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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access EXPLORING THE SCOPE OF VILLAGE ASSOCIATE BUSINESS MODEL TO STRENGTHEN FARMER DEVELOPMENT CENTERS (FDCs) IN ANDHRA PRADESH STATE(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-04) ANIL KUMAR REDDY, K.; Krishna Kishore, .N.TThe present study “Exploring the scope of village associate business model to strengthen the farmer development centers (FDCs) in Andhra Pradesh state” was mainly aimed to know the use of agri-inputs, technology adoption, technical guidance to farmers, dissemination of agricultural information, live demonstrations, etc.. as and are useful for academics, farmers, FDCs, Agri startups and agriculture department. FDC operating in Guntur district is purposively identified for the study based on volume of business and area of coverage. As FDC is catering its services to two mandals namely, Amarthalur and Tsundur mandals these mandals were purposively identified for the study. Five villages were selected from each identified mandal, total number of villages selected for the study were ten. Randomly twenty farmers were selected. Thus the total sample of the study was 200.Detailed information was collected from the sample farmers pertaining to the year 2017-18.Percentage analysis, cross tabulation, chi square and simple ranking were employed to analyse the objectives. Products and services offered by the Farmer Development Centers are seeds, plant nutrients, plant protection chemicals, farm tools and machinery, post harvest solutions, livestock feed solutions, financial services and personal safety solutions. The activities which were performed at FDC Amarthalur were promotional activities, sales activities, information dissemination through demonstrations and distributing pamphlets about the chemicals. At selected FDC seed business sales accounted for about 10.78 per cent in the total business turn over, both plant nutrient and plant protection business accounted for about 7.37 per cent and 58.67 per cent in the total business, farm tools and machinery, post harvest solutions and livestock feed solutions businesses accounted for 2.30 percent, 3.71 per cent and 17.16 per cent respectively. Socio economic characteristics of sample farmers revealed that 54.5 per cent sample farmers were having education qualification up to secondary level, 55per cent of sample framers were above 45 years of age, family size of 57.5 per cent of sample farmers were of 4- 6 members, and 54 per cent were having 20-30 years of farming experience. Cross tabulation between operational land holding pattern Vs source of seed purchase and cross tabulation between farming experience Vs seed recommendations of sample farmers inferred that with increase in farming experience, the farmers dependency on others for seed recommendations had gradually been decreasing. Around 90 per cent of sample farmers expressed high and medium levels of satisfaction for seed quality and seed germination percentage, 97 per cent of sample farmers expressed high and medium levels of satisfaction for unique selling proposition and seed availability. Sample farmers major information needs for fertilizers were different compositions of fertilizers followed by dosage of application and timings of application of fertilizers. A significant difference existed between satisfaction level of sample farmers for fertilizers, with respect to age groups and farming experience. Sample farmers major information needs for pesticides were technical knowledge. Sample farmers were not much satisfied with pesticide related aspects like quality of information obtained from agricultural department and the existence of spurious products, and mere satisfied with the availability of pesticides in the market and quality of information obtained from input dealers. The majority of sample farmers expressed the high quality of agricultural information received from input dealers, research station, mobiles, field days, television, farmer meeting and quality of information obtained from agricultural extension officers and fellow farmers was insufficient. Significant difference between farming experience and information needs of the sample farmers with respect to input availability, weather related and farm machinery services existed. The parameters required by sample farmers for preferring existing sources for purchase of agri inputs were long lasting relationship with input dealers followed by accessibility to input sources and purchase of inputs on credit basis. Around 35 per cent of sample respondents were ordering inputs through mobiles. Sample farmers had not expressed much brand loyalty to agri inputs as they were much influenced by promotions and discounts offered by agri-input companies and dealers in the open market.ThesisItem Open Access FARMERS BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF TOMATO SEED IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-04) BALA KRISHNA, M.; UJWALA RANI, S.The present study entitled “Farmers Buying Behaviour towards Tomato seed in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine the farmer buying behaviour and factor influencing buying behaviour of farmers towards tomato seed and also to study about the different tomato seed brands available in the study area and reasons for farmers loyalty towards brands and also their brand switching behaviour. Chittoor district was purposively selected for present study, as it is leading district in production of Tomato. The top two mandals with maximum area under cultivation of tomato and three villages from