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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON INCOME INEQUALITIES AMONG AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ANDHRA PRADESH STATE(guntur, 2022-08-04) AREEF, MULLA; RADHA DEPARTMENT, Y.For this study, primary data on agricultural households were collected through personal interview method for the agricultural year 2018-19 from Andhra Pradesh state to analyse the agricultural household’s annual income from different sources, determinants of different income sources, construction & decomposition of the income inequality and the consumption expenditure pattern across landholding size of farmer households. Totally 300 agricultural households were selected with 100 farmers each from three selected districts (viz., Srikakulam, Guntur and Ananthapuramu) based on highest number of operational holding. One hundred farmers in each district were further distributed among top two mandals with highest operational holding by adopting the proportionate stratified random sampling method. To meet the objectives of present study, fifty farmers in each mandal were conveniently distributed among five categories of landholdings with ten farmers in each category. The descriptive statistics and various cost concepts (Cost A, B, C) were used to calculate the agricultural household’s income from different sources viz., cultivation, agricultural wages, livestock, business/ services, off-farm and other sources and analysed total annual net income of different landholding categories of farmers in the study area. Ogive Index (OI), Simpson Index (SI) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) were employed to capture the number of income generating activities. Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimator (SURE) model was used to identify factors which help in distribution of income among various sources. Lorenz curve, Gini ratio, Atkinson’s coefficient, Mean Log Deviation (MLD) and Theil’s index were employed to measure the income inequality for agricultural households across landholding categories. Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985) methodology was followed to decompose the Gini coefficient of total income by income sources and XIII regression based inequality decomposition (Shorrocks, 1982) approach was employed to identify each factor contribution to income inequality. Average propensity to consumption (APC) was formulated to know the proportion of income consumed by agricultural households and Engel ratio was estimated to know the difference in expenditure on each of food and non-food items separately by the agricultural households. Lorenz curve, Gini ratio, Atkinson’s coefficient, MLD and Theil’s index were employed to measure the consumption expenditure inequality for agricultural households across landholding categories. For marginal and small farmer households, income from livestock and agricultural wages combinedly contributed to nearly 50 per cent of total income. Semi-medium, medium and large farmer households received nearly 50 per cent of income from cultivation only. Access to credit, access to extension services, access to irrigation, access to price information, age of household head, education, farming experience, non-farm income earning members, number of animals, family size of household, size of landholding, size of operational holding and value of farm assets were the major determinants to access various income sources among agricultural households. Across the landholding size wise categories, except large farmers higher unequal distribution of income was reported by other sources. Gini, Atkinson, MLD and Theil indices vary across the landholding size categories. Among different sources, the highest proportion of income inequality share was contributed by cultivation across the landholding size categories except marginal farmer households. Similarly, among the factors analysed, the highest proportion of income inequality share was contributed by access to credit followed by access to irrigation, age of household head, etc. Medium farmer households were observed with highest consumption expenditure share on high value commodities followed by large, small, marginal farmers and semi-medium farmer households. Marginal farmer households were recorded with lower monthly income and showed higher average propensity to consumption expenditure. However large farmers were with higher monthly income but lower average propensity to consumption expenditure. Diversification of income earning activities towards cultivation and animal husbandry will be useful to marginal and small farmer households to maintain minimum level of income per month. There is a need to emphasize on intensification as well as diversification of fragmented landholdings especially for marginal and small farmer households. Village level remunerative price realization (viz., FHP, MSP, etc.) may act as a push factor to enhance farmers income. Income received from non-farm activities, if reinvested in business activities through purchase of raw materials will improve the farmer’s income from non-farm activities. Government should focus on improving public provisioning of quality medical services and education, so as to reduce the share of expenditure on non-food items and enhance the consumption expenditure on high value commodities, among the food items.