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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access CROP RESIDUE AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN PULSE-MAIZE SEQUENCE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) PADMA, S; SREE REKHA, MA field study on “Crop residue and nitrogen management in pulsemaize sequence” was conducted over two years (2017-18 and 2018-19) on clay soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental trial was conducted in split-split plot design, replicated thrice with P1-cowpea, P2blackgram, P3-greengram and P4-fallow as four main plots during kharif season. The main plots were divided into three subplots after the harvest of pulses viz., R1-residue retained, R2-residue incorporated and R3-residue removed. Each residue management sub plots were further subdivided into sub-sub plots with four nitrogen levels to maize i.e., N1-75% RDN, N2-100% RDN, N3-125% RDN and N4-150% RDN. Among pulses cowpea produced higher seed and haulm yields during the two years trial when compared to blackgram and greengram. The soil microbial count enhanced in the plots where pulses were included and the higher values were with cowpea. The undecomposed crop residue by litter bag method was lesser for blackgram and greengram as compared to cowpea and fallow. Residue retained plots had greater undecomposed matter than residue incorporated plots. The plant height at various stages of plant growth from 30 DAS till harvest for rabi maize was remarkably higher with preceding cowpea than blackgram-maize, greengram-maize sequence and fallow-maize plots. However, the plant height during 2018-19 at 90DAS and at harvest for rabi maize remained comparable for preceded cowpea and greengram. Dry matter accumulation was not affected by preceding pulses. The plant height and drymatter accumulation were enhanced in residue retention plots and remained xvi comparable with residue incorporated plots. Nitrogen @150% RDN has resulted marked increase in growth characters i.e plant height and drymatter accumulation. The interaction effect of preceding pulses and nitrogen levels has significant on drymatter at harvest during 2017-18. Days to 50% tasseling and days to 50% silking were not influenced by preceding pulses and residue management while 150% nitrogen resulted in earlier tasseling and silking. Leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) was higher in maize preceded with cowpea, residue retained and 150% nitrogen at 50% tasseling and 50% silking during both the years of study. Cob length, number of kernel rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1, number of kernels cob-1, kernel weight cob-1 and 100- kernel weight of rabi maize were enhanced in cowpea as preceding crop and remained comparable with blackgram-maize and greengram-maize sequence than fallow-maize. Residue retention plots had higher values for all yield attributing characters and remained comparable with residue incorporated plots. Incremental enhancement in nitrogen resulted in remarkably increased values of yield attributing characters among which 150% RDN proved its significant and superior over other levels during both the years of study. Shelling percentage was not affected by preceding pulses, residue management and nitrogen levels. Kernel and stover yields of maize were markedly enhanced with preceding cowpea, residue retained plots and nitrogen @ 150%. Interaction for pulses (P) and nitrogen levels (N) during 2017-18 and interaction for residue management (R) and nitrogen levels (N) were found to be significant during 2018-19 for kernel yield of maize. The nitrogen content was influenced by nitrogen levels but not by preceding pulses and residue management. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by both kernel and stover along with total uptake were higher in maize preceding with cowpea, residue retained plots and nitrogen @ 150% RDN. Soil available N, P2O5 and K2O were higher in preceding pulse crops, residue retained and incorporated plots. Increased nitrogen levels (150% RDN) had higher values of post harvest soil available N, P2O5 and K2O during both the years of study. The total maize equivalent yield was higher in preceding blackgram during 2017-18 while it was with preceding greengram during 2018-19. 150% RDN with residue retention had higher values of total maize equivalent yield. The higher gross return, BCR, net return and return per rupee investment were noticed with cowpea-maize sequence wherein residue retained plots with nitrogen application @ 150% RDN to maize. From the above, it can be inferred that maize with preceding cowpea residue retention can be adopted in Krishna agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh for higher profitability along with nitrogen @150% RDN to maize.