each mandal based on criterion of highest area under tomato cultivation was purposively selected with a sample size of 120 farmers. The selected villages are Thavalm, Reddivaripalle, Nimmanapalle, Devarapalle, Peddapalem and Sompalle. The information related to the present study was collected using a well defined schedule through personal interview method. Detail information was collected and it pertained to the agricultural year 2019-2020. Weighted score method, percentage analysis, Chi-square test, factor analysis and Garrett ranking technique were employed to analyse the set objectives. There are eight seed brands of tomato crop, which are generally used by farmers in Chittoor district i.e., SAAHO, PHS Sweakar (448), Namdari NS2535, INDAMRUCHI, US-440, JKTH-100, SRI VIJAYA and ANSAL. Among all brands, majority of farmers prefers SAHOO variety even though its cost is high when compared to other brands. Through factor analysis, it xv was found that farmer prefer the specific seed brands when it have high yield potential and resistance to pest and disease attack. Before buying specific seed brand regarding its price, yield availability from various information sources like retail shops, dealers, progressive farmers and through study it revealed that majority of the farmers are influenced by dealers of company and they are also attracting the farmers by giving services like discounts, credit on the brand for increase their market share. Once after using of specific brands, farmers evaluate their satisfaction. If they are satisfied, they go for repeat purchase or in case dissatisfied they prefer to purchase another product. This repeat purchase develops loyalty towards the brand. There is always a proportional relationship between farmers loyalty and brand preference of a product. Farmers loyalty can be gained when he is provided with good reliable hybrid variety brand which further increase their rupee returns. Through Chi square analysis, it was observed that there is a strong association between seed characteristics and brand preference and also revealed that there is no association between age, literacy, income with brand preference. Majority of the farmers facing constraints like high price of seed because of their low purchasing capacity. While purchasing the seeds extension personnel should ensure the availability of farm credits to the small and marginal farmers and find out how the credits would be made available to them easily and readily for purchasing the required improved technology, farm inputs and also should organise trainings on management of pest and disease.ThesisItem Open Access VALUE CHAIN FINANCING OF COTTON THROUGH WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE.(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-04) BHARATHA SIMHA NAIDU, B.; Krishna Kishore, N.T.The present study “Value chain financing of cotton through warehouse receipts in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state” was mainly aimed to examine usage pattern, customer preferences and factors influencing customer preferences towards warehouse receipt finance. For the present study, Guntur district was purposively selected, as the district is having relatively more number of warehouses along with marketing facilities. The warehouses in the study area was listed out and randomly five warehouses were selected. The list of stakeholders viz., traders, ginners and spinners from each selected warehouse was obtained and based on probability proportion the sample size was drawn. Thus the total sample respondents from five warehouses was 60. To obtain sample farmers, four major cotton growing mandals of Guntur district were selected and one village was selected randomly. From each village, 15 cotton growing farmers were selected randomly. Thus the total sample farmers size of the study was 60. Total 120 sample respondents were taken for study. The sample respondents included farmers, traders, spinners and ginners. Detailed information was collected from the sample farmers and stakeholders and data collected pertained to the year 2018 - 2019. The data was analysed by using simple percentage analysis, descriptive statistics and garret’s ranking technique. General characteristics of sample farmers and sample traders, ginners and spinners revealed that, majority of the sample respondents were farmers (50 per cent). Majority of sample farmers, traders, ginners and spinners were under the age group of more than 45 years and the education status of sample farmers, traders, ginners and spinners belonged to intermediate and above. 78.30 per cent of sample cotton farmers, 66.70 per cent of sample cotton ginners, 57.10 per cent of sample cotton spinners and 35.00 per cent of sample cotton traders had more than 15 years of experience. Around 45 per cent of sample farmers were small farmers. The family size of 61.70 per cent of sample farmers was 4 – 5 members. The study revealed that major procurement source for traders and ginners were farmers followed by major procurement source for spinners was cotton traders. Storage pattern of sample traders were 70 per cent of them stored cent per cent of procured quantity followed by 75.80 per cent of ginners stored less than 50 per cent of the total quantity procured, 42.90 per cent of spinners stored 50 to 75 per cent of quantity procured. Majority of the sample respondents preferred to store the produce in private warehouses. The study revealed that majority of the sample traders, ginners and spinners preferred to store the produce in warehouse every year during purchase season. Among the services provided by the warehouses, sample traders and spinners were much satisfied with respect to maintenance and storage charges. Sample ginners were mostly satisfied with the parameters like insurance costs and maintenance of produce. 