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP INSURANCE IN RISK MITIGATION OF FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) SHWETHA, SOJU; RADHA, Y.The study was conducted to include crop insurance data collected from the selected sample and the state of Andhra Pradesh as a whole. The selected sample consists of 30 farmers each from Peddapasapula village of Peddamudium mandal of Kadapa district, Naganathana Halli village of Adoni mandal of Kurnool district, Upputur village in Parchur mandal of Prakasam, Jaganathapuram village in Tadepalligudem mandal of West Godavari district, Tajangi village of Lambasinghi mandal of Visakhapatanam and Ammanoru village in Regidi Amadala Valasa mandal of Srikaklam, hence there are 180 farmers sampled from 6 villages. The primary data collected from the farmers was pertained to the period of 2017-18. The study consists of analysis of the performance of crop insurance in Andhra Pradesh involving data of area covered, farmers covered, farmers benefitted and insurance premium for the years 1985-86 to 2016-17. The sources of secondary data include Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy, Statistical Abstracts, Season and Crop Reports published by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh and NSSO Reports, Books, Journals, Periodicals, Websites etc. The collected raw data were classified and computed according to the objective requirements of the study. The study was conducted primarily to determine the risk associated with crop production at farm level in Andhra Pradesh, the impact of crop insurance on the farm economy. The growth and performance of the Crop Insurance schemes through the years of 1985-86 to 2016-17 was studied and the constraints in adoption and implementation of crop insurance in the sampled villages and districts were analysed. The crops raised in the sampled villages and districts were found to varying in a scale in moderate to highly by the Cudde Della Valle Instability Index. The crops that were raised rainfed showed maximum instability while the irrigated crops of West Godavari district exhibited moderate instability. xii The statistics of numbers of farmers and area covered under Crop insurance, the sum insured and premium collected were found to show steady growth from 1985-86 to 2016-17; while the claims approved and farmers benefitted from the crop insurance scheme showed frequent peaks and lows as it depends on the incidence of crop losses and extent of adoption of crop insurance scheme. The various indicators of performance of crop insurance, such as beneficiary ratio, claims to sum insured ratio and premiums to sum insured, also showed favourable results regarding the effectiveness in operation and growth of the crop insurance schemes. While the premium to sum insured shows dismal inference on the non sustainability of the operating crop insurance. All farming systems that had adopted crop insurance gave an optimum solution for crop production, while the cropping systems of non adopter farmers were not feasible, implying a stark contrast between the insured and uninsured. Thus crop insurance impact cropping systems of farmers in achieving optimum production according to the MOTAD model. The factors affecting the adoption of crop insurance were mostly the age of the farmer, the access to non institutional credit, size of the land holding, etc. Separate regressions were carried out for each zone to see how the various factors affected the adoption of crop insurance in these zones of differing cropping systems. In the districts of Kadapa, Kurnool, Prakasam and Visakhapatanam, the status of irrigation of the crops also favoured adoption of crop insurance. In the district of Visakhapatanam, the presence of an off farm source of income also enabled the adoption of crop insurance by the farmers. The rate of premium collected from the farmers was found to have no significant effect in the adoption or lack of it by the farmers. The major constraints in adoption of crop insurance by the farmer were: the lack of definite demarcation of notified area, resulting in overlapping areas of coverage and the inability to disburse the indemnity on time before the next cropping season. The major constraint in implementation of crop insurance by the Lead banks and the Mandal Agriculture office was the inadequacy in filing details regarding the farmers, which in turn affects timely disbursement of indemnity to the farmers and the unclear demarcation of the notified units of land area in the districts.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY SECTOR IN ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) VYKHANESWARI, K.; SUNIL KUMAR BABU, G.India surpassed the major milk producing countries and continued as the largest milk producing nation with milk production 187.7 MT in 2018-19 by contributing about 22% of the world‟s milk production. The dairy sector contributes significantly to generating employment opportunities and supplementing the income of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers of rural India, besides providing food security. Cooperative and private dairy industries play a major role in the procurement, processing, and marketing of milk and milk products. As dairying is gaining more importance in providing livelihood to a large number of farmers and various disputes are being faced in the existing situation of the dairy sector. Hence, the present study entitled “Study on performance of the dairy sector in Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the following objectives 1. to study the growth and performance of dairy sector in Andhra Pradesh 2. to study the structural changes in dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh 3. to identify and analyse the factors influencing the performance of cooperative vis-à-vis private dairy industries of Andhra Pradesh and 4. to identify the problems faced by the different stake holders in dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study and Andhra Pradesh state was purposively selected. Three districts based on the highest milk production were selected viz., Krishna, Guntur, and Kurnool. Three cooperative and three private dairy industries were selected, two from each district includes one cooperative and one private dairy industry. A total of 180 xi farmers were selected, 30 from each dairy industry i.e., 60 from each district. A number of 30 wholesalers, 30 retailers and 30 consumers were selected as five from each dairy industry. The primary data was collected through interview schedule in the agricultural year of 2018-19 and secondary data from various sources like the department of animal husbandry, websites, chief planning office of the district, reports, etc. The overall compound growth rate of the livestock population was observed to be 0.99%, a positive and significant. It was observed that a positive and significant growth rate was recorded for the buffalo population from 1956 to 2019 with a growth rate of 0.57%. The cattle population was recorded with a negative growth rate of -0.44% from 1956 to 2019. Milk production in Andhra Pradesh has been increased from 4036 to 15044 „000 metric tonnes during the period of 2000-01 to 2018-19. The compound annual growth