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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Studies of Characters Contributing Yield and Quality in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2002) Shashi Kiran Tirkey; V.KerkettaThe present investigation was carried out with a set of thirty nine entries including parents and twenty eight crosses, obtained through Line x Testers mating design. Genetic parameters both for yield and quality contributing characters were studied by working out the extent of variation genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation heritability estimates, genetic advance, degree of association of different yield components, heterosis percent and combining ability analysis through Line X Tester analysis proposed by Kempthorne (1957) have been done by a number of workers in wheat. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant difference for all the character. The parents crosses, and parents vrs crosses were found to be significantly different for all the characters. The analysis of variance revealed that significant differences among genotypes indicating the sufficient variation for effective selection. The estimates of phenotypic variance were higher than that of genotype variance. The highest phenotypic variance as well as genotypic variance were observed for the character loaf volume and lowest for the character dry gluten. The highest phenotypic co- efficient of variation as well as genotypic co-efficient of variation was observed for the character wet gluten (18.67 per cent and 18.34 per cent respectively.) The character protein content ,1000 grain weight and yield per hectare had high heritability and moderate genetic advance. Moderate genetic heritability and moderate genetic advance. Moderate genetic heritability percent with lower genetic advance shown by the Character hectoliter weight. Loaf volume had higher genetic advance and moderate genetic co-efficient of variation but moderately low heritability estimates and moderately low genetic advance. The result of character association studies in the present investigation revealed that grain yield was significantly revealed that grain yield was significantly correlated with 1000 grain weight and three other Characters namely hectoliter weight, sedimentation value and protein content were also positively and significantly correlated with grain yield. The qualitative character SDS sedimentation value was highly associated with protein content wet gluten dry gluten protein content and loaf volume, and the character wet gluten was strongly associate with dry gluten protein content and loaf volume. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed highly significant mean square estimates due to general combining ability effects. The magnitude of specific combining ability effects was higher than that of general combining ability effects for all the characters. Two best crosses namely HUW 234x HP1744 and K 9902 UP 2472 were found on the basis of mean performance , specific combining ability effect, heterosis per cent and general combining ability effect and for the qualitative character sedimentation value two crosses WH 729 x Up 2472 and BAU 48xHD2285 were found both had high specific combining ability effects and significant positive heterosis. Parents were also found to be good combiners. Beside these four combination four other crosses namely BAUW1915 xHD2285 for the character days to 75 per cent flowering and days to 75 per cent maturity. HP 1731 xNW1012 for the character hectoliter weight and 1000 grain weight BAUW 1915x1744 for the character hectoliter weight wet gluten and dry gluten and K 9902 x HP1744 for the loaf volume had exhibited significant positive specific combining ability effects high positive heterosis over mid parent and better and parent had posistive and significant general combining ability effects for various characters.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Enterpathologenicity of Enterpathogenic organisms from Fishes sold in Local Market(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2002) Elagbam Motina; Rajendra YadavA Total of 120 Samples comprising 30 each if skin surface gill, muscles and intestine from fishes sold in local market of Ranchi were examined for bacterial loads of standard plate count (SPC), coliform count (CC) and faecal streptococcal count (FSC). All the samples taken from intenstine, gills and skin surface were positive for SPC, and CC but out of 30 muscle samples 26 were positive for FSC. The bactrial loads of SPC and FSC were muscles but in cc highest was founs in intestine followed by skin surface, gills and muscles. The comparison of different positive samples at different loads of SPC were all non- significant except in the range of 6-7/ g of intestine with muscles.ThesisItem Open Access Status of Micronutrients And Form of Zn in Soil As Affected By Continuous Cropping And Fertilizers Use(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Shanker Kumar Singh; K.P. SinghIt is well established that a positive inter-relationship exist between fertilizer consumption and food grain production. But, sustaining soil fertility demands a more rational and balanced use of plant nutrients. The continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manures bring about change in the primary nutrient status of soils and their physico-chemical properties. Long term monitoring of soil fertility has shown a gradual decline with emergence of micronutrient deficiencies with unfavorable soil physical and biological environments. Manures and fertilizers along with intensive cropping are expected to effect the equilibria involving micronutrients also in soil-plant system. The information available on