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Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda
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Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda has been established as a full-fledged State University, having unique honour of being the “First Agricultural University of Bundelkhand Region”. The University was notified vide Government Order No. 301/79-V-1-10-1 (Ka) 27-2009 Lucknow and established on 2nd March 2010 under Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) 1958 Gazette-Adhiniyam 2010. Initially it was named as “Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda”, which was changed as “Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda” vide Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) Adhiniyam, 2014, No. 1528(2)/LXXIX-V-1-14-1(Ka)-13-2014 dated 4th December 2014.
The University has been established for the development of the agriculture and allied sectors in the Uttar Pradesh on the whole and Bundelkhand region in particular. It is committed to serve the Bundelkhand region with trinity concept, i.e. complete integration of teaching, research and extension for the development of agriculture and allied sectors in order to ensure food security and enhance socio-economic status of inhabitants. State Government of Uttar Pradesh has assigned the University with the responsibilities of (a) human resource generation and development, (b) generation and perfection of technologies, and (c) their dissemination to the farmers, orchardists and dairy farmers in the Chitrakoot Dham and Jhansi divisions. The Chirtrkoot Dham Division consists of four districts, namely Banda, Chitrakoot (Karvi), Mahoba and Hamirpur whereas Jhansi Division consists of Jhansi, Lalitpur and Jalaun (Orai) districts.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on soil adaptability and bio-control potential of Drechslerella brochopaga and Arthrobotrys musiformis against Meloidogyne incognita on brinjal (Solanum melongena L).(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2022-09-08) Krishan, Radha; Kumar, DharmendraDrechslerella brochopaga and Arthrobotrys musiformis were isolated from the soil of the Banda district and characterized by using the relevant literatures. Drechslerella brochopaga and Arthrobotrys musiformis were found to capture and kill the nematodes by using constricting ring and adhesive network respectively. These fungi were tested for the ideal source of the substrate/ media for the growth and sporulation for. The best growth and sporulation of Drechslerella brochopaga was found on mung bean agar media and corn meal agar respectively. The best growth and sporulation of Arthrobotrys musiformis was noted on Lentil grain Agar medium followed by mix bran agar medium. The poor growth and sporulation of Arthrobotrys musiformis was noted on mung bean grain agar medium. Minimum growth and sporulation of Drechslerella brochopaga was found on mix bran agar and Lentil grain Agar medium respectively. Interaction of Arthrobotrys musiformis and Drechslerella brochopaga with M. incognita resulted in the formation of traps that subsequently capture and kill the M. incognita. Maximum trap formation (25.53) and trapping of M. incognita (J2) were observed in Drechslerella brochopaga (98.83) followed by Arthrobotrys musiformis. Drechslerella brochopaga and Arthrobotrys musiformis were tested for their adoptability in soil of Banda district. Drechslerella brochopaga showed inhibitory effect of soil fungi stasis on germination (6.91-36.49% (but formed frequent conidial trap in vicinity of soil (57.95-87.57%). Arthrobotrys musiformis was generated by germ tube (75.92- 97.39 %) and no conidial trap formation was observed. Trapping of soil nematodes was also observed by the conidial trap of Drechslerella brochopaga. Bio efficacy test of Arthrobotrys musiformis and Drechslerella brochopaga in root-knot infested soil resulted in the reduction of number of root-knot (68.85%) and M. incognita (J2) by Drechslerella brochopaga. Arthrobotrys musiformis reduced only 38.99% reduction in the number of root-knot and 50.76% reduction in M. incognita (J2). The result of research carried out under the thesis indicates that Drechslerella brochopaga and Arthrobotrys musiformis were potential nematode-trappers and well adoptive in soil of Banda. However, the D. brochcopaga is more effective biocontrol agent because of its conidial trap forming ability, nematode-trapping ability and excellent bio-efficacy against M. incognita.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Management of Ascochyta rabiei causing Ascochyta blight of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, BANDA, U.P., 2022-09-08) Upadhyay, Utkarsh; Kumar Singh, VirendraThe present investigations entitled “Characterization and Management of Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. causing Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)” was carried out in Department of plant pathology ,College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda during 2020-22. Chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] is an important winter legume crop of the world. In India, Chickpea is cultivated in rabi (Nov.