rate of milk production was observed to be positive and significant from 2000-01 to 2018-19 with 7.6%. The compound growth rate of milk yield (kg/day) was noticed to be 3.2% which was positive and significant from 2000-01 to 2018-19. The overall compound annual growth rate of milk production density (kg/day/sq.km) showed a positive and significant growth rate of 7.5% for the entire period. The overall compound annual growth rate of dairy cooperative societies from 2000-01 to 2018-19 was observed to be a positive and significant growth rate of 0.33%. The compound annual growth rate of veterinary institutions was observed to be a positive and significant rate of 0.49%. The highest annual growth rate was recorded with 27.21 % in the year2010-11 and the lowest with -22.79% in the year 2014-15. The overall compound annual growth rate of AI centres was recorded to be positive and significant with 5.28%. The number of AIs done showed a positive and significant growth rate of 4.00% for the overall period of 2000-01 to 2018-19. The area under fodder development („000 acres) has increased from 285.63 (2000-01) to 538.63 (2018-19). The overall compound annual growth rate of the area was recorded at 3.59%. Chow test was employed to study the structural change in the dairy sector of Andhra Pradesh. The outcome of the Chow test shows that F calculated value is greater than F table value at 5% level of significance which concluded that there exists a structural change in the two sub-periods. Differential slope coefficients of bovine population (X1) and average procurement price per litre (X4) variables were found to be positive and negative significant, with coefficient values of 3.64 and -0.28, respectively. The statistically significant differential slope coefficients indicate that the two sub-periods have a different slope. It can be noticed that differential intercept was significant at 1% level of significance with the value of -12.38 indicates the existence of the structural change between the two sub-periods. xii KMO and Bartlett‟s test was used to indicate the suitability of the data for structure detection. Initial eigen values display the amount of variance that can be explained by a given principal component. The number of extracted four components contributed to 60.465 per cent of the total variance. The overall analysis showed the performance of different dairy industries branched under four components with related aspects of their performance. The extensive constraint faced by the cooperative dairy was high competition among other dairy industries Maintenance costs of the entire dairy industry was the dominant constraint faced by the private dairy industries. Less remunerative price was the major constraint as the farmers were not getting the reasonable price for their produce sold to the cooperative dairy industries. The predominant constraint faced by the private dairy farmers was the inadequate availability of feed and fodder. Maintenance cost was the major impediment faced by the wholesalers and retailers. The major constraint faced by the consumers was product availability i.e., required products were not available at all the time. The focal point of the study was productivity per animal has to be increased. Initiative should be taken to provide uniform price based on fat content by the both cooperative and private dairy industries. To reduce the cost of feed & fodder and increase its availability, time for the dairy farmers to rely on hydroponics system of fodder cultivation and farmers should concentrate more on growing wide varieties of fodder.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF VEGETABLES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) VYSHNAVI, VUDUMULA; SITARAMBABU, V.Horticulture in India contributes about 30 per cent to Agricultural GDP. Total horticulture production in 2019-20 is 0.84 per cent higher than 2018-19. In Andhra Pradesh area under horticulture crops is 17.48 lakh hectares with a production of 312.34.73 lakh metric tonnes. In Guntur district total area under vegetable crops in 2019-2020 is 8739 hectares and production is 281240 million tonnes. The Covid-19 pandemic has emerged as a significant health risk, and countries around the world have responded with partial shutdowns of their economies to slow the pace of infections. These measures have reportedly led to massive disruptions in the global and domestic supply chains. Among all countries, India implemented one of the most stringent lockdowns to contain Covid-19 which could have put a strain on its supply chains. The first nationwide lockdown which was announced on March 24, 2020, was unanticipated, both in terms of timing and duration. Though the lockdown helped to keep the infections under control, it has disrupted the value chains of the high-value crops that are connected to regional and global markets. This disruption in the value chain could have serious ripple effects on the agricultural economy. It curtailed all economic activities, including transportation of goods, except those deemed essential like food and medical supplies. The reduction in freight services combined with the restrictions on inter-state transportation could have disrupted the food supply chains, with a larger impact on products that are procured from far. Wholesale prices of key seasonal vegetables have declined sharply by up to 60 per cent across the country, mainly due to higher production, compression of demand and market disruption amid COVID-19crisis. Keeping in view of disruptions caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the present study on Impact of covid 19 on supply chain management of vegetables in guntur district of Andhra Pradesh is proposed with the following objectives. xiii 1. to map the value chain mapping and analyse the degree of value addition by market players in transacting selected vegetables during pre-COVID-19 vs post COVID-19 scenario 2. to analyse the determinants of supply chain preference among selected farmers in transacting the vegetables 3. to identify the disruptions caused in supply chain of selected vegetables to different stakeholders due to COVID-19 4. to analyse the economic effect due to the disruptions in supply chain of vegetables to different stakeholders and 5. to identify various mitigating strategies