80.00 per cent of the traders, 57.60 per cent of ginners and 42.85 per cent of spinners in sample were satisfied with the services provided by the WHR finance providers. The study revealed that 100 per cent of the respondents were aware of WHR finance, among them 100 per cent of sample traders used this facility followed by sample ginners (93.90 per cent) and sample spinners (71.40 per cent). None of the farmers had used WHR finance. About 35 per cent of the sample traders preferred to take the warehouse receipt finance from the Yes bank and 24.20 per cent of the sample ginners and 42.90 per cent of the sample spinners preferred to take the warehouse receipts finance from NCML (National Collateral Management Services Limited) finance. High loan to the value, tenure of loan and rate of interest were the major factors influenced in selection of particular financial institutions to avail WHR finance. The study revealed that among traders, ginners and spinners anticipation of better prices in future, preventing of distress sale, making necessary payments, availability and easy liquidity of warehouse receipts were the major reasons considered in availing WHR finance. Among sample farmers immediate need of money, high cost in conversion of raw cotton into bales, fear of future price fall, low yielding and fear of weight loss were the major reasons considered for not storing and availing WHR finance. Around 34.46 per cent (1,75,221 bales) of quantity produce stored in warehouses from the total annual procured quantity and 254.12 crores (70.69 per cent) of amount was availed as WHR finance from different financial institutions by different stake holders. Majority of the sample respondents satisfied with the WHR finance service providers. Recommendations and policy implications were given to improve WHR finance product including specializing WHR finance schemes with higher loan to value, percentage concession on interest rate and higher tenure of loan. Integration of ginners, warehouse godowns and financial institutions is necessary to prevent distress sale and to increase producers share in cotton value chain. Encouraging farmer level WHR finance to prevent distress sale. Implementation of E-WRS (Electronic Warehouse Receipts) in all the warehousesThesisItem Open Access FORMULATION OF B2B MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES FOR TOMATO BASED PRODUCTS PROCESSED AT FARMERS OWNED PROCESSING UNIT(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-04) OWK MURALI KRUSHNA; KRISHNA KISHORE, N.T.The present study “Formulation of B2B market entry strategies for tomato based products processed at farmers owned processing unit” was mainly aimed to identify business opportunities, competition analysis and formulate B2B entry strategies for identified tomato based products in B2B segment. For the present study, purposive sampling technique was adopted. From the data obtained, one major HoReCa group was contacted personally for obtaining the necessary information from chefs. Snowball technique was used to collect sample chefs. Chefs working in HoReCa segment, institutional buyer segment and white labeling segment were interviewed by pretested online schedule using Google forms, telephonic and personal interview. Total sample size of the study was 40 (25, 10 and 5 respectively). Percentage analysis, cross tabulation, Segment- Product Opportunity Index, Garette ranking method and simple ranking method were used to analyze the data. About 52 percent of the sample chefs worked as executive chef. 32 per cent of the chefs were under the category of family dining restaurant. Cent per cent used tomato paste and tomato sauce. Tomato ketchup and tomato puree used 92 and 88 per cent respectively in HoReCa segment. The products like whole peeled tomato, specialty sauce, tomato paste and tomato puree used only for culinary purpose and tomato sauce and tomato ketchup used in both purposes i.e. culinary purpose and table purpose. Whole peeled tomato purchased from outside, the products like tomato paste and tomato juice totally prepared in-house only. Whereas tomato ketchup and tomato sauce used from both sources. In HoReCa segment the potential products were tomato sauce, tomato ketchup and tomato paste. The product tomato puree had near potential opportunity. In institutional buyer segment tomato sauce and tomato ketchup had potential opportunities. Tomato paste and tomato puree had latent opportunities. In white labeling segment tomato sauce, tomato ketchup and tomato paste had potential opportunities. For tomato paste majority of the respondent chefs used more than 75 kg per month (68 per cent), whereas for tomato ketchup the total usage was 5075 kg per month (60.9 per cent). For tomato sauce the respondent chefs used around 75 kg per month in HoReCa segment. Majority of sample respondents procured tomato ketchup and tomato sauce. For tomato ketchup and tomato sauce majority of the sample respondents procured 25-50 kg per month in institutional buyer segment. Majority of sample respondents procured 25-50 kg of tomato paste and tomato sauce per month in both products. In case of tomato ketchup most of the sample respondents procured around 50 kg per month in white labeling segment. Del monte, Dabur and Kissan brands used majorly for the products like tomato ketchup, tomato puree and tomato sauce respectively in HoReCa segment. The majority of institutional