-Feb) season mainly. This crop is cultivated widely in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Chickpea is rich source of Protein and vitamins. It contains more than 90% of Mallic acid. This crop is affected by several biotic constraints like diseases, insect-pests hindering its production. Among the diffrent diseases, Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei is one of the most important fungal diseases of Chickpea. Ascochyta blight appears during cool and moist weather leading to blighting, girdling and death of plants which causes low yield. Keeping the view of severity of disease, experiments were conducted for isolation and identification of pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. Disease survey was conducted in Banda, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot, and Mahoba districts of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Average percent disease index (PDI) was recorded highest in Mahoba district (17.50%), followed by Chitrakoot district (17.05%) and Banda district (16.67%) whereas, the least PDI of Ascochyta blight was found in Hamirpur district (15.82%) of Uttar Pradesh. The PDI of Ascochyta blight of chickpea ranged between 15.82 to 17.50 percent. The colony of isolated pathogen Ascochyta rabiei on potato dextrose agar medium was appeared light brown to blackish grey , submerged. The mycelium of Ascochyta rabiei was creamy white initially, and turned greyish black colour in advanced stage. The hypha was septate and hyaline to brown in colour. The conidia measuring 8-10 x 4-4.5μm were oval to oblong ,hyaline, single celled and slightly curved at one or both ends,. The healthy plants inoculated with pathogen showed small grey patches on the leaves, stems, or pods and gradually movements toward brown lesions with dark margins. Further, Mycelial growth of Ascochyta rabiei was evaluated on four different media i.e. Oat meal agar, Malt extract agar, Potato dextrose agar and V8 juice agar. The maximum mycelial growth was found to be on Oat meal agar medium followed by malt extract agar and the least growth was found to be on V8 juice agar. The fungicide efficacy data indicated that twice sprays of Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @500g at the appearance of symptoms and 15 days interval gave maximum per cent disease reduction i.e. (63.86%) and least disease severity i.e., 11.31% respectively along with Significant enhancement i.e. (54.81%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components over the unprotected crop during the crop seasons i.e. Rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. It was followed by the twice sprays of Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @400g. Overall, it can be concluded that Ascochyta rabiei found emerging disease in this region and for the isolation of the fungus on oat meal agar media may be better media for the growth. The twice sprays of Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 500g at the appearance could be better option to manage the disease effectively. Further, the results may be validated in long term experiments and farmer field trials in different ecologies.ThesisItem Open Access “Studies on physiology and chemical management of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn causing sheath blight in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”(Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, 2022-09-07) Kumar, Amit; Negi, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on physiology and chemical management of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn causing sheath blight in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, CoA, BUAT Banda, UP during 2020-2022. Among the eight different culture media, Malt extract agar, Potato dextrose agar, Potato dextrose rose bengal agar and Oat meal agar media resulted in complete mycelial growth (90 mm) of R. solani after 48 hrs of inoculation. Colony colour of the culture ranged as whitish brown, light brown and pinkish white. Abundant growth pattern and fast growth rate was observed in PDA, MEA and PDRBA media. Sclerotia formation of R. solani initiated in 3 days on PDA, MEA and PDRBA media. Highest number of sclerotia formation was recorded in MEA (128.66) followed by PDA (107.0) and both were at par. Heaviest weight of sclerotium was recorded in OMA medium (10.45 mg) whereas, maximum sclerotial size was recorded in PDA (1.46 mm) followed by PDRBA media (1.25 mm) and were statistically at par. Among the seven different levels of temperatures, maximum average mycelial growth of fungi was found at 300C (80.40 mm) followed by 250C (68.87 mm) whereas, no mycelial growth was observed at temperature 100C and 400C. Complete mycelial growth (90 mm) of R. solani was recorded after 48 hrs of incubation at 300C only. Culture colony was whitish brown at 25 and 300C whereas, light brown at 15, 20 and 350C. Growth pattern of the R. solani was abundant at 300C and fast growth rate was observed at 25 and 300C Sclerotia formation was initiated in 3 days at 25 and 300C and no sclerotia were formed at 10 and 400C. Maximum number of sclerotia were formed at 350C (112.33) followed by 150C and 300C with 98.67 and 98.33 sclerotia, respectively and was statistically