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF RICE-SORGHUM CROPPING SEQUENCE TO PREVAILING WEATHER AND NITROGEN LEVELS(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) VIBHAJAM SAGAL KIRAN, B; RADHA KRISHNA MURTHY, VA field experiment entitled “Response of rice sorghum cropping sequence to prevailing weather and nitrogen levels” was conducted for two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) on clay loam soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium to high in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The kharif experiments on rice consisted of three varieties viz., NLR145(V1), BPT-5204(V2) and NLR-34449(V3); as main plot treatments. Four nitrogen levels to rice viz., 60 kg N ha-1 (N1), 80 kg N ha-1 (N2), 100 kg N ha-1 (N3) and 120 kg N ha-1 (N4) as sub plot treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications in a split plot design for kharif seasons. The rice crop was sown as direct seeded rice. The kharif imposed treatments were evaluated rabi seasons with RBD design in both the years of study on sorghum grown as sequence. Data collected on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake of rice and economic returns were subjected to statistical analysis which indicated that all the characters studied were significantly higher with the rice variety BPT-5204 with the application of 120 kg N ha-1. Whereas, significantly lower values were observed with rice variety NLR-34449 with application of 60 kg N ha-1 during both the years of study and in pooled data. xxiv A significant interaction between varieties and levels of nitrogen in rice was observed for drymatter accumulation at 90DAS during both the years, number of panicles m-2 during 1st year of study and grain yield during both the years with the treatmental combination of variety BPT-5204 and 120 kg N ha-1 and significantly superior to other treatmental combinations. Higher values of all weather health indices/climatic normals viz., GDD, HTU, PTU, TPR, HUE, HtUE, PtUE, PTI and RUE were recorded with variety BPT-5204(V1) followed by NLR-145 and NLR-34449 during both the years of study. Among the nitrogen levels, application of 120 kg N ha-1 recorded the optimum values of all weather health indices during both the years of study. The influence of weather health indices was found to be optimum to produce highest yields. Significant linear relationship was observed for drymatter and grain yield of all the three varieties and four nitrogen levels tested with weather health indices viz., GDD, HTU, PTU, TPR, HUE, HtUE, PtUE, and PTI during both the years of study. These regression equations could be applied to predict rice growth and yield using daily information on temperature, photoperiod, day length and sunshine hours during the crop season, to predict rice yields grown under different N levels. Significant and negative correlation was observed with the rice grain yield and micrometeorological parameters viz., canopy air temperature, canopy temperature and soil temperature for both the years of study and regression equations could be applied to predict rice yields under different nitrogen levels Growth parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, stover yield, nitrogen uptake and economic returns of zero till sorghum were influenced significantly by sorghum crop sown after the harvest of rice variety NLR-34449 and was on par with the variety NLR-145 and among the residual effect of nitrogen levels indicated that 120 kg N ha-1 resulted significantly superior over to residual treatments. The availability of N, P and K status after harvest of sorghum decreased due to high uptake of nutrients during both the years of study. The rice crop in both the years experienced 27.10C- 32.20C and 1 to 6 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during vegetative stages; 26.60C-29.80C and 1 to 6 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during reproductive phase and 22.40C26.30C and 4 to 6 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during maturity phases. The sorghum crop in both the years experienced 21.80C- 23.70C and 4 to 7 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during vegetative stages, 22.80C-28.10C and 6 to 8 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during reproductive phase and 27.60C-29.30C and 8 to 9 hrs day-1 bright sunshine hours during maturity phases. These are found to be most congenial and optimum for rice–sorghum crop sequence. The production potential was higher in rice-sorghum cropping sequence under the above weather conditions with early date of sorghum sowing and 120 kg N ha-1 residual nitrogen. xxv Path coefficient analysis indicated that there is a direct and indirect effects of morphological parameters on grain yield of rice varieties. Step down regression analysis indicated significant relation for high yields of three rice varieties with maximum temperature at vegetative stage, relative humidity in the morning at maturity, relative humidity in the evening at vegetative stage, sunshine hours at reproductive stage and rainfall at reproductive and maturity. These are: Y = -70894.95+610.29(RH13)+358.19(RH21)-28.43(RF2) for NLR-145 Y = -456495.33-8517.20(MAT1)+9233.55(RH11)+20.87(RF3) for BPT-5204 Y = 73989.44-1866.96(MAT1)-1214.78(SSH2)-19.41(RF3) for NLR-34449ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF CROP GEOMETRY AND NITROGEN LEVELS FOR COMPACT COTTON GENOTYPE (Gossypium hirsutum L.) IN RAINFED VERTISOLS(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) BIXAPATHI, BANOTH; BHARATHI, SA field experiment was conducted on clay soils of Regional Agricultural Research Station Lam, Guntur to study “Standardization of crop geometry and nitrogen levels for compact cotton genotype (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in rainfed vertisols” during the year 2018 – 2019 under rainfed condition. The treatments consisted of three crop geometries S1 - 60cm × 10cm, S2- 75cm × 