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Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda has been established as a full-fledged State University, having unique honour of being the “First Agricultural University of Bundelkhand Region”. The University was notified vide Government Order No. 301/79-V-1-10-1 (Ka) 27-2009 Lucknow and established on 2nd March 2010 under Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) 1958 Gazette-Adhiniyam 2010. Initially it was named as “Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda”, which was changed as “Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda” vide Uttar Pradesh Agriculture University Act (Sanshodhan) Adhiniyam, 2014, No. 1528(2)/LXXIX-V-1-14-1(Ka)-13-2014 dated 4th December 2014.
The University has been established for the development of the agriculture and allied sectors in the Uttar Pradesh on the whole and Bundelkhand region in particular. It is committed to serve the Bundelkhand region with trinity concept, i.e. complete integration of teaching, research and extension for the development of agriculture and allied sectors in order to ensure food security and enhance socio-economic status of inhabitants. State Government of Uttar Pradesh has assigned the University with the responsibilities of (a) human resource generation and development, (b) generation and perfection of technologies, and (c) their dissemination to the farmers, orchardists and dairy farmers in the Chitrakoot Dham and Jhansi divisions. The Chirtrkoot Dham Division consists of four districts, namely Banda, Chitrakoot (Karvi), Mahoba and Hamirpur whereas Jhansi Division consists of Jhansi, Lalitpur and Jalaun (Orai) districts.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PARAMETERS(BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2023-12-16) ANIKET KUMAR VERMA; Dr. Akhilesh Chandra MishraThe current investigation was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, (UP), India, during the Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 with 34 genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in a Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. The data were recorded on sixteen qualitative characters, viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height at 50% flowering (cm), number of flowers per cluster, fruit setting percentage, days to first fruit picking, leaf area index (cm2 ), number of primary branches per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit circumference (cm), fruit diameter (cm), specific gravity of fruits (g/cm3 ), total soluble solid (ºBrix), plant height at last picking (cm), number of fruits per plant, average weight of the fruit (g), and fruit yield per plant (kg), and to estimate genetic variability, correlation coefficients, path coefficients, genetic divergence based on important measurable morphological traits, and randomly designed DNA based fifteen SCoT (Start Codon Targeted) molecular markers. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the thirty-four genotypes of brinjal for all the sixteen characters, indicating significant genetic variation among the existing gene pool. Based on mean performance, genotype BUB-18-27 indicated highest fruit yield per plant and plant height at 50% flowering, whereas Kashi Uttam had maximum fruit weight and fruit circumference among 34 genotypes. Other promising genotypes were BUB-18- 15 for number of fruits per plant, Kashi Taru for fruit length, BUB18-2 for fruit diameter, CHBR-2 for leaf area index, BUB-18-10 for number of primary branches, BUB-18-5 for plant height at last picking, Pusa Shyamal & BUB-18-14 for minimum days to 50% flowering, and BUB-18-2 & BUB-18-14 for minimum days to first fruit picking. High magnitude of GCV and PCV, heritability in a broad sense, and genetic advanceas a percentage of mean were observed for number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits perplant, average fruit weight, leaf area index, fruit setting percentage, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit circumference, fruit yield per plant, and number of primary branches per plant. At the genotypic and phenotypic levels, correlation coefficients on fruit yield per plant had indicated significant and positive correlation with average fruit weight, fruit length, leafarea index, fruit diameter, fruit circumference, fruit setting percentage, and number of fruitsper plant.ThesisItem Open Access "Effect of pruning time and level on fruiting and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Lalit"(Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, 2024-01-12) Vikas Kumar; Akhilesh Kumar SrivastavaThe present investigation entitled "Effect of pruning time and level on fruiting and fruit quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Lalit" was conducted at Instructional Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture & Technology Banda, (U.P.) during the year 2021-23. The experiment was laid out in RBD (factorial) design with six pruning times and three pruning levels and replicated thrice. Results revealed