adopted by different stakeholders in supply chain management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Guntur district was purposively selected for the research study. A total 360 farmers were selected at the rate120 farmers for each vegetable crop. Twenty wholesalers and 30 retailers were selected for the study. Primary data was collected through personal interview method from vegetable farmers. The secondary data of the study area were collected from the District Chief Planning Officer, Mandal Horticulture Officers, Village Horticulture Assistants and Village Agriculture Assistants. Three marketing channels were identified for bhendi, cucumber and ridge gourd they were channel I: Farmer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer, Channel II: Farmer-Retailer-Consumer and Channel III: Farmer- Consumer (Rythu bazar). Channel-III was found to be the efficient channel during both pre and post covid period. Marketing costs increased during lockdown for all stakeholders in all the three channels for three vegetables. Marketing margin was increased for retailers during lockdown in Channel I and Channel II. Price spread was increased during lockdown in all the three channels. Marketing efficiency decreased during lockdown in all the three channels. Degree of value addition increased for retailers during lockdown. COVID-19 lockdown had caused negative impact on all stakeholders, farmers had more impact and although margin had increased for retailers, they had negative impact because of lower volume transactions. The multinomial logit regression analysis was used to estimate the determinants of supply chain preference. The level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold, family size and farming experience were significant in retail channel in bhendi and ridge gourd whereas level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold were found to be significant in rythu bazar channel. In cucumber level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold and family size were significant in retail channel while the level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold were found to be significant in rythu bazar channel. xiv The major marketing disruptions faced by farmers during COVID-19 lockdown were high cost of transportation, perishable nature of the product, price fluctuations, less demand, lack of market information, non-availability of packaging materials and middlemen malpractices. The economic disruptions faced by the farmer were high cost of inputs, unawareness of credit facilities, no financial assistance and Lack of price policy. The technical disruptions faced by the farmer were non-availability of labour, lack of storage, lack of timely availability of inputs and lack of adequate extension support. The major disruptions faced by wholesaler were transportation cost, high cost of labour, and non-availability of labour. The major disruptions faced by the retailers were transportation cost, high labour cost and non-availability of labour. Majority of farmers experienced decline in sales and income during the pandemic. Over 32.5 per cent farmers lost half of their sales. The farm income decreased more than half for 61 per cent farmers. Almost 80 per cent of farmers realised decline in prices. 88 per cent farmers said that they spent more on transporting vegetables to the market, 69.5 per cent farmers faced labour scarcity, 11 per cent farmers faced more shortage of inputs, 61 per cent farmers said that the cost of inputs was increased, 69 per cent farmers harvested their produce later than normal, 75 per cent farmers spent more on harvest and 69 per cent farmers borrowed money to cope up with losses. About 50 per cent of wholesalers reported that their income had decreased during the COVID-19. Forty-five per cent reported that the price of the commodity decreased by more than half. Seventy-five per cent of wholesalers experienced labour scarcity, 85 per cent observed decreased demand of commodity and 25 per cent saw decreased supply. Similarly, 66.67 per cent of retailers reported that their income was decreased by less than half compared to pre covid times. About 20 per cent reported that the price of commodity decreased by less than half, 13.33 per cent reported that the price commodity decreased by more than half and 66.66 per cent reported that the price of the commodity increased. Majority of the retailers experienced labour scarcity, 20 per cent reported decreased demand of commodity and 36 per cent observed decreased supply. Most common strategy adapted by farmers was reduced price (60 per cent) followed by leave vegetables in the field (54 per cent), finding new markets (50 per cent), Compost vegetable (36 per cent), Feed to livestock (25 per cent), Plant less (20 per cent), Eat own produce (20 per cent), Sharing vegetables with others (15 per cent), Adapt crop choice (4 per cent). The major strategy adapted by wholesalers was less prices (80 per cent), followed by buying less (70 per cent) and storing more (20 per cent). The major strategy adapted by retailers was buying less (45 per cent) followed by storing more (30 per cent) and less prices (5 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE(guntur, 2022-08-04) MOHANA RAO, METTA; RAMA RAO, I. V. Y.India is the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the world. The sugar industry is second largest agro-based processing industry in the country that impact livelihood of about five crore farmers and their family members and five lakh workers directly employed with the sugar mills. Sugarcane cultivated farmers from North Coastal Districts are linked with sugarcane industries, operating under organized cooperative and private sectors nearer to rural areas. The present study entitled “ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE” has been undertaken with the following objectives: 1. to analyze the economic and financial viability of sugar factories. 2. to identify the methods of backward integration adopted by sugar factories. 