10cm, S3- 90cm × 45cm in combination with four nitrogen levels N1- 45kg N ha-1, N2- 90kg N ha-1, N3- 135kg N ha-1, N4- 180kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with factorial concept and replicated thrice. Taller plants and maximum drymatter accumulation, functional leaves per square meter and leaf area index were recorded with closer crop geometry of 60cm × 10cm. However, number of sympodial branches per plant and sympodial length was highest with wider crop geometry 90cm × 45cm. All the growth parameters recorded maximum with application of 180Kg N ha-1 than all the other levels of nitrogen tested. The crop geometry 60cm x 10cm recorded in maximum SCMR values and was significantly superior over rest of the crop geometry tested. Application of nitrogen 180Kg N ha-1 recorded maximum SCMR values. Number of bolls per square meter and seed cotton yield per ha-1 were recorded maximum with closer crop geometry of 60cm × 10cm. The number of bolls per square meter and boll weight were more with application of 180kg N ha-1. The maximum seed cotton yield was recorded with application of 135kg N ha-1 and was on a par with 180kg N ha-1. The maximum uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were recorded with closer crop geometry of 60cm × 10cm and with application of 180 kg N ha-1 followed by 135 kg N ha-1 than other crop geometry and nitrogen levels tested. The maximum gross returns, net returns and return per rupee investment were obtained at closer crop geometry of 60cm × 10cm than all the other crop geometry tested. The highest net return and return per rupee investment recorded with nitrogen level of 135kg N ha-1, and was on par with 180 kg N ha-1. Overall, the results showed that the spacing of 60cm × 10cm was found to be optimum to realize higher growth, seed cotton yield and net returns under high density planting system in the variety LHDP1. Increase in nitrogen application from 45kg N ha-1 to 180kg N ha-1 recorded higher growth and seed cotton yield and net returns. Application of 135kg N ha-1 was optimum for production of maximum seed cotton yield and net returns.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MANURES IN COMBINATION WITH BIOFERTILIZER CONSORTIUM ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF RICE FALLOW SORGHUM(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) SREENIVASA REDDY, KADAPA; PULLA RAO, ChA field experiment entitled “Effect of manures in combination with biofertilizer consortium on yield and quality of rice fallow sorghum” was conducted on clay loam soil of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2018-19. The treatments consisted of T1: Control, T2: 100% Recommended dose of fertilizers, T3: 50% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium, T4: 75% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium, T5: 100% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium, T6: 125% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium, T7: Biofertilizer consortium. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice with seven treatments. The results indicated that increased levels of fertilizer doses along with biofertilizer consortium significantly increased the plant height, drymatter production at all growth stages of sorghum under rice fallows. The plant height increased with advancement in the age of the crop. Application of 125% RDF +Biofertilizer consortium (T6) recorded the highest plant height (216.1 cm) and drymatter production (12453 kg ha-1) consistently at 30, 60, 90 and harvest stages. Days to 50% flowering and maturity were non-significantly recorded with increasing levels of inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizer consortium. Control (T1) recorded maximum number of days to 50% flowering (65) whereas minimum number of days (62) to 50% flowering was recorded with (T6) treatment (125% RDF + Biofertilizer consortium). The control (T1) treatment took less number of days (99) to reach maturity and (T6) treatment took maximum days (102) followed by T5 (100% RDF + Biofertilizer consortium). xv All the yield attributes viz., number of earheads m-2, length of ear head (cm), number of filled grains per earhead and test weight (g/1000 grains) were significantly influenced by combined application of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers. Highest number of earheads m-2 (14.5) and maximum length of earhead (33.2 cm) were recorded with T6 treatment (125% RDF + Biofertilizer consortium) which was on par with T5 treatment. The highest test weight value (26.3 g) was observed with T6 followed by T5 (25.8 g). However, lower test weight (24.6) of sorghum was noticed with the control (T1). Grain and straw yields of sorghum differed significantly with varying levels of Inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizer consortium. The maximum grain yield (4135 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7524 kg ha-1) were recorded with the T6 treatment (125% RDF +Biofertilizer consortium ) but it remained on par with 100% RDF + Biofertilizer consortium (T5) treatment (3918 kg ha-1) and 100% RDF (T2) treatment (3854 kg ha-1). The lowest grain yield (2880 kg ha-1) and stover yield (5529 kg ha-1) were recorded in control. Percent increase in the grain yield due to the treatments T6, T5 and T2 were 43.5, 36, 33.8 observed respectively over control. The magnitude of increase in stover