that the significantly minimum average time taken to bud burst, average time taken to bud sprout, average time taken to flower initiation, average time taken to full bloom, average time taken to end of bloom, average time taken to fruit maturity, average time taken to colour break in fruits were noted in second week of May with 20% pruning during both the years. However, significantly maximum final fruit set were recorded in last week of April with 40% pruning. The highest average number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant (kg), fruit yield ton/ha, fruit weight, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp and seed ratio, total soluble solid, total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, pectin, pH, total soluble solid and acid ratio and were recorded in last week of April with 40% pruning whereas, minimum specific gravity and seed weight were observed in last week of April with 40% pruning. Therefore, on the basis of results, it can be concluded that guava pruning should be carried out in the last week of April with 40 % pruning intensity followed by pruning in last week of August with 40 % pruning level to obtain maximum fruit set, yield and fruit quality of guava cv. Lalit. The same can be recommended to the farmers and researchers.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF FARMERS IN VARANASI (U.P.)(BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2024-01-10) RAJEEV RANJAN PATEL; Dr. Bhanu PrakashThe study was conducted in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh during 2022-23. Four FPOs working for more than 5 years i.e. KVFPCL, RFPCL, SKPCL, and JSPCL for the study were selected. A total of 300 respondents were chosen for the study, with 150 members and 150 non-member respondents. The 150 respondents from FPOs were selected using the stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation. Non-member respondents were chosen from the same villages where FPO member respondents were selected. The exploratory research design was used to frame the research study. The majority of the respondents from belonged to middle-age group (62.00%), tended to have intermediate education (32.00%), OBC categories (72.66%), and small families (50.00%). Majority (58.00%) of the respondents had high farming experience, medium participation in group activities (70.00%), information-seeking behavior (53.33%), leadership ability (66.00%), and capacity building (70.66%). Majority of members (48.66%) and non-member (56.67%) respondents had medium level of knowledge. Impact of FPO on member respondents revealed that (31.33%) had high food security levels compared to 14.67% of non-members. Habitat security also favored FPO members, with better housing and sanitation facilities. FPOs membership provided better educational opportunities for children, with a preference for specific types of schools and a higher rate of pursuing collegiate education. Moreover, FPOs significantly impacted health security, as members relied less on local healthcare lesser intensity of facilities and faced affordability challenges. FPOs played significant role in social empowerment of member respondents (55.33%), with 29.34% of members reported high empowerment compared to only 12.00% of non-members. Several factors were significantly associated with the impact of FPO membership among members, including education, farm mechanization, annual income, participation in group/community activities, information-seeking behavior, leadership ability, achievement motivation, communication behavior, decision-making power, risk orientation, innovativeness, and self-confidence. Findings regarding knowledge about vegetable crops among FPO members, age, education, farming experience, farm mechanization, annual income, participation in group/community activities, information- seeking behavior, leadership ability, achievement motivation, communication behavior, decision-making power, risk orientation, innovativeness, and self-confidence were found to have significant relationships. The major constraints faced by member respondents were inadequate storage and processing facilities, labour shortages, low produce prices, and limited market information, alongside marketing challenges like price fluctuations and middlemen involvement.ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE AND VARIABILITY OF SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII CAUSING COLLAR ROT OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, 2023-08-09) ARVIND KUMAR; Dr. Virendra Kumar SinghChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important and oldest pulse crop. Collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important disease of Chickpea. An intensive roving survey was conducted in 2021-2022 for the assessing prevalence and incidence of collar rot in seven growing districts (Banda, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Jalaun, and Lalitpur) of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 63 locations were surveyed and observed that the disease was prevalent