (MSP 20A:20N), MSP + 40 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3- (MSP 40A:20N) to determine the best nitrogen source or nitrogen concentration and combination to induce and develop embryogenic callus. Maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 86% and 83.33% was recorded in the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N xv and MSP media, respectively. However, compact and embryogenic callus with globular embryos were appeared on MSP 40A:20N medium. Starch, reducing sugar contents were higher while the total sugar, proteins and total nitrogen contents were lower in the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N where as nitrate content was lower in the callus produced on both MSP 40A:20N and MSP medium. Nitrite content was higher in the callus produced on the medium containing nitrate alone i.e., MSP 60N. From the results obtained from the second experiment, MSP 40A:20N medium was selected as control for the next experiment because the callus produced on MSP 40A:20N medium was compact with globular embryos on the surface and with high starch content. The third experiment was conducted with five treatments viz., MSPN (Control), MSPN M (MSPN Maltose), MSPN G (MSPN Glucose), MSPN F (MSPN Fructose), MSPN 1G:1F (MSPN 1:1 Glucose and Fructose). Maximum percentage of callus induction i.e., 89.78% and 87.78% were recorded in the media containing disaccharides as a carbon source MSPN M and MSPN, respectively. There were not much difference in the colour and appearance of the calli generated under different carbohydrate sources. All the treatments resulted in calli were yellow to off-white to white which on subculture developed into embryogenic callus with visible globular embryos on the surface. Starch content of the callus was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F media. Total sugar content was lower in the callus produced on MSPN M medium. Reducing sugar content was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M, MSPN F and MSPN 1G:1F. Non reducing sugar content was higher in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F. Protein, total nitrogen and ammonical nitrogen contents were lower in the callus produced on MSPN M medium. Nitrate content was lower in all the treatments viz., MSPN, MSPN M, MSPN 1G:1F and MSPN F. Nitrite content was lower in the callus produced on MSPN M and MSPN F media. Number of somatic embryos per explant were significantly higher in the callus produced on MSPN M while, it was lower in the callus produced on MSPN G medium. Based on the above results the modified MS medium i.e., MSP 40A : 20N along with 10 μM 2,4-D and 2.5 μM kinetin with maltose as a altered carbon source (MSPN M) may be used for the production of maximum number of somatic embryos per explant. This work can be extended to know the changes in the activities of enzymes of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism which invariably play a major role in the structural and metabolic development of somatic embryos in rice and further into the accumulation of embryogenesis specific proteins and other macro molecules

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP)

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