buyer segment preferred Tops brand for the products like tomato ketchup and tomato sauce. Most of the sample respondents preferred Aditi brand for tomato based products like tomato paste, tomato ketchup and tomato sauce. The major reasons for purchasing of tomato based products from market were time saving and ease of availability in HoReCa segment. Better quality than the existing manufacturer was considered as the most important attribute for shifting to other brand in all segments. Consistency in quality was the most important factor considered by the sample respondents for selecting supplier in institutional and white labeling segments. In HoReCa segment the respondent chefs chosen for tomato ketchup 10-15 gms sachets followed by 500-1000 gms packet size, for tomato puree the preferred packet size 200-500 gms and 500-1000 gms packet size preferred for tomato sauce. In institutional buyer segment for tomato sauce 500-1000 gms packet size was preferred, whereas 200-500 gms was preferred for tomato ketchup. In white labeling segment the major respondents for tomato paste 500-1000 gms packet was preferred, for the products like tomato ketchup and tomato sauce 200-500 gms packet size was preferred. In HoReCa segment the packing materials used for tomato ketchup was bottles and sachets. Tetra pack used as packing material for tomato puree. Bottle used for tomato sauce. In both, institutional buyer and white labeling segment most of the sample respondents preferred bottles for the products like tomato paste and tomato sauce, for tomato ketchup the preferred packing material used as plastic containers and bottles. It was suggested that by comparing all the segments, the products like tomato ketchup and tomato sauce were the best opportunity for processing, as these products being procured by all three segments. To focus only one segment, the best choice for processing of tomato based products was HoReCa segment as it seems to be promising segment because of change in consumer life style, income spending patterns and rapid urbanization.ThesisItem Open Access SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF JASMINE IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-04) NAGA TEJASRI, N.; Vani, N.Among all the sectors of horticulture, floriculture is said to be the most colorful and attractive one. Flowers are best known for their fragrance. The importance of flowers was given by many sayings. “A flower speaks hundreds of words” is one among them. The flowers are mainly classified into cut flowers and loose flowers. Jasmine is one of the major loose flowers. Jasmine plays a major role among all the flowers due to its cultural significance in Indian rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies and festivals. The brides look beautiful in venis made out of Jasmine. Considering these, jasmine flower is called as “Belle of India” which indicates its value among the flowers in India (Ashoka et al., 2017). It is not only used for aesthetic purpose but also for the medicinal purpose. The extracts are used as cure for different diseases and also as sedatives in preventing heart strokes. India and Egypt together constitute for 95 per cent of the world jasmine production. In India, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh stand in the top three jasmine producing states while Guntur tops the list of jasmine producing districts in Andhra Pradesh with 601 ha under jasmine cultivating area. Jasmine is grown as perennial crop, the major pickings seasons is spread from February to November in Andhra pradesh. The peak production is from second fortnight of February to May. The high temperature (above 27oC) is congenial condition for achieving high yields in jasmine. (Kenneth and Glenn, 2002). The produce is highly perishable and has shorter shelf life of less than 24 hour at room temperatures (Bhuvaneswari and Sangama, 2018). The high demand from distant markets made a way for the current study. The current study “Supply Chain Analysis of Jasmine in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh” was performed in Guntur district as it had more area under jasmine cultivation. Two mandals, Bapatla and Mangalagiri were purposively selected out of which two villages from each mandal viz., Bapatla xii west, Murukondapadu, Pedavadlapudi and Nidamarru were selected purposively for the study based on the area under jasmine cultivation. Forty farmers and forty stakeholders in the supply chain were selected randomly. They personally interviews were conducted through separate set of pre-tested questionnaires for both farmers and stakeholders. The study in the area revealed that majority of the famers and stakeholders were from middle age i.e., from 35-55 years of age. Literacy levels revealed that majority of the farmers were illiterate i.e., about 40 per cent, while most of the stakeholders (35 per cent) were educated upto primary education. The study also revealed that most of the farmers were marginal farmers with less than 1 ha of land. On considering the experience of jasmine cultivation for farmers and trading experience of stake holder majority of them were having greater than 20 years of experience. The analysis of compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of area and production, there was 2.9 per cent decrease in area while 2.2 per cent increase in production during the period of 1999-2018. There were five channels identified in the jasmine supply chain in the study area. The first and most efficient one was “Producer- Consumer” with 7.07 index of marketing efficiency. The least efficient was fifth channel “Producer- Commission