at all the locations. The collar rot incidence ranged from 4.0 to 17.0%. The highest disease incidence (17.0%) was recorded from Lodhipur village of Muskara block in Hamirpur district and the lowest collar rot incidence (4.0%) was recorded from Chakrauli village of Karwi block in Chitrakoot district. In order to diversity study of collar rot pathogen a total of twenty nine isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii were isolated from diseased plant samples collected from surveyed locations. It was observed in diversity study of pathogen that all the isolates of the Sclerotium rolfsii highly diverse in mycelial and sclerotial morphological traits on PDA medium. Among the mycelial traits significant variations were recorded in colony diameter, colony colour, type and appearance of colony growth on PDA medium after 72 hrs of incubation at 27 °C. ‘Most of the isolates were medium growth rate which recorded 50 to 80 mm colony diameter and fast growing isolates which recorded 80.33 to 90.00 mm colony diameter after 72 hrs of incubation’. Based on the colony appearance seven isolates were showed fluffy, sixteen isolates showed dense and remaining six isolates were showed the sparse mycelial growth on PDA medium. Variation among the isolates on the basis of colony colour was also recorded, that the isolates were produced white, extra white and dull white colour colonies on PDA medium.The variability in sclerotial traits of isolates was recorded significantly. The numbers of sclerotia were highly varied among the isolates and ranged from 106.33 to 1005.33 per plate (90 mm). The isolates also showed variation in test weight (weight of 100 sclerotia) of sclerotia, ranged from 68.66 mg to 538.33 mg per hundred sclerotia. The size of sclerotia also varied in different isolates and ranged from 0.93 mm to 1.59 mm in diameter. The colour of sclerotia was mostly brown, light brown and dark brown at maturity. Shape of sclerotia was also varied among the isolates and most of the isolates were produced spherical to oval shape sclerotia. The sclerotia in most of the isolates were distributed in scattered to peripheral manner over the PDA plates. In order to determination of mycelial compatibility groups (MCG) among the isolates were paired to each other on PDA plates and the isolates also paired themselves to ensure self-compatibility. There were 435 combinations of twenty nine isolates, out of which only 211 combinations showed compatible reactions while remaining 224 combinations showed incompatible reaction. Based on compatible and incompatible reaction three MCGs were distinguished among twenty nine isolates. In case of pathogenic variability, isolates from different locations showed difference in their virulence on different variety. Among the all isolates the isolates SRC22, SRC25, SRC27 and SRC28 considered as most virulent as it causes highest diseases incidence in all selected variety of chickpea. The physiological requirement of pathogen for maximum mycelial growth of different isolates of S. rolfsii was observed on Czapek’s dextrose agar and Potato dextrose agar medium and maximum sclerotia production on Potato dextrose agar medium while, on 25 ℃ temperature and pH level 7.0 observed maximum mycelial growth and sclerotia production. Genetic similarities were analyzed through the data obtained on the basis of 10 RAPD primers from the 29 isolates of the Sclerotium rolfsii and presented varying degree of genetic relatedness. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.05 to 1.01. The highest similarity 1.0 was observed between genotypes SRC-11 and SRC-29. The lowest similarities were revealed between the isolates SRC-5 and SRC-25, SRC-13 and SRC7, SRC-18 and SRC8, SRC-25 and SRC-18 registered the minimum similarity value (0.0) indicating the maximum genetic distance between them. Among the different type of soil the maximum collar rot disease incidence was recorded in black soil (66.02%), followed by light brown soil with (61.13%) incidence.ThesisItem Open Access PRECISION NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND ZERO TILLAGE(Department of Agronomy Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001 (U.P), 2024-01-20) Sandeep Sahu; G. S PanwarA field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Research Farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India, to study of precision nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under conventional and zero-tillage. The soil was clay loam in texture with higher water holding capacity and level topography. The initial pH of the soil was 7.6 and electrical conductivity was 0.19 dS m-1 . The soil was low in organic carbon (0.41%) and available nitrogen (216.3 kg ha-1 ), low in available phosphorous (16.43 kg ha-1 ) and medium to high available potassium (280.1 kg ha-1 ). Experiment were laid out in Spilt plot design with three replications, two tillage methods zero i. e. tillage and conventional tillage was taken in main plots and precision nitrogen management levels viz. SPAD ≤ 40 (basal @40 kg N and split @30 kg N