this aspect is scanty. With the above background, it was considered pertinent to study the status of micronutrients and different forms of Zn in soil as affected by continuous cropping and fertilizers use in Long Term Fert. Expt. in acid upland soil of Ranchi. It was observed that organic manuring and liming along with recommended levels of NPK fertilizers improved the physical condition of the soil. Soil samples from each plot were collected after harvest of wheat (95-96) and soybean (96-97) and analyzed for different soil properties and forms of Zn in soil. Grain and straw samples of wheat and soybean crops were analyzed for uptake of plant nutrients. There was little variation in mechanical composition (sand, silt and clay, due to continuous cropping & fertilization. The application of inorganic fertilizers decreased the soil pH which increased considerably by application of lime. Concentration o)NPK increased with increasing dose of inorganic fertilizers in both soil and plants. An increase on available micronutrient cation concentrations in soil and plants was observed with application of FYM + NPK. Availability of micronutrient cations in soil increased with increase in soil acidity. D.T.P.A. extractable micronutrients in soils decreased with lime application. Application of NPK + FYM maintained higher available micronutrient contents in soil as compared to N, NP, NPK, NPK + lime applied plots. All the forms of Zn in soil were found higher in NPK + FYM plot as compared to those in N, NP, NPK and NPK + lime plots. Different forms of Zn decline with application of NPK + lime. Among the soil zinc forms, water soluble and exchangeable forms showed their lower levels as compared to other forms. Total uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu by wheat + soybean was found to be highest in 100 per cent NPK + FYM treatment. In N and NP plots, plant nutrient uptake values were significantly low. Correlation studies revealed significant relationship among different forms of zinc in soil. Different fractions of Zn positively and significantly correlated with organic carbon and clay contents of soils. Results clearly point out the effect of balanced use of plant nutrients on soil fertility and crop yields. Monitoring of different chemical forms of Zn also suggests the need of integrated and balanced use of plant nutrientsThesisItem Open Access ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY OF PIGEON PEA BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEM THROUGH NITROGEN MANAGEMENT USING NANO UREA(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2024) Peeyush Kumar Jaysawal; S. KarmakarPulse is an important protein source for large portions of vegetarian population. Among the pulses pigeon pea is the prime Kharif pulse grown under rainfed condition in India and because of its slow initial growth, intercropping with cereals is a common practice where nitrogen management is a cumbersome process. Keeping these facts in view, a field experiment entitled “Enhancing productivity of pigeon pea based intercropping system through nitrogen management using Nano urea” was carried out during Kharif season for two consecutive years, 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Agronomy Research Farm, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi to find out a suitable pigeon pea based intercropping system with suitable nitrogen management using nano urea for improving productivity and profitability. The experimental soil was sandy-loam in nature having moderately acidic pH (5.51), low in organic carbon (4.83 g/kg) and available nitrogen (193.5 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorous (22.5 kg/ha) and potassium (201.8 kg/ha) along with microbial population of bacteria (28.9 × 106 cfu/g of soil), fungus (38.8 ×104 cfu/g of soil) and actinomycetes (8.7 ×106 cfu/g of soil). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with five cropping systems in main plots viz. C1: sole pigeon pea, C2: sole sweet corn, C3: sole baby corn, C4: pigeon pea + sweet corn (1:1) and C5: pigeon pea + baby corn (1:1) and the sub-plots comprised of five nitrogen management practices viz. N1: 100% RDN, N2: 50% RDN, N3: 50% RDN+ two spray of nano urea (4ml/litter), N4: 50% RDN + two spray of urea (2%) and N5: control with three replications. A uniform dose of phosphorous and potash was applied as basal, as per the recommendation of the crops. The crop varieties used were Birsa Arhar 1, Sugar 75 and BVM 2, as test crops to raise pigeon pea, sweet corn and baby corn, respectively. Periodic observations on growth, yield, quality, nitrogen use efficiency, soil fertility; economics and agronomic indices were recorded and analyzed using the standard statistical procedure wherever possible. Mean data of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, harvest index, protein content, carbohydrate content and N content were recorded maximum in sole crop of pigeon pea, sweet corn and baby corn. Among the intercropping systems, sweet corn intercropped with pigeon pea in additive series recorded maximum values of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, harvest index, protein content, carbohydrate content and N content under 100% recommended dose of nitrogen which was closely followed by 50% recommended dose of nitrogen with two spray of nano urea. The phenological observations of sweet corn and baby corn i.e., days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, tasseling-silking interval and days to 1st picking were recorded earlier under sole sweet corn and baby corn as compared to their intercropping system. The pigeon pea equivalent yield (3,869 kg/ha), protein yield (790 kg/ha), total N uptake (196.6 kg/ha), total P uptake (18.74 kg/ha), gross return (