agent- Distant wholesaler- Retailer- Consumer” with 0.43 index of marketing efficiency. It was observed that marketing efficiency decreased with increase in number of marketing intermediaries, their costs and margins. Modified Acharya’s method was used in finding out the efficient marketing channel. Problems faced by the farmers and other stakeholders were analyzed using Garret ranking technique. The most faced problem by producers during production was labour availability for daily pickings. This was followed by credit availability as the farmers were unable to avail institutional finance unlike food growers. There is a high pest incidence during cold temperature days and availability of pesticides in nearby local markets at the time of requirement was the third problem faced by the farmers. During marketing, price fluctuation was the severe problem faced by the farmers as the price changed based on the market arrival of the produce as it was highly perishable and highly variable demand due to seasonal nature of wedding and festival. Famers felt that financial assistance as the most faced problem as they were paid at fortnight intervals by the traders. As the produce was highly perishable, Commission agents felt packaging as the major problem as they were the one to lift the produce from the farm gate. They packed in 60 micron polythene bag, placed in thermo coal boxes with freezing material (Yathindra et al.,2018). This problem was followed by price fluctuations and procurement by them as the produce was highly perishable and has to be picked by them from the farm gate. Wholesalers list of top problems included price fluctuations, failing in assessment of demand and availability of labor. Retailer quoted price xiii fluctuation as major problem as they were expected to sell the same quantity of produce irrespective of the market situations by the consumers who otherwise would be reluctant in buying followed by availability of labor for making floral mala and venis. It was suggested that the farmers would see greater returns on development of good package of practices to the marginal farmers, development of new indigenous varieties with pest resistance, financing from institutional financiers, structuring the price mechanism and formation of farmer producer companies dealing with jasmine.ThesisItem Open Access LOGISTICS IN e NATIONAL AGRICULTURE MARKET SYSTEM: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-01) PREM KUMAR, M.S; KRISHNA KISHORE, N.T.The study entitled “Logistics in e-National Agriculture Market System: An empirical study in the identified markets of E-NAM in the state of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to recommend the suitable operational strategies for the implementation of logistics in E-NAM. Purposive cum random sampling technique was adopted for conducting the study. Based on the volume of transactions three markets which are interconnected with E-NAM in the state of Andhra Pradesh were purposively selected. The identical markets were Kurnool, Adoni and Duggirala where there was good potential for trading and transportation of commodities like groundnut, cotton, castor and turmeric. The collected data were analysed by using percentages and cross tabulation techniques. The selected markets have commenced functioning from 14th April 2016 in the E-NAM and appeared to have performed well. More than (70%) of the traders and commission agents in markets has agreed that overall efficiency of E-NAM was higher than traditional markets. Over 80% of the sample respondents perceived real time tracking system. High velocity logistics, and integration of transit insurance in E-NAM. Majority of the respondents perceived the need for uberization in logistics services and availability of labour for loading and unloading of the produce in the markets. The greater percentage of the respondents perceived important factors like pricing of the transport, point to point pickup and delivery of produce, punctual time performance of the operator and personnel relation of employees with the customers in the selection of logistic operator. Multi location and third-party logistics services were made available and most often used by the traders in identified markets. The commodities like cotton in Adoni market, turmeric in Duggirala market and ajwain in Kurnool market were being transported to longer distances. About 80% of the logistic operators perceived that traders contact logistic operator before coming to market. The greater percentage of the logistic operators perceived that trader’s approach previous and organised logistic operator. The demand for futuristic value-added services like one stop logistic service, real time tracking, high velocity logistics, Integration of transit insurance, SMS alerts and GIS locks were perceived high demand by the sample respondents. Introduction of app based logistic service and specialised vehicles were perceived moderate demand by the sample respondents.ThesisItem Open Access SEED BUYING DECISION PROCESS OF FARMERS: A CASE OF SWEET CORN IN ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-01) BARATAM RENUKA; KRISHNA KISHORE, N.T.The present study “Seed Buying Decision Process of Farmers: A Case of Sweet Corn in Andhra Pradesh” was mainly aimed to identify the factors influencing the purchase of sweet corn seed and major problems associated during sweet corn seed procurement. Guntur district was purposively selected for the study on the basis of highest area under maize. The top two mandals having maximum area under cultivation of maize was selected. From the selected mandals all the