3. to identify the problems and suggest measures to enhance the financial performance of sugar factories. Probability proportionate sampling procedure was adopted for selection of respondents in the present study. In Andhra Pradesh, North Coastal Zone was selected based on highest area under sugarcane cultivation. In North Coastal Zone all three districts were selected. Based on the highest turnover, one factory from each district was selected Viz., Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited, Govada, The NCS Sugars Limited, Latchayyapeta and EID Parry (India) Limited, Sankili for Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam respectively. Thirty farmers from each factory were selected, making total of 90 respondents, in which marginal ( 2ha) were selected according to their proportions. The present study was based on xii both primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was pertaining to problems faced by farmers in sugarcane cultivation and marketing; and the problems faced by sugar factories was obtained through survey method by using a pre-tested and well-structured schedule. The secondary data pertaining to financial aspects, balance sheet, cash flow statement and profit or loss statements were collected from respective sugar factories audit reports for a period of 5 years from 2014-15 to 2018-19. Financial ratio analysis was employed for sugar factories to know about the financial strength of organization over the study period. The average current ratio was found highest (9.24:1) in EID Parry (India) Ltd., Sankili. Average debt equity ratio was positive in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (0.13) and negative in The NCS Sugars Ltd. (-5.27) and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. (-8.31). Tests of profitability ratios revealed that the average net profit to total assets ratio and net profit to fixed assets ratio both were negative in The NCS Sugars Ltd. and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. and positive in EID Parry (India) Ltd. i.e., 0.04 and 0.08 respectively. The average gross ratio was more than 100 in Chodavaram Cooperative sugars (153.59) and NCS sugars (132.67) indicating lower net profit and it was below 100 in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (28.11) indicating higher profits. The average operating ratio was lowest i.e., 19.02 in EID Parry (India) Limited. Tests of financial strength ratios revealed the highest average net worth in EID Parry (India) Ltd. and in remaining two factories it was negative. The average net capital was less than unity in The NCS Sugars Ltd. (0.82) and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. (0.87) and it was more than unity in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (15.39). The project evaluation techniques viz., Net Present Value, Benefit-Cost Ratio and Internal Rate of Returns were employed to assess the economic viability of investment on sugar factory. Negative NPV and BC ratio below unity indicated that both the factories viz., The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited and The NCS Sugars Limited were economically not viable. Positive NPV and BC ratio of more than unity for EID Parry (India) Limited (3.488) indicated its economic viability. Internal Rate of Returns was 52.08, which was greater than the market rate of interest, so the project is considered as profitable and economically viable. Backward integration methods followed by sugar factories in NCZ of Andhra Pradesh is varying. The cane was purchased directly from contract farmers and payment was made through online by The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited and The NCS Sugars Limited, whereas, the cane was purchased directly from the contract farmers (66.67%) and through middlemen from non- contract farmers (33.33%) by EID Parry (India) Limited. The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars, NCS Sugars Ltd. and EID Parry (India) Ltd. were provided seed upto, 66.67, 50 & 66.67; fertilizer/pesticides upto, 80, 0 & 43.33; technical guidance upto, 100, 50 & 60; transportation upto, 66.67, 50 & 100 percentages respectively. ID Parry (India) Ltd. provided credit facilities upto 40 per cent & mechanical harvesters upto 33.33 per cent farmers and remaining two factories did not provide any mechanical harvesters & credit facilities. The farmer’s xiii satisfaction was highest in EID Parry (India) Limited followed by The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited (33.33%). and The NCS Sugars Limited (0%). For the identification of most important problem faced by cane growers and factories, RPI was employed. The most important constraint in sugarcane cultivation in the North Coastal Zone was shortage of labour (RPI = 0.89) followed by cane price (0.62), delay in payments (0.51), pest and diseases (0.32), high cost of cultivation (0.30), long duration of crop (0.26) and irrigation (0.12).The sugar factories in North Coastal Zone faced high cost of production (0.93) as biggest constraint, followed by scarcity of labour (0.87), problems of faulty government policy (0.33), low rate of recovery (0.33), lower yields of sugarcane (0.27), import/export policy (0.20) and levy sugar obligation (0.07). The policy suggestions emerged from the study are; as there is poor liquid assets with the sugar factories, especially with cooperative factories, government should provide short term financial assistance. Similarily sugar factories should produce up-to their maximum installed capacity, if any shortage of cane is occurring in this process, the cooperative sugar factory should purchase cane from non-contract farmers also. The sugar factories should be regular in payments to cane growers. To overcome the shortage of labour during critical operation of sugarcane cultivation Government/ Sugar factories/ CHCs should provide farm machinery on subsidy basis.ThesisItem Open Access INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF OILSEEDS BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) KRISHNA TEJA, I.; KRISHNA TEJA, I.; RAMANA RAO DEPARTMENT OF, S.V.; RAMANA RAO DEPARTMENT OF, S.V.The present study aims for increasing productivity and profitability of oilseeds based production systems in Andhra Pradesh. The primary data from the farm households across the state with respect to groundnut, sesame and sunflower based oilseeds production systems was collected and evaluated using stratified multi staged random sampling methodology. Eight districts out of 13 districts in the state were identified, where the oilseed crops are grown predominantly