at par. Heaviest weight and maximum size of sclerotium was recorded at 250C (7.17 mg and 1.83 mm) followed by 300C (5.07 mg and 1.25 mm), respectively. Among six different pH levels, the maximum average mycelial growth of fungi was recorded at pH 7.0 (66.67 mm) followed by pH 6.0 (64.08 mm) and pH 8.0 (62.42 mm). Complete mycelial growth after 96 hrs of incubation was recorded at pH 7.0 only. Whitish brown colony was formed at pH 4.0 whereas, colony colour of rest of the cultures were light brown. Abundant growth pattern and fast growth rate of R. solani was observed at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0. Sclerotia formation was started in three days at 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 pH. Maximum sclerotia were formed at 7.0 pH (95.66) whereas, maximum weight of sclerotium was recorded at pH 4.0 (6.70 mg) followed by 5.0 pH (4.23 mg). Sclerotial characteristics viz., location, colour, arrangement and clump formation varied among the different media, temperatures and pH levels used for the study. Under in vitro fungicidal bio-efficacy test, carbendazim resulted as most effective fungicide with 100 per cent growth inhibition at all the tested concentration followed by fluxapyroxad + epoxiconazole which showed mycelial growth only at 10ppm and resulted in 98.79 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. Under field condition, maximum reduction in disease incidence (47.59%) and disease severity (66.67%) over untreated control was recorded in the plots sprayed with fluxapyroxad + epoxiconazole @ 0.1% which was followed by carbendazim with 41.10 and 55.58 per cent reduction in the disease incidence and disease severity, respectively over untreated control and both the treatments did not differ significantly. Maximum grain yield of 43.17 q/ha recorded in plots sprayed with fluxapyroxad + epoxiconazole which was 51.31 per cent higher than the untreated control. It was followed by carbendazim (41.67 q/ha) which resulted in 46.05 per cent higher yield over control and both the yields were at par with each other.ThesisItem Open Access “Evaluation of Microbial Consortia for Plant Growth Promotion and Management of Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea”(Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, 2022-09-09) Jaisval, Girijesh Kumar; Singh, VivekChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crop of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major constraints in production of chickpea in the regions and causes 10% annual yield loss (Singh and Dahiya, 1973). The microbial consortium is a group of species of microorganisms that act together as a community and synergistic way. Indigenous isolates of bacterial bio-agents viz; Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Mesorhizobium ciceri were isolated from root nodules and rhizospheric field collected chickpea field of Crop research farm of the University and identified on the basis of morphological characters and biochemical tests. Potential isolates of fungal antagonists such as T. harzianum and T. viride were collected from Plant Pathology Laboratory of BUAT, Banda. Indigenous fungal and bacterial bio-agents were tested in vitro for their efficacy against pathogen. Among Six native fungal antagonists T. harzianum (TH-2) was found highly effective against the pathogen, which inhibited maximum growth of the pathogen 67.03% followed by T. harzianum (TH-3) which inhibited 66.85% mycelia growth of pathogen. Among three bacterial isolates, P. fluorescens showed maximum inhibition growth of pathogen (63.98%) followed by B. subtilis (48.70%) and M. ciceri (36.93%). The compatibility of potential bio-agents was also tested through dual culture technique. All the bacterial bio-agents found compatible with each other and the fungal antagonist T. harzianum (TH-3) found potential against pathogen and compatible with all the bacterial bioagents. The bio-agents which found effective and compatible with each other were selected for development of consortia. Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effect of pH (4.5- 9.0) and temperature (20-400C) on colony growth of pathogen and bio-agents. In study of the effect of pH the fungal antagonist T. harzianum was attained maximum growth (80 mm) at pH 6.0 whereas the pathogen (Foc) and P. fluorescens attained highest growth 72.50 mm and 56.80 mm respectively at pH 6.5. While B. subtilis and M. ciceri both grew best at neutral pH 7 with 75.50 mm and 18.5 mm respectively. In study of the effect of temperature on the growth of microbes, the pathogen (Foc), T. harzianum and M. ciceri exhibited maximum growth 65.33 mm, 80 mm and 37.83 mm respectively at 280C, while B. subtilis and P. fluorescens exhibited maximum growth 76.67 mm and 58.17 mm respectively at 32°C. A pot culture experiment was conducted under net house condition during Rabi season 2021-22 with 14 treatments and three replications in CRD to evaluate the efficacy of microbial consortia for plant growth promotion and management of chickpea wilt. The results revealed that the treatment (T13) in which seed treatment with T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens + M. ciceri found most effective which enhanced maximum root and shoot length 40.10 and 48.72 cm respectively and that treatment also provided 100% seed germination maximum reduction (75.11%) in wilt incidence.