on the basis of SPAD and SPAD will be taken from 25 DAS to anthesis), SPAD ≤42 (basal @40 kg nitrogen, split @30 kg N), SPAD (40-42) basal @ 60 kg nitrogen, split at 45 DAS and 65 DAS, if SPAD≤ 40 split @ 40 kg N/ha, if SPAD>40, spilt @ 30 kg N and if SPAD >42 spilt @20 kg N/spilt, LCC ≤4.0 (basal @ 40 kg nitrogen), when 6 reading out of 10 reading, recorded <4 nitrogen will be applied as split @ 30 kg N, LCC ≤4.5 basal equal to @ 40 kg nitrogen, split @ 30 kg, FTNM (100% RDF) basal equal to @40 kg nitrogen, Control (No N with full dose P and K). The variety of wheat was used K-1317 in experiment. Results revealed that adoption of zero tillage recorded significantly higher values, higher values of plant height, DMA, CGR, RGR, yield attributes and yield of wheat during both the years of experiment. Zero tillage sowing method recorded 2.04% and 2.94% higher grain yield of wheat during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. SPAD based nitrogen management recorded higher values of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Nitrogen applied with SPAD (40-42) based recorded 59.6% and 65.08% higher grain yield of wheat over control during, 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. Maximum net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded with crop sown under zero tillage and fertilized with SPAD (40-42) during both the years. Similarly, maximum values of energy output, net energy return, energy efficiency and energy productivity were observed with SPAD (40-42) under zero tillage. On the basis of two year experimentation, maximum expected net gain of nitrogen (23.4 kg) was observed with SPAD (40-42) under zero tillage followed by SPAD 40 (22.9 kg) under zero tillage. While, in CT maximum expected gain of N (6.1 kg) followed by SPAD 40 (0.9 kg) and rest of the treatment are reflected negative impact and loss of nitrogen in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access “Knowledge and Adaptation on Climate variability among Farming community of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh”(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BANDA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, BANDA-210001, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA), 2023-08-09) Ashish Yadav; Arjun Prasad VermaThe present study was conducted on "Knowledge and Adaptation on Climate Variability among farming community of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh”. The Exploratory and Analytic research design was used in the present study. The Banda, Hamirpur, and Mahoba Districts were purposively selected. Two blocks from each district and 2 village from each block were selected. A total of 6 blocks and 12 villages were selected. From each selected village, 15 respondents were selected randomly. Thus, a total of 180 respondents were selected as a sample for the present study. The results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to the middle-age category, joint families, and medium-sized families, engaged in dairy farming along with crop farming, belonged to medium income category, medium herd size, possess indigenous cows, medium milk production category, medium milk consumption and medium milk sale category. The majority of the research participants (61.67%) felt there had been a decreasing annual rainfall amount, the overall knowledge level of respondents revealed that the majority of the respondents (52.22%) had medium-level knowledge of climate variability. The results of the exposition index reveal a higher value (0.82), which shows that farmers ‘of Banda district (D1) livelihoods are critically exposed to climate change and its induced risks. Findings further report that the exposition index of the D2 (Hamirpur district) has a relatively higher value (0.73), indicating a higher exposure to climate risks than the D3 (Mahoba district) 0.63. The calculated index score of the susceptibility indicator revealed that D3 (0.83) has higher exposure to risks in the study area and represents a critical value followed by D1 (0.76) and D2 (0.54), respectively. The index value of the adaptive capacity indicator showed a critically high score (0.85) for D1 of the Bundelkhand region followed by D3 and D2 with the index value of 0.82 and 0.63, respectively. The overall level of adoption of adaptation strategies revealed that 40% of the respondents had a medium level of adoption of adaptation strategy followed by 36.11% of the respondents had a low level of adoption of adaptation strategies of livestock farming to combat the climate variability. Only 23.89% of the respondents had a high level of adoption of adaptation to overcome the vagaries of climate variability. Binary logistic analysis revealed the Wald statistics were significant at a 1 percent level for the explanatory variables influencing the adoption level of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of respondents to combat Climate Variability revealed that viz., Age while variables like Family size and Herd size were significant at 5 percent level; Education was significant