villages having maximum area under cultivation were listed out and arranged in the descending order and top three villages from each mandal were selected thus making a total of six villages. From the selected villages 20 farmers from each village were randomly chosen for the study with a total sample size to 120. The consumer markets were identified purposively based on where the harvested sweet corns are sold. A representative sample of sixty sweet corn consumers were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The selected consumer markets were Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The primary data was collected from sample farmers using a pre-tested schedule through personal interview. Primary data from sample consumers was collected by developing a well defined and pretested schedule though digital mode by using Google forms and telephonic interviews. The data collected was analyzed by using frequencies and percentages, Chi-square test, Garrett’s ranking technique and Likert’s scale. The study revealed that majority of farmers belong to age group between 35 – 45 years age and with literacy status of majority farmers was secondary education. The annual income of most of the farmers were between Rs. 50,000 to Rs.1,50,000. Further landholding details revealed that majority of farmers were marginal farmers. Sweet corn growing experience details revealed that farming experience of highest no of the sample farmers was between 1-5 years. Out of the 60 sample consumers majority of them were falling in the age group of between less than 25 years, with literacy status of graduation and majority consumers were male. The occupation status of most of them were professionals and the family size was between 4-6 members. The income status revealed that majority of the sample consumers monthly income was less than 25,000. xiii Most of the consumers preferred to buy sweet corn in raw cob form compared to other forms and greater percentage of sample consumers were consuming once in a month. Average monthly family consumption of sweet corn cobs was 10-20 cobs and consumers preferred sweet corn for the reasons as it tastes good, and perceived healthy food. About 42 per cent of consumers were chosen to buy sweet corn from road side vendors followed by small grocery stores. Shorter duration of the crop, single cob per plant, and High pest & disease resistance were most perceived production attributes by sample farmers while selection of sweet corn seed. Duration of freshness after harvest and easily marketable produce were the most preferred marketing factors of sweet corn considered by sample farmers during seed selection. Cob size and uniform row configuration were the major marketing attributes of seed considered while selection in sweet corn. The study revealed that farmer preference was medium sized, with green colour husk, golden yellow colour kernel with curvature ear shape with dull silk appearance varieties. The major factor influencing the sample farmers while buying sweet corn seed was peer group reference followed by Market (Consumer) preference of the harvested cobs. More no of farmers revealed that there is no dealer loyalty while purchasing of sweet corn seed. Further, result showed that that there is always company loyalty and product loyalty while purchasing of sweet corn seed. The major information sources for sweet corn seed were fellow farmers followed by dealers. Non availability of pest and disease resistant varieties along with quality seed availability were the major constraints of sample farmers in the study area. The gap analysis between sample farmers perception and consumer preference has revealed that with respect to cob size, there existed no significant difference between sample farmers perception and sample consumers preferences, inferring that sample farmers have understood cob size preference of the consumer. Sample consumers preferred pale green coloured husk in cobs while sample farmers perceived to prefer green coloured husk cob varieties Sample consumers preferred pale green coloured husk in cobs while sample farmers perceived to prefer green coloured husk cob varieties. Consumers willing to buy golden yellow coloured kernels in cobs while sample farmers were perceiving golden to creamish yellow coloured kernel cob varieties. Even though sample consumer’s preferred silky silk appearance, while sample farmers were perceived dull silk appearance cob varieties to be preferred by consumers. But Sample consumers had no preference for ear shape of cobs while sample farmers preferred cylindrical and curvature ear shape cob varieties. The taste of sweet corn cob and sweetness were major quality perceptions of sweet corn preferred attributes by respondent consumers. Most of the consumers expressed their willingness to pay fair price between Rs 20 to Rs 40. Majority of sample consumers were willing to pay 5-10 per cent compared to market prices, if the sweet corn has preferred attributes as perceived by sample consumers such as pale green husk cobs, with golden yellow to yellow kernels, medium sized cobs with silky silk, which they perceived as quality in better taste, and freshness. The sample consumers expressed their willingness to consume sweet corn in all seasons while sample farmers perceived that the consumers prefered sweet corn cobs only on winter season.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS THE BRANDED EDIBLE OILS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF A.P.