yield with T6, T5 and T2 were 36.0, 30.3 and 28.9 percent respectively increase over control (T1). The highest value of harvest index (35.5%) was recorded with T6 during the study which was followed by T5 (35.3%) while treatment T1 (control) recorded the lowest harvest index of (34.2%). The results of bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes populations were significantly influenced with application of inorganic and biofertilizer consortium. An increase in bacterial, fungal, actinomycetes population was observed at harvest compared to initial population of the experimental soil. The maximum bacterial population (88.3) was observed with (T6) treatment followed by (T5) treatment (79.7X106 CFU g-1 soil). Fungal population of (8.2) at harvest was noticed in the treatment (T6) while, the minimum population of (3.5X104CFU g-1 soil) recorded with control. Increase in the population of actinomycetes at harvest in (T6) treatment (57.3) and the lowest population (28.9X104 CFU g-1 soil) was recorded with control (T1) treatment. Maximum protein content (9.1%) in grain was recorded by T6 treatment (125% RDF+ Biofertilizers consortium) which was followed by 100% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium i.e T5 (8.7%) treatment. Nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were increased with the combined application of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizer consortium. The treatment (T6) 125% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium recorded the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content and uptake by the grain and straw which was on par with T5 treatment. xvi Post harvest available soil N,P and K status in the soil with treatment (T6) have shown highest available nutrients 242.8, 90.0, 446.2 kg N, P and K ha-1. The highest gross returns (Rs.1000927 ha-1), net returns (Rs.67371 ha-1) and returns per rupee were obtained with application of 125% RDF+ Biofertilizers consortium (T6) treatment. Further, control treatment (T1) recorded lowest gross returns (Rs. 70452 ha-1) and net returns (Rs. 42702 ha-1). Higher returns per rupee investment (2.01) were obtained with the application of (T6) and followed by T5 (1.95) and T2 treatments (1.93). From overall results manifested that, addition of inorganics in combination with biofertilizer consortium proved to be more efficient in improving the microbial population and soil health. Application of 125% RDF+ Biofertilizer consortium in sorghum under rice fallows recorded higher growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yields higher returns per rupee investment of sorghum.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS IN RICE - RAGI SEQUENCE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) KIRAN KUMAR, SINGUPURAPU; PULLA RAO, ChA field experiment entitled “Nutrient Management Interventions in Rice- Ragi Sequence” was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 on sandy loam soil of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The seven treatments consisted of T1 : 100% RDF (100-60-40 kg N-P-K ha-1) ; T2: 100% RDF+ Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 ; T3: 125% RDF+ Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1; T4: 75% RDF+ Poultry manure @ 0.82 t ha1 + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1; T5: 75% RDF+ FYM @ 5.0 t ha-1 + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1; T6: 50% RDF+ Poultry manure @1.6 t ha-1+ Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50kg ha-1 and T7: 50% RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha-1+ Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and replicated thrice during kharif rice and in rabi each kharif treatment was sub divided into four sub treatments and hence, The split plot design was adopted in rabi. Total No. of plots per each replication in the rabi was 28 (7x4= 28). The results indicated that, increased levels of organic and inorganics had a significant influence on increased plant height and drymatter production. Application of 50 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest plant height and drymatter production consistently at 30 DAT, 60 DAT, 90 DAT and harvest stages of kharif rice. During rabi ragi, the residual fertility and fertiliser levels had a significant influence on the plant height during both the years of study. Among the fertilizer levels S2 (100% RDF) recorded highest plant height and drymatter production of ragi in the both the years of study and in pooled data. xx Number of tillers m-2 differed significantly among the treatments. The highest number of tillers m-2 at all the growth stages of both the crops (kharif rice and rabi ragi) were recorded with 50 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 +ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 in kharif and 100 % RDF in rabi respectively. No. of leaves, chlorophyll content and LAI of rice at different phenophases were highest with the application of 125 % RDF along with 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 All the yield attributes viz., number of productive tillers m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, test weight (g/1000 grain), spikelet sterility, grain, straw yield and harvest index were significantly influenced by different treatments. Highest number of productive tillers m-2, total number of filled grains panicle-1, grain, straw yield with T7 treatment. Significantly highest test weight was recorded with T7 treatment. However, this was remained on par with T3. All the quality parameters, cooking quality and milling quality of rice did not differ significantly among the treatments in rice during both the years of study. Nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc have increased significantly with the fertility levels and organics. 