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ALTERNARIA BLIGHT, WHITE RUST AND POWDERY MILDEW OF INDIAN MUSTARD (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.)(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-25) Verma, Pradeep Kumar; Negi, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Epidemiological studies on Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.) was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, UP during 2019- 2021. Disease survey was conducted in Banda and Hamirpur districts of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh in which average PDI of Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew were 27.31 per cent, 30.39 per cent and 53.33 per cent, respectively in villages surveyed in Hamirpur district whereas, it was 28.0 per cent, 29.98 per cent and 59.92 per cent, respectively in villages surveyed in Banda district. In epidemiological studies, favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging between 21.71-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 9.4 -14.0°C, maximum RH >90% upto 16th WAS and minimum RH between 36.14 – 56.42% with 12.30 mm rainfall were recorded during progression of Alternaria blight. Favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging 21.71-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 9.4-14.0°C, maximum RH >90% upto 16th WAS and minimum RH between 36.14-56.42% with 12.30 mm rainfall were recorded during progression of white rust. Favourable weather conditions of maximum temperature ranging between 25.28-29.48°C, minimum temperature ranging 11.57-14.0°C, maximum RH of 80.42-91.25% and minimum RH between 36.14-48.57% with 12.30 mm rainfall during span of two weeks were recorded during progression of powdery mildew. A significantly positive correlation of per cent disease index of Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew was reported with maximum and minimum temperature whereas, it was significantly and negatively correlated with maximum and minimum relative humidity however, it was non-significant and negatively correlated with rainfall in Indian mustard varieties Ganga, Varuna, Giriraj and RH-0749. Multiple regression equations explained that 98, 99, 98 and 97 per cent Alternaria blight development, 98, 97, 98 and 97 per cent white rust development, 96, 96, 95 and 96 per cent powdery mildew development was influenced by the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity and rainfall in varieties Ganga, Varuna, Giriraj and RH0749, respectively. In effect of different dates of sowing on PDI of the Alternaria blight, lowest mean PDI of the disease (11.63% and 13.11%) was recorded from the 1stsown plots on 27th October whereas, the highest mean PDI of 20.83% and 21.01% was recorded from 4th sowing on 27th November in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest mean PDI of white rust (8.57% and 8.79%) was also recorded from the 1st sown plots whereas, the highest mean PDI of 17.82% and 18.74% was recorded from 4th sowing in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest mean PDI of the powdery mildew (20.43% and 19.01%) was also recorded from the 1st sown plots and the highest mean PDI of 50.79% and 49.34% was recorded from 4th sowing in variety Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Maximum average oilseed yield of 20.52 q/ha was obtained from mustard crops sown on 1st date i.e. 27th October which significantly reduced with the delay in sowing and was minimum in 4th sowing (13.28 q/ha). Minimum AUDPC of 716.35 and 802.38 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 1330.70 and 1343.42 was resulted in 4th sowing for Alternaria blight in Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Minimum AUDPC of 527.64 and 533.24 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 1125.52 and 1189.97 was resulted in 4th sowing for white rust in Ganga and Varuna, respectively. Lowest AUDPC of 988.96 and 920.98 was resulted in 1st sowing whereas, maximum AUDPC of 2617.16 and 2543.64 was resulted in 4th sowing for powdery mildew in Ganga and Varuna, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Anthracnose Disease of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) Briosi and Cav.(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-18) Singh, Shwetank; Prasad, DurgaMungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short duration summer food legume in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. In India, mungbean is cultivated in three different seasons’ viz., Kharif (July- Oct), Rabi (Sept- Dec) and Zaid or summer (March- June). This crop cultivated extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Mungbean is consumed as whole grains as well as dal in a variety of ways in homes and it has wider adaptability and low input requirement. It is a highly nutritious source of proteins and calories in the Asian diet and its green pods contain high level of vitamins and minerals. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. This crop is affected by several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests hampering its production. Among the diseases, anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important fungal diseases of mungbean. Anthracnose disease appears during warm and humid weather leading to necrosis, defoliation and low yield. Keeping in view of importance of disease, experiments were conducted to isolation and identification of pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. The colony of isolated pathogen C. lindemuthianum onto potato dextrose agar medium was appeared cream to blackish grey, margin regular and immersed. The mycelium of was white initially, but developed dark black colour in advanced stage and grew rapidly. The hypha was septate and white to dark in colour. The conidia measuring 20.20-21.40 x 3.3-3.5μm were hyaline single celled, dumbbell shaped born in acervuli bearing setae. The healthy plants inoculated with pathogen showed dark brown to black sunken lesions on leaves, mostly adjacent to veins; which later become greyish white centre with dark brown or reddish margin. Twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1st appearance of symptoms and 15 days interval gave the maximum reduction in anthracnose incidence and severity i.e. 51.12% and 64.56%, respectively along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components (except number of primary branches per plant and number of seed per pod) over the unprotected crop during both of the crop seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020. It was followed by the twice sprays of Carbendazim + Mancozeb or Tebuconazole with respective parameters. Sprays of Captan + Hexaconazole were found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/ severity as well as to increase the yield and its components. Out of 190 mungbean genotypes evaluated against anthracnose disease during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., Pairy Mung, PMG-991, MGG-295 and Kopargaon were found to be moderately resistant against anthracnose disease.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TOLERANCE AND SENSITIVITY OF NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGUS Drechslerella brochopaga TO COMMON FUNGICIDES(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2021-10-30) Dwivedi, Hariom; Kumar, DharmendraDrechslerella brochopaga Drechsler, a strangulating nematode-trapping fungus was studies for their adoptability in soil and their tolerance against some common fungicides. D.brochopaga was isolated from horticultural soil of Baberu, Banda. The fungus was characterized and identified by the use of relevant literature. The fungus was found to effectively capture and kill the 96.4 per cent second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita by its three celled constricting ring produced on hyphae within 3 days. The study of adaptability of D. brochopaga in various agricultural and horticulture soil of Banda revealed that this fungus is frequenlty formed conidial trap in vicinity to soil and parastize nematodes. The study of the tolerance of conidia of D. brochopaga with soil amended with different concentrated of common fungicide indicate that this fungus is highly toxic to chlorothallonil was various range of tolerance/sensitivity with common fungicide. Conidia of D. brochopaga were found most sensitive to chlorothalonil and propineb at 10 µl ai kg-1 concentration followed by carbendazim, mencozeb, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, thiram which inhibited the conidial trap formation at 25 mg ai kg-1 ppm. Tebuconazole inhibited completely inhibited the fungus at 100 µl ai kg-1 whereas Metalaxyl and Sulphur completely inhibited the fungus at 300 mg ai kg-1 . D. brochopaga showed tolerance to propiconazole up to 300 mg ai kg-1 but the fungus was completely inhibited at 400 mg ai kg-1 .The result of the present study indicate that D. brochopaga is sensitive to most of the fungicides tested under the present study. The fungus showed tolerance to Metalaxyl, propiconazole and Sulphur below 200 mg/µl ai kg-1 concentration of in soil.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF COLLAR ROT OF CHICKPEA(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda Uttar Pradesh, 2020-11-12) KUMAR, ARVIND; Singh, VivekChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop of India. Collar rot of chickpea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important disease of chickpea. Fifty chickpea genotypes were evaluated under artificially inoculated pot condition during Rabi 2019-20. Out of 50 genotypes seven genotypes viz., C- 1769, C-1775, PDG-4, ICVT-181107, ICVT-181118, ICVT-181117 and Vijay were found moderately resistant and rest genotypes were found susceptible to highly susceptible. Six native fungal antagonists (Trichoderma spp.) were evaluated in vitro against S. rolfsii through dual culture and non-volatile (culture filtrate) techniques among them Trichoderma harzianum (TH2) found highly effective against the pathogen, which inhibited maximum growth of the pathogen 75.18% and 61.85% in both dual culture and culture filtrate techniques, respectively. Nine fungicides were evaluated in vitro against pathogen and Trichoderma harzianum at 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm, with a view to select