(2021-10-01) BHUMIREDDY SUPRAJA; RAJESWARI, S.The present study entitled “A study on consumer behaviour towards branded edible oils in Chittoor district of A.P” was undertaken mainly to know the consumer preference towards various types of branded edible oils. Chittoor district was purposively selected for the study and the based on highest population top three urban areas were chosen and 2 villages from each urban area were selected. The total sample size of the study was 120 i.e., 60 urban and 60 rural consumers. The information related to the present study was collected using a well-defined schedule through personal interview method and it pertained to the agricultural year 2019-20. The statistical tools like percentage analysis, Garrett ranking technique and factor analysis were employed to analyze the data. The empirical findings of the study revealed that sunflower oil is the most preferred oil in urban areas whereas palm olein oil in rural areas. The most of the urban consumers were purchasing edible oils from supermarket whereas rural consumers were purchasing from Convenience stores. With regard to packing material most of the consumers in both urban and rural areas preferred to purchase edible oil in packets. Greater percentage of the consumers in both urban and rural areas were consuming 2-4 liters of oil per month. Through factor analysis it is observed that factors like consumer preference factor, health factor, product attributes factor, referral factor and nutritional factor were the five factors influencing the consumers for brand decision making choice towards branded edible oil With regard to brand loyalty greater percentage of the respondents in urban areas were using mostly same brand. Majority of the respondents in urban areas switching to other brands occasionally, whereas rural consumers were switching to other brands frequently. Higher percentage of the urban respondents were switching to other brand due to new brand is very good, xii whereas rural consumers were shifting to another brand due to price of the current brand is very high. Majority of the respondents in rural areas were not aware about the various edible oil brands available in the market.ThesisItem Open Access BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS TOWARDS PESTICIDES IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-10-01) YASWANTH, C.; N. VANIThe present study entitled “Buying behaviour of farmers towards pesticides in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine the pesticides usage pattern, awareness towards pesticides, farmers’ buying behaviour towards pesticides and constraints faced in purchasing process of pesticides by farmers in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. Kurnool district was purposively selected for the study, as it occupies first place in gross area sown in Andhra Pradesh. Out of the various crops cultivated in the Kurnool district two crops viz., cotton and chilli were selected as the pesticides consumption is high in these crops. Two mandals for each selected crop based on the highest area under the crop was chosen for the study, thus making the total selected mandals to four. From the selected mandals, villages with maximum area under cotton and chilli cultivation was listed out and arranged in the descending order and top two villages from each mandal were selected to make total of eight villages. From the selected villages 10 farmers from each village were randomly chosen for the study, making the sample size to 80 farmers. The selected villages were Chippagiri, Degalahal from Chippagiri mandal, Badinehal, Kowthalam from Kowthalam mandal and Naganathanahalli, Pedda Harivanam from Adoni mandal, Badinehal, Kowthalam from Kowthalam mandal were selected as they were the highest chilli and cotton growing villages respectively. The data required were collected with the help of pre-tested schedule for the year 2019-2020 using survey method. The data was analysed to attain the stated objectives by using frequencies and percentage, Chi-square test, Garrett’s ranking technique and likert’s scale. Majority of the farmers in the study area were middle aged, education upto 10th class, were living in concrete house, medium family sized, medium xiv income grouped, had large operational land holding and low farming experience. Monocrotophos 36% Sl was used by the farmers (92.50%) for cotton and (97.5%) used Pendimethalin 30% EC for chilli crop. Framers had good knowledge on pesticides dosage and bio pesticides. Chi-square test showed a significant association between educational status, operational land holding and farming experience of the farmers and their level of awareness towards pesticides usage. Majority of the farmers got information regarding pesticides from private dealers, purchased pesticides from private dealers, depend on credit purchases, switch over to dealers who provides credit if credit sales were not available, favoured same brand same quality even the price change, turned to other brands during non-availability of required pesticides and they did not mind changing the band or dealer according to the situation. Dealer recommendation was the major factor influencing quantity of pesticides application and brand selection. Farmers’ level of satisfaction was high with the cost of pesticides in the market and free sample distribution by the private companies. Chi-square test showed a significant association between educational status of the farmers and their level of satisfaction towards pesticides and support services. Major constraints faced by the farmers during pesticides purchase from private dealers was high price and major constraints during purchasing from agriculture department was no credit availability.