50 % RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc contents at different growth stages and in grain and straw of rice. Post harvest available soil N, P, K and zinc status in the soil was recorded higher with the treatments received both organics and inorganics. The highest gross returns and net returns were recorded due to the application of 50 % RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha -1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1. Among all the treatments, highest returns per rupee investment was also obtained with the application of 50 % RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha -1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T7). Lowest bulk density after harvest of the rice crop was recorded with all the organic manured plots. However, all the seven treatments were remained on par with one and another. In rabi ragi, all the growth parameters like plant height, No. of tillers and drymatter production at different growth stages were recorded the highest in the sub treatment, S2 which received 100 % RDF. Yield attributes and yield of ragi was also followed similar trend during both the years of study and all these parameters were recorded significantly the highest with 100 % RDF (S2) over the rest treatments. The sub treatments S3 (75 % RDF) and S4 (50 % RDF) were remained on par with each other. Nutrient content and uptake of N,P,K and Zn by ragi crop at all the growth stages including grain and straw were found to be significantly superior with 100 % RDF (S2) to the rest of the treatments. xxi Highest gross returns, net returns and returns per rupee invested were obtained with T7S2 which received 50 % RDF+ FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 as residual treatment and 100% RDF as fertilizer level to the succeeding ragi under no-till condition. From the above, it can be concluded that application of application of 50% RDF through inorganic fertilizer + FYM @10 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 closely followed by 125% RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded higher growth, yield parameters, grain and straw yields and nutrient uptake of kharif rice in both the years of study. While, fertilizer levels in rabi ragi, 100 % RDF (30-30-20 kg NPK ha1) was recorded higher growth, yield parameters, grain and straw yields, nutrient uptake and more economical during the both the years of experimentation and in pooled data as well.ThesisItem Open Access SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN PEARL MILLET-PULSE SEQUENCE(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SOWJANYA, ALETI; PULLA RAO, ChA field experiment entitled “System Productivity and Phosphorus Management in Pearl millet-Pulse Sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) on clay soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The soil of the experimental field was clay, neutral in reaction, medium in organic C content, low in available N, medium in available P and high in K. The experiment consisted of seven phosphorus management treatments viz., T1; control (no phosphorous), T2; 50 % Recommended dose of Phosphorus (RDP), T3; 75 % Recommended dose of Phosphorus, T4; 100% Recommended dose of Phosphorus (30 kg ha-1), T5; 50 % Recommended dose of Phosphorus + Seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer @ 200 g per 10 kg seed, T6; 75 % Recommended dose of Phosphorus + Seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer @ 200 g per 10 kg seed, T7; 100% Recommended dose of Phosphorus + Seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer @ 200 g per 10 kg seed and these treatments were imposed to pearl millet.during kharif while in rabi, each of the kharif treatmental plot was subdivided into three plots to accommodate three different pulses viz., blackgram, greengram and chickpea. Thus, for rabi season study, residual phosphorus management practices were considered as main plot treatments and the three pulse crops as sub plot treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications with Randomized block design for kharif season and Spit-plot design for rabi season in both the years of study. The cultivars tested for pearl millet, blackgram, greengram and chickpea were Rana, LBG-752, IPM 2-14 and JG-11, respectively. The influence of different phosphorus management practices combined with PSB exhibited significant influence on all growth characters of pearl millet viz., plant height, dry matter production, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR and yield attributes and yield of pearl millet with similar trend in the both years of study. SPAD chlorophyll meter values, test weight and harvest index were not significantly different. xviii Application of 100 % RDP + seed inoculation with PSB (T7) produced the taller plants, maximum drymatter production, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR at all growth stages but with regards to LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR were irrespective of treatment, increased upto 60 DAS and thereafter decreased. The highest number of productive tillers and earhead length were also followed similar trend as that of growth parameters. The treatment T7 was statistically comparable to T4 (100 % RDP) in all growth and yield attributing parameters of pearl millet. Significantly the highest yield (grain and stover) of pearl millet and also higher nutrient uptake (NPK) was obtained with T7 (100 % RDP + seed inoculation with PSB) and T4 (100 % RDP) and both were found to be on par with each other during both years of study, followed by T6 (75 % RDP + seed inoculation with PSB), which was at par with T4 .The lowest was observed with control (T1). Maximum available post harvest nutrient status (NPK), higher microbial population (total bacteria, fungal and rhizobium) counts per gram of soil and net returns were recorded with 100 % RDP+ seed inoculation with PSB (T7) and closely followed by T4 (100 % RDP). Plant height, drymatter production, yield parameters and yield of rabi pulses were significantly influenced due to residual phosphorus management practices which were imposed to kharif pearl millet. Among the different treatments, the treatment which received 100 % RDP + seed inoculation with PSB (M7) had maximum residual affect on rabi pulses which was recorded the significantly higher growth, yield attributes and yield of pulses and it was comparable to 100 % RDP (M4). Where as, in among three pulses, highest growth attributes were produced by green gram, but chickpea had produced maximum yield followed by greengram. The maximum nutrient (NPK) uptake, post harvest soil nutrient status and microbial populations were registered with the residual effect of P supplied with 100 % RDP + seed inoculation with PSB and 100 % RDP. While, the significantly lowest observations were observed with control (M1- no phosphorus). Among the three crops, chickpea had recorded the maximum uptake in grain, while maximum uptake of haulm was obtained by greengram, where as, blackgram left the maximum soil fertility status at higher level than other remaining two crops. Similarly, the higher microbial populations were recorded after harvest greengram which closely followed by blackgram and chickpea. Significantly the highest returns, returns per rupee investment and pearl millet equivalent yields (PMEY) were recorded with maximum residual P affect of 100 % RDP+ PSB (M7) followed by 100 % RDP (M4) . Among the three crops, chickpea had produced maximum returns and PMEY closely followed by greengram. From the two years study, it can be concluded that application of 100 % RDP along with seed inoculation with PSB had recorded maximum direct effect on pearl millet and also residual effect on rabi pulses and it was statistically at par with 100% RDP. Among the three cropping systems studied, pearl millet- chickpea was found to be more productive and economical cropping systems which was closely followed by pearl millet-greengram.ThesisItem Open Access PHOSPHORUS AND SULPHUR MANAGEMENT IN SUNFLOWER(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) FARHAT KOUSAR, MOHAMMAD; VISALAKSHI DEVI, P.AA field experiment entitled “Phosphorus and sulphur management in sunflower” was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, during rabi, 2018. The experimental soil was neutral in reaction, non-saline, medium in organic carbon, available N, available P2O5, available K2O and deficient in sulphur. The soil was sufficient in all the cationic micronutrients except zinc and manganese. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept replicated thrice with ten treatments. The treatments comprising of three levels each of phosphorus (45, 90 and 135 kg P2O5 ha-1) and three levels of sulphur (10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1) with a single control. A uniform dose of 75 kg N and 30 kg K2O ha-1 was applied through urea and muriate of potash as basal dose to all the plots. Phosphorus and sulphur were applied through di-ammonium phosphate and elemental sulphur as per required P and S levels. Nitrogen was applied through urea, after deducting the nitrogen supplied through di-ammonium phosphate. Phosphorus, potassium and sulphur were applied as basal dose while nitrogen was applied in two splits i.e., one as basal and other at flowering stage. The influence of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient content, uptake and soil properties (physicochemical properties and available nutrient status) were determined by standard procedures at different stages. The growth parameters viz., plant height, dry matter accumulation and chlorophyll content were significantly influenced by phosphorus and sulphur levels but there was no significant interaction among different phosphorus and sulphur levels at all the growth stages. Significant improvement in growth parameters were recorded xvi with application of 135 kg P2O5 ha-1 over 0 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 but was on par with 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 while, application of 30 kg S ha-1 showed significant improvement on growth parameters over 0, 10 and 20 kg S ha-1. The yield attributes (head diameter and filled seeds) and yield (seed and stover yield) increased upto the highest levels of phosphorus but were significant only