suitable fungicides highly toxic against S. rolfsii at lower concentrations and less toxic to bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum). Amongst 9 fungicide four fungicides namely captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP (Taquat), penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin (Evergold), hexaconazole 5% SC (Contaf), tebuconazole 25.9%E.C (Folicur) found highly effective which inhibited 100% growth of pathogen at all tested concentrations i.e 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. Out of 9 fungicides four fungicides namely propineb, mancozeb, captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP, and penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin found less inhibitory against Trichoderma harzianum at 50 to 1000 ppm concentrations. For Integrated disease management the effect of 10 different treatments comprising highly effective bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum) and a fungicide highly effective against pathogen at lower concentration and compatible with bioagent used as a seed treatment and soil application with organic amendments in various combinations was evaluated under pot and field conditions during Rabi 2019-20. Under pot condition the treatment in which seed treatment with captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP + soil application with Trichoderma harzianum enriched vermicompost found most effective and provided maximum germination (100%) and reduction (77.13%) in the incidence of collar rot over control. The same treatment in which seed treated with captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP + soil application with Trichoderma enriched vermicompost also found highly effective in reducing (72.81%) collar rot incidence and increasing yield (67.67%) over control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Cultural Characteristics and Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-12-01) Gupta, Kshitij; Prasad, DurgaThe pulses, mainly mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important crop grown extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. There are several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests hampering the production of mungbean crop. Among the diseases, Cercospora leaf spot is the most important fungal disease occurring regularly in the mungbean growing areas. The disease is caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin. Cercospora leaf spot disease appears during warm and humid weather leading to Chlorosis, defoliation and low yield. Keeping in view of importance of disease, experiments were conducted to study the cultural characters of the pathogen and to find out the efficient management strategies for this disease. The pathogen isolated onto potato dextrose agar medium was slow growing; white in colour and puffy growth was observed which was slightly raised on the upper side. Mycelium was hyaline to light brown in color and septate. Conidiophores were straight or flexuous, light brown to brown in color and multi-septate. Conidia were hyaline to light brown, straight to curved with 5-10 septate measuring 3-5 x 40-130 um with delicate tip. The inoculated leaves showed small brown spots in the initial stage which were turned into dark brown and enlarged spots. Closely located spots coalesced and formed large necrotic patches. Developed spots had grey colored center and brown margin. The size of the spots varied from 3- 10mm in diameter. Out of 5 media viz., potato dextrose agar, potato sucrose agar, oat meal agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice agar medium tested for growth of the C. canescens, the highest radial growth of mycelia (87.67mm) recorded in v-8 juice agar medium which was almost equal to growth of mycelia observed on potato dextrose agar (86mm), potato sucrose agar (86.50mm) and mungbean decoction agar (86.50mm). The least radial growth (41.17) of mycelia exhibited in oat meal agar medium. White color colony of C. canescens was seen in three media viz., potato dextrose agar, mungbean decoction agar and v-8 juice, while, creamy white and light yellow colored colony were observed in potato sucrose agar and oat meal agar medium, respectively. During both of the crop seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020, twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1" appearance of symptoms and 15 days' interval gave the maximum reduction in incidence and severity i.e. 45.57% and 58.45%, respectively; of Cercospora leaf spot disease along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in seed yield (quintal/ha) as well as in yield components (except number of primary branches per plant and number of seed per pod) over the unprotected crop. It was followed by the twice sprays of Carbendazim + Mancozeb with respective parameters. Sprays of Captan + Hexaconazole were found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/ severity as well as to increase the yield and its components. Out of 190 mungbean genotypes evaluated against Cercospora leaf spot during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., PDM 04-123, PDM 54, EC520034and EC 520022 were found to be resistant against Cercospora leaf spot disease.