and these districts were stratified according to high area, low productivity and low area, high productivity categories. From each selected district, two mandals were selected based on the area criteria and from each mandal, two representative villages were selected on area basis. From each village, 10 farmers were selected on random basis. The data on the supply chain and value chain aspects was collected from market intermediaries of at least 30 per district from the most relevant Agricultural Product Market Committee (APMC)/trading point. Spatio-temporal performance of the crops under the study along with castor, safflower and niger was evaluated using Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) and decomposition analysis. It was found that, majority of crops exhibited frequent decline in growth rates of area and production, especially in post-liberalization period. In particular, the growth performance of sunflower was meagre in the state. Examination of costs, returns and farm efficiency measures revealed conspicuous differences xvii in profitability among the districts. Cobb-Douglas and stochastic frontier production functions were employed to assess allocative and technical efficiencies respectively. Among the districts, for respective crops under the study, significant inefficiencies were noticed. Supply chain scenarios and value chains of the three oilseeds were documented and noticed conspicuous differences between profit margins of stakeholders at district level. Based on geographical location of the district, resource endowments, growth performance of area, production and yield of oilseeds, costs and returns structure; economics of competing crops, mean technical efficiencies, supply chain scenario and value chains; presence of value chain players, profit margins of stake holders in sub value chains of the major edible oilseeds grown in Andhra Pradesh, Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts in North coastal zone were identified to have potential to develop as organic oilseed hubs, while YSR Kadapa and Kurnool districts in Southern and Scarce rainfall zones, respectively were identified to have potential to develop as production and processing hubs. SPSR Nellore district in Southern zone was identified to have potential to develop as seed and export hub. Institutional refurbishments that require immediate intervention for operational value chains like convergence of all stakeholders (both public and private) towards technology assemblage, multi-institutional approach for conversion of the proven research outputs to outcomes at the farm level etc., were suggested. Policies, targeted towards enhancing oilseeds contribution to the state’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), like region specific intercropping, risk diversification, addressing low capacity utilization, emphasis of value addition, evolve mechanisms for involving Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO’s)/Self Help Groups (SHG’s) towards value chains involving oilseeds, promoting start-up ecosystem and incubation activities, designing a robust mechanism for creation of value chain hubs etc., were proposed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF RABI JOWAR IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) VASANTHA, K.; . APARNA, BThe current study entitled “study on production and marketing of Rabi jowar in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to examine Kharif, Rabi and overall compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of jowar. To estimate costs and returns and to assess the resource use efficiency in cultivation of Rabi jowar. To identify different channels of marketing and to realize the efficient channel for marketing of Rabi jowar in Kurnool district and to evaluate the perception of farmer’s in production of Rabi jowar. The major jowar producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh the purpose of selecting Kurnool district was, because of its highest area and production under Rabi jowar when compared to other districts. Selection of mandals and villages was made based on the criterion of maximum area under Rabi jowar. Probability proportionate sampling was employed to select the number of farmers from the selected villages and the total sample constitutes to 120. The selected villages were B. palli, Hussainapuram, Tangutur and Nandavaram in Banaganapalli, Koilakuntla, Peddakoperla, chinnakoperla and vallampadu in Koilakuntla, P. chintakunta, Kotakandukur, Allagadda and Bathaluru in Allagadda. The data regarding marketing of Rabi jowar was collected from commission agents, wholesalers cum processors and retailers. Both primary and secondary data was collected and considered in the study. Data required for the study were collected from various unpublished and published sources. The data for calculating growth rates covered a period of 18 years commencing from 2000-01 to 2017-18. Growth rates of Rabi jowar in India and Kurnool district were negative for area and production and positive in case of productivity, increase in yield was observed because of application of fertilizers, irrigation and use of high yielding varieties. The growth rates of area, production and productivity were significant in Kurnool district. In Andhra Pradesh all growth rates of Rabi jowar were positive. Human labour is the most influencing component among various factors involved in the production process. The total cost of cultivation of Rabi jowar per hectare was calculated as ₹ 53,657.14. Among the total costs 75.42 per cent was xi i i occupied by variable costs and remaining 24.57 per cent was occupied by fixed costs. Cultivation cost of Rabi jowar according to cost concepts were calculated and they were, cost A1₹35066.94, cost B1₹35919.14, cost B2₹47169.14, cost C1 ₹42404.14, cost C2 ₹53654.14 and finally cost C3 ₹59019.55. Gross returns from per hectare of Rabi jowar was ₹78,000 and net return was ₹24,342.86. Farm income measures were worked out per hectare of Rabi jowar. The farm business income was worked out as ₹42933.06. Family labour income and farm investment income were ₹30830.86 and ₹31082.65 respectively. When Returns per rupee of investment were worked out they stood at 0.41. The independent variables included in the function expressed above 76 per cent of