upto 90 kg P2O5 ha-1. With regard to sulphur levels application of 30 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher yield attributes and yield. The treatment application of 135 kg P2O5 ha-1 being on par with 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher oil content and yield over 0 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1. With respect to sulphur levels, the highest oil content and yield were obtained with application of 30 kg S ha-1. Nutrient content and uptake of N, P, K and S was significantly higher with application of 135 kg P2O5 ha-1 over 0 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 but was on par with 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 whereas, the application of 30 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher nutrient content over 0, 10 and 20 kg S ha-1. The micronutrient content (viz., Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) and uptake was not significantly influenced by phosphorus levels but showed significant improvement with sulphur levels. The soil properties viz., pH, EC, available N, K and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) were not significantly influenced by different phosphorus and sulphur levels but showed significant influence on phosphorus and sulphur status in soil with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 30 kg S ha-1. Overall, the study indicated that application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 30 kg S ha-1 was significantly superior in plant growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, plant nutrient content, uptake and soil available phosphorus and sulphur in sunflower.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF HYBRID PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L.) TO NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SAI KUMARI, GORLA; VENKATA RAO, PA field experiment entitled “Response of hybrid pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) to nitrogen and phosphorus” was conducted on clay soils at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam farm during kharif, 2018-19 under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept and replicated thrice. The treatment combinations comprised of four nitrogen levels (N1 : 20 kg ha-1, N2 : 40 kg ha-1, N3 : 60 kg ha-1 & N4 : 80 kg ha-1) and three phosphorus (P2O5) levels (P1 : 50 kg ha-1, P2 : 75 kg ha-1 and P3 : 100 kg ha-1). The results of the investigation revealed that, the plant growth parameters (plant height, drymatter accumulation and number of branches plant-1) were significantly influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus but not their interaction. Plant height (40.5 cm, 135.3 cm and 232.4 cm), drymatter accumulation (81 kg ha-1, 3816 kg ha-1 and 7347 kg ha-1) and number of primary and secondary branches plant-1 (14.2 and 39.0) were registered higher with higher level of nitrogen (80 kg ha-1) at all the growth stages (45 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest, respectively. Similarly, higher values of plant height (39.7 cm, 134.3 cm and 230.6 cm), drymatter accumulation (78 kg ha-1, 3642 kg ha-1 and 7213 kg ha-1) and branches plant-1 (13.6, 37.1) were recorded with higher dose of phosphorus (100 kg ha-1) at 45 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest, respectively. Higher nodule count in hybrid pigeonpea was observed with higher levels of nitrogen (7.2 and 21.6) and phosphorus (7.0 and 20.8) at 45 DAS and 90 DAS, respectively Maximum number of pods plant-1 was recorded with 80 kg N ha-1 (711) which was on par with 60 kg N ha-1 (682). Among the phosphorus levels, highest number of pods plant-1 (678) were registered with phosphorus level of 100 kg ha-1 xv which was statistically on par with 75 kg ha-1 (629). Pod length and seeds pod-1 could not reach the level of significance. It was observed that the nitrogen and phosphorus levels could not show any influence on 100 seed weight significantly. The maximum seed yield (1911 kg ha-1) was registered with 80 kg N ha-1 and it was statistically on par with 60 kg N ha-1 (1900 kg ha-1) and the lowest yield was obtained with lowest level of 20 kg N ha-1. Similarly, with highest level of phosphorus (100 kg ha-1) maximum seed yield of 1880 kg ha-1 was noticed when compared with 75 kg ha-1 (1833 kg ha-1). Similarly, stalk yield was registered maximum with 80 kg N ha-1 (6245 kg ha-1) and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (6130 kg ha-1). These were significantly superior over their lower levels of nitrogen 40 kg ha-1 and 20 kg ha-1 and phosphorus (50 kg P2O5 ha-1) and was statistically on par with their preceeding levels of 60 kg N ha-1 (6177 kg ha-1) & 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 (6000 kg ha-1). The Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium uptake at all the growth stages were significantly influenced by the nitrogen and phosphorus levels but their interaction failed to show significant influence. The N, P and K uptake at 45 DAS (0.41 kg ha-1, 0.14 kg ha-1 and 0.60 kg ha-1), 90 DAS (35.2 kg ha-1, 6.2 kg ha-1 and 30 kg ha-1) and at harvest in seed (71.4 kg ha-1, 9.2 kg ha-1 and 11.2 kg ha-1) and stalk (89.5 kg ha-1, 17.5 kg ha-1 and 90.5 kg ha-1), respectively were recorded maximum with the highest level of nitrogen (80 kg ha-1) and this was on par with 60 kg N ha-1. The maximum N, P, K uptake