at 10 percent level. It was revealed that illiterately, poor extension service on climate risk management, inadequate access to climate information and poor reliability, non-availability of the insect-pest and disease tolerant varieties, high input cost due to change in planting dates, Inadequate finance and credit facilities to meet out the labor requirement were the major constraints in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access “Incidence and variability of Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, 2023-08-09) Arvind Kumar; Dr. Virendra Kumar SinghChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important and oldest pulse crop. Collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important disease of Chickpea. An intensive roving survey was conducted in 2021-2022 for the assessing prevalence and incidence of collar rot in seven growing districts (Banda, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Jalaun, and Lalitpur) of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 63 locations were surveyed and observed that the disease was prevalent at all the locations. The collar rot incidence ranged from 4.0 to 17.0%. The highest disease incidence (17.0%) was recorded from Lodhipur village of Muskara block in Hamirpur district and the lowest collar rot incidence (4.0%) was recorded from Chakrauli village of Karwi block in Chitrakoot district. In order to diversity study of collar rot pathogen a total of twenty nine isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii were isolated from diseased plant samples collected from surveyed locations. It was observed in diversity study of pathogen that all the isolates of the Sclerotium rolfsii highly diverse in mycelial and sclerotial morphological traits on PDA medium. Among the mycelial traits significant variations were recorded in colony diameter, colony colour, type and appearance of colony growth on PDA medium after 72 hrs of incubation at 27 °C. ‘Most of the isolates were medium growth rate which recorded 50 to 80 mm colony diameter and fast growing isolates which recorded 80.33 to 90.00 mm colony diameter after 72 hrs of incubation’. Based on the colony appearance seven isolates were showed fluffy, sixteen isolates showed dense and remaining six isolates were showed the sparse mycelial growth on PDA medium. Variation among the isolates on the basis of colony colour was also recorded, that the isolates were produced white, extra white and dull white colour colonies on PDA medium.The variability in sclerotial traits of isolates was recorded significantly. The numbers of sclerotia were highly varied among the isolates and ranged from 106.33 to 1005.33 per plate (90 mm). The isolates also showed variation in test weight (weight of 100 sclerotia) of sclerotia, ranged from 68.66 mg to 538.33 mg per hundred sclerotia. The size of sclerotia also varied in different isolates and ranged from 0.93 mm to 1.59 mm in diameter. The colour of sclerotia was mostly brown, light brown and dark brown at maturity. Shape of sclerotia was also varied among the isolates and most of the isolates were produced spherical to oval shape sclerotia. The sclerotia in most of the isolates were distributed in scattered to peripheral manner over the PDA plates. In order to determination of mycelial compatibility groups (MCG) among the isolates were paired to each other on PDA plates and the isolates also paired themselves to ensure self-compatibility. There were 435 combinations of twenty nine isolates, out of which only 211 combinations showed compatible reactions while remaining 224 combinations showed incompatible reaction. Based on compatible and incompatible reaction three MCGs were distinguished among twenty nine isolates. In case of pathogenic variability, isolates from different locations showed difference in their virulence on different variety. Among the all isolates the isolates SRC22, SRC25, SRC27 and SRC28 considered as most virulent as it causes highest diseases incidence in all selected variety of chickpea. The physiological requirement of pathogen for maximum mycelial growth of different isolates of S. rolfsii was observed on Czapek’s dextrose agar and Potato dextrose agar medium and maximum sclerotia production on Potato dextrose agar medium while, on 25 ℃ temperature and pH level 7.0 observed maximum mycelial growth and sclerotia production. Genetic similarities were analyzed through the data obtained on the basis of 10 RAPD primers from the 29 isolates of the Sclerotium rolfsii and presented varying degree of genetic relatedness. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.05 to 1.01. The highest similarity 1.0 was observed between genotypes SRC-11 and SRC-29. The lowest similarities were revealed between the isolates SRC-5 and SRC-25, SRC-13 and SRC7, SRC-18 and SRC8, SRC-25 and SRC-18 registered the minimum similarity value (0.0) indicating the maximum genetic distance between them. Among the different type of soil the maximum collar rot disease incidence was recorded in black soil (66.02%), followed by light brown soil with (61.13%) incidence.ThesisItem Open Access “Impact of INM modules on soil quality and productivity of mustard crop (Brassica juncea L.) in Vertisols”.(Deptt. of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda, 2023-12-29) Amar Singh Gaur; Dr. Jagannath PathakA field experiment entitled “Impact of INM modules on soil quality and productivity of mustard crop (Brassica juncea L.) in Vertisols” was conducted at CoA research farm, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology Banda (Utter Pradesh) during two successive rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and consisted of 15 treatments of different INM combination and replicated three times. The mustard var. RH-0749 was taken as a test crop. Physical properties of soil like bulk density (1.32-1.34 Mg-3), particle density (2.62-2.68 Mg-3), porosity (49.52-50.55 %), and physico-chemical properties like soil pH (7.52-7.83) and EC (0.18-0.21 dSm-1) did not affected up to the level of significance due to INM treatments. After two year of experimentation soil of experimental field was low in organic carbon (0.37-0.38%), total carbon (1.39-1.43 %), total nitrogen (.078-.107 %) medium to high in available phosphorus (16.41-25.20 kg ha-1), high in available potassium (280.26-312.96 kg ha-1) medium to high in available sulphur (9.51-13.88 mg kg-1) and high in available Zn (0.75 ppm). The experimental results indicated that application of 100% RDF+5-ton FYM+ Bio-consortia+ Nano Zn, (T7) significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation plant-1, leaf area index plant -1, number of branch plant -1, number of siliqua plant -1 and number of seeds siliqua-1 thereby seed yield of mustard increased significantly over to control (T1). Reduction of 25 % of RDF along with FYM and bio consortia + Nano Zn, had similar results (T14 and T11). Significantly highest N, P, K, S and Zn content in seed and stover as well as oil and protein content and total oil yield of mustard was recorded (100% RDF+5-ton FYM+ Bio-consortia+ Nano Zn) in T7 treatment. Significantly higher N, P, K, S and Zn uptake by seed and stover was also registered on at par treatments T7 were T14 and T7. The application of inorganic and organics source of nutrients INM brought significant improvement in agronomic efficiency, recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency and partial factor productivity of mustard. Overall, the study recommends, addition of FYM (5 t ha-1) and bio consortia with 100% RDF to mustard crop during both the years for higher productivity and to sustain the soil fertility. As 75 % RDF with FYM and bio consortia + Nano Zn also performed better than the other treatment except T7. Thus, Long-term studies on INM with various sources of nutrients is required in order to monitor changes in soil properties and reduce fertilizer dose across a wide range of ecologies.ThesisItem Open Access “ASSESSMENT OF GERMINATION BEHAVIOR AND PRIMARY PLANT-HOST RELATIONSHIP OF Santalum album L. IN JUVENILE STAGE”(DEPARTMENT OF FOREST BIOLOGY AND TREE IMPROVEMENT COLLEGE OF FORESTRY BANDA- 210001, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA, 2023-09-05) SUNEEL SHUKLA; Avanish SharmaSandalwood (Santalum album L.) is indigenous to India and belongs to the family Santalaceae. The Santalum species generally raised for large scale commercial plantation as well as for the forest. The main source of raising Santalum seedling its seed which difficult to germinate and required different pre-sowing treatments, Sandalwood seeds are impermeable to water causes poor germination. Sandalwood is recognized as hemi-root parasite and 70% of seedling are able to established haustoria with suitable host in the early days of emergence, seed pre-sowing treatments and combination with host plants have a significant impact on germination and seedling growth therefore, Experiment was conducted in the departmental nursery of college of forestry in 2022-23 at Banda district ,Seeds were collected from the Shivmogga forest division, Karnataka and treated with the different treatments which includes plant growth regulators such as –GA3(500, 1000 ,15000 ppm ), Kinetin(40,60 ppm), NAA(400 ppm), Cow urine (1:1), Cow dung slurry(1:1), Concentrated H2SO4 (2%,3%), And Hot water (60 minute). Among all the treatments seeds treated with GA3 -1500 ppm recorded maximum germination percentage (43.667), Followed by GA3 1000 ppm as compared to others treatments use during the experiment , In other experiment primary plant host relationship was studied with Cajanus cajan, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum sanctum, Alternanthera ficoidea (Green), Alternanthera ficoidea (Red) , Clerodendrum inerme L, Among all the combinations the maximum growth was found with the Cajanus cajan (Arhar) 300.22mm ,The effect of pot mixture also studied during the experiment and maximum growth was found with the following Soil + Sand + Vermicompost (2:1:1) , Soil +Sand + Vermicompost ((1:2:1), Red soil +Sand +Vermicompost (2:1:1), Soil + Sand +FYM (1:1:1), Soil + Sand + FYM (2:1:1).