variation in the production of sorghum output on the farms considered. The production elasticity of seeds remained non-significant which is not the same in case of other independent variables. The MVP/MFC ratios indicate that human labour was underutilized, tractor power was over utilized, fertilizers were over utilized and pesticides were underutilized. Three marketing channels were identified in the marketing of Rabi jowar in the study area. Total costs incurred in channel-I, channel-II and channel-III were ₹199, ₹ 254 and ₹ 278 respectively. Producer share in consumer rupee in channel-I, channel-II and channel-III were 88.08 per cent, 86.96 per cent and 84.49 per cent respectively. Channel-I was most efficient for marketing Rabi jowar in the district. The major constraint faced by the farmer’s during cultivation of Rabi jowar was inadequate and untimely rainfall during the period of harvesting (76.33), the second constraint was high wage rate (66.32), the third constraint faced by the farmer’s was high rate of fertilizers and pesticides (55.72). The major constraint faced by the farmer’s during marketing was lack of storage facilities (78.32), which resulted in distress sale. Second constraint faced by the farmer was difficulties in transportation (64.31), due to this reason farmer was forced to sell his produce in the village at low prices. Third constraint faced by the farmer was unstable prices (59.75), jowar fetches less price during post harvest period due to high arrivals of produce to market and later it increases.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF NIGER-VIS-À-VIS RAJMA IN VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) SRUTHI, P.; APARNA, B.The present study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of niger vis-à-vis rajma in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken with a view to study the growth rate of area, production and productivity of niger and rajma in Andhra Pradesh, cost and returns, marketing cost and price spread, constraints in production and marketing of niger and rajma in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh from which two mandals were selected which had maximum acerage under niger and two mandals which had maximum acerage under rajma. From each mandal two villages were selected and from each selected village 10 farmers were selected through simple random technique making a sample size of 80 farmers. The trends in area, production and productivity of niger and rajma in Andhra Pradesh and Visakhapatnam district were studied from 2000-01 to 2018-19.In Andhra Pradesh, area and production of niger presented a negative and significant growth rate of -6.59 and -7.03.Whereas, productivity presented a positive non significant growth rate of 0.29. In case of rajma, area, production and productivity presented a positive and significant growth rate of 8.15, 18.96 and 8.40 respectively. xiii In Visakhapatnam district, area and production of niger presented a negative and significant growth rate of -6.12 and -5.93.Whereas, productivity presented a positive non significant growth rate of 0.64. In case of rajma, area, production and productivity presented a positive and significant growth rate of 7.41, 17.77 and 8.93 respectively. The average size of the family was smaller on rajma farms over niger farms. Family members working on the farm were less on the rajma farms compared to niger farms. Higher literacy rate was noticed on rajma farms over niger farms. The average size of the holding operated by rajma farmers was bigger than that of niger farms. The present study indicated that at overall level, the cost of cultivation of niger and rajma was ₹10,428.19 and ₹18,869.11. Out of total cost of cultivation of niger and rajma, maximum share was cost incurred by human labour i.e. 42.87 per cent and 35.20 per cent. The cattle labour cost, machine labour cost, seed cost and fertilizer cost on rajma farm was ₹2000, ₹1050, ₹393.75 and ₹229.50 respectively. The cattle labour cost, machine labour cost, seed cost and fertilizer cost on rajma farm was ₹1895, ₹1680, ₹4000 and ₹1900.The interest on working capital of niger and rajma farm was ₹98.74 and ₹227.74. The depreciation and interest on fixed capital on niger farm was ₹520 and ₹125.20. Whereas on rajma farm, depreciation and interest on fixed capital was ₹700.61 and ₹124.76. The average yield of niger and rajma per hectare was 4.5 and 8.4 quintals on sample farms which realized ₹22500, ₹12071.81, ₹16138.01, ₹14562.81 and ₹12604.19 as gross income, net income, farm business income, family labour income and farm investment income respectively on niger farm. Whereas on rajma farm, gross income, net income, farm business income, family labour income and farm investment income were realized as ₹52500, ₹33603.89, ₹38457.65, ₹36732.89 and ₹33468.74 respectively. The cost of production per hectare on niger and rajma was ₹2317.37 and ₹2246.32. The rate of returns worked out on niger and rajma farm was 1.15 and 1.78. xiv The marketing channels identified in transaction of niger were channel I (Producer-Village trader-Wholesaler-Retailer) and channel II (Producer- Village trader-Wholesaler-Wholesaler cum processor-Retailer). The marketing cost was higher in channel II (₹223) than channel I (₹162) in marketing of niger. The producer share of consumer rupee in channel I and channel II were 90.36 and 85.68 per cent. The marketing channels identified in transaction of rajma were channel I (Producer-Village trader-Wholesaler-Retailer), channel II (Producer-Village trader-Wholesaler I-Wholesaler II-Retailer) and channel III (Producer-Cooperative society-Wholesaler-Retailer). Among the three channels in rajma marketing channel II incurred high cost in transaction of rajma. The producer share of consumer rupee in channel I, channel II and channel III were 82.26, 76.45 and 77.81 per cent. The net price received by producer was highest in channel II (₹6,269.5 per quintal). It was observed that, the major problem in production and marketing of niger were pests and diseases during production and low price for the seeds while marketing. The major problem faced by rajma farmers were unavailability of labour and inadequate transportation facility. Use of high yielding and resistant varieties, educating the farmers about the use of inputs on scientific scale, increasing extension effort to enhance marketing news, information and intelligence on different aspects of production and marketing are some of the remedial measures to overcome the problems faced by farmers in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) SONIYA, G. R.; BHAVANI DEVI, IA FPO can be registered under several legal forms like co-operatives, producer companies and societies or public trust. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has identified Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) as the appropriate institutional form around which farmers would be mobilized and their collective capacity of production and marketing can be leveraged by strengthening their capacities. The present study “Economic analysis of impact of Farmer Producer Organizations in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh” was mainly aimed at studying the business performance of selected FPOs on marketing, processing, input availability and prices and also identification of the impediments and offer suggestions for sustainability of Farmer Producer Organizations. The primary data were obtained from 120 beneficiaries of FPOs and 60 non-beneficiaries and also secondary data were obtained from the selected 13 FPOs (5 under APRIGP, 4 under NABARD and 4 under private sector) for the period of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The techniques used in the study for analysis were ratio analysis, tabular analysis, logistic regression analysis and Garrett’s ranking technique. The results revealed that the overall liquidity position of all the 13 FPOs under three organizations over the two years was average. This indicated that there was a need for improvement of working capital management of the FPOs in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. The overall solvency position of all the FPOs was average. All the 13 FPOs had debt in their capital structure. This indicated that the FPOs were willing to take risk of defaulting to their creditors or long-term debts were available for the FPOs in the market. The overall efficiency position of all the FPOs was good. This showed the high efficiency of management in generating sales per rupee of capital employed. The investors could do their investment in the FPOs, used their working capital more efficiently in order to improve their working capital ratio. The overall profitability position of all the FPOs was average except private FPOs. This showed the beneficiaries under private were not getting the sufficient returns for the investment they made. The FPOs under private authority could either try to improve the profitability by injecting more capital or try to reduce the operating and non-operating expenses. The second option xiv was that the beneficiaries could find other avenues for their investment as their objective of the investment was not fulfilled. The results of the tabular analysis revealed that most of the beneficiaries sold the produce immediately after harvest than non-beneficiaries. The receipt of payment within a month was opined by 61.66 per cent of the beneficiaries, while 5 per cent beneficiaries opined that payment was received immediately. In the case of non-beneficiaries, 28.33 per cent opined that payment was received immediately after the sale of the produce to the local traders. Majority (90 per cent) of beneficiaries expressed that payment was received in the form of account transfer whereas 36.66 per cent non-beneficiaries respondents received the payment in the form of cheques. Majority (75.83%) beneficiaries sold their produce to the FPOs while 46.66 per cent of non-beneficiaries disposed their produce to local traders at a market price. The study revealed that the impact of FPOs on inputs availed by the beneficiaries was higher than non-beneficiaries. Beneficiaries had benefited highest in the case of inputs availed like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and plant protection chemicals by saving in the cost to the maximum extent. There was less savings in the case of non-beneficiaries. The study also revealed that the impact of FPOs on price realised from the sale of output of different crops by the beneficiaries was higher than non-beneficiaries. The analysis indicated that beneficiaries reaped more benefits from sale of their produce to the FPO as compared to that of nonbeneficiaries. Binary logistic regression was employed to analyse the impact of farmer producer organizations on beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries based on the marketing, processing, input availability and prices services provided by the FPOs. The findings of the results indicated that the results of chi-square test showed marketing, processing, input availability and prices had a statistically significant relationship with beneficiaries. Cox and Snell R square indicated that 70.4% of the variation in impact of FPOs on beneficiaries was explained by categorical independent variables (marketing, processing, input availability and prices). The results also indicated that source of finance, procurement of output, market information, storage services, transport services, credit sources for marketing, processing services, input services, timely availability of inputs, credit source for inputs, FPOs collaboration with departments for inputs, price paid for purchase of inputs, selling price, quality of produce and quantity of produce were statistically significant. The beneficiaries faced problems due to lack of financial services, delay in payment, far off location of procurement centre, lack of market information, announcement of procurement price, lack of extension services, transportation and improper management of the FPOs. The sample FPOs faced various problems like dependence on external sources of finance and insufficient capital accumulation. Other constraints faced by them were poor infrastructure, lack of trained staff, Illiteracy and lack of awareness on digital facilities among farmers, lack of government support etc. The suggestions given for improving the functioning of FPO were awareness among the farmers by the scientists, financial support from the government, credit and input provisions to the farmers, providing infrastructure and storage facilities and reducing the transportation cost.