of 0.39 kg ha-1, 0.12 kg ha-1 and 0.54 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS; 33.3 kg ha-1, 5.6 kg ha-1 and 26.6 kg ha-1 at 90 DAS; 67.8 kg ha-1, 8.7 kg ha-1 and 10.8 kg ha-1 in seed and 82.1 kg ha-1, 16 kg ha-1 and 87.9 kg ha-1 in stalk, respectively were noticed with highest level of phosphorus (100 kg ha-1) and significant difference was not observed between this level and its preceeding level of 75 kg P2O5 ha-1. The gross returns, net returns and returns per rupee investment were obtained highest with higher level of nitrogen @ 80 kg ha-1 (Rs. 98, 433 ha-1, Rs. 60, 843 ha-1 and 1.62) which was on par with 60 kg N ha-1 (Rs. 97,856 ha-1, Rs. 60, 522 ha-1 and 1.62). Among the phosphorus levels, highest gross returns and net returns were recorded with 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Rs. 96,808 ha-1, Rs. 58,196 ha-1) and these were on par with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1. Whereas, returns per rupee investment was recorded highest with 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 (1.54). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that the maximum yield and economic returns can be obtained with application of 60 kg N ha-1 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 under rainfed conditions in hybrid pigeonpea in Krishna zone of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ZINC FORTIFICATION IN BABY CORN(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SAI KRISHNA, M; VENKATESWARLU, BA field experiment entitled “Studies on Zinc fortification in Baby corn” was carried out during kharif, 2018–19 on a clay soil at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The treatments consist of soil and foliar application of zinc sulphate and were laid out in Randomized block design with three replications. Details of the treatments are as follows:- T1: Control (no zinc), T2: Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS, T3: Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 DAS, T4: Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS and at 30 DAS, T5: Soil application ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg ha-1, T6: T5+ foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS, T7: T5+foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 DAS, T8: T5+foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS and 30 DAS, T9: Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T10: T9+ foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS, T11: T9+foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 DAS and T12: T9+foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS and 30 DAS. Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 15 DAS and 30 DAS i.e. T12 treatment recorded significantly the highest plant height, drymatter accumulation and per day productivity at 20, 40 DAS and at harvest and was on a par with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 30 DAS i.e. T11, soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 DAS i.e. T10 and soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 i.e. T9. However, T12 was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The lowest plant height, drymatter accumulation and per day productivity were registered in control treatment. xv Among the different zinc fertilization treatments, T12 treatment i.e. soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS was taken lower number of days (44) to 50% tasseling and days to harvest (49) which was comparable with T11, T10,T9,T8,T7, T6 and T5 treatments. While the highest number of days (55) and (60) for 50% tasseling and days to harvest were registered by the control treatment. Yield attributing characters like length, girth, ear weight with husk, ear weight without husk, husk percentage, density of ear, green and dry fodder yield were significantly the highest with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS (T12) and the lowest was from control treatment. The highest corn yield (10,000 kg ha-1) was found with the soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS and the lowest (6892 kg ha-1) was recorded from control. Among the treatments tested, soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS (T12) had recorded the highest green and dry fodder yield. Significantly the lowest yield was observed in control. The highest crude protein, ash and sugar content in plant and ear were obtained with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1+ foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS (T12). Whereas the lowest were recorded in control. However, the crude fibre content was the highest in control treatment and the lowest value was registered in T12 treatment. Zinc content in plant at 30, 40 DAS and at harvest in plant and ear at harvest was influenced significantly by T12 treatment with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS and the lowest was registered by the control treatment. Significantly the highest available zinc in soil after harvest was recorded from T12 treatment. Whereas, the lowest was found in control. The highest net return and B:C ratio was found from soil application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of zinc sulphate @ 0.2% at 15 & 30 DAS i.e. T12 treatment. Applying 12.5 kg ZnSO4 to soil alone (T5) also resulted in economically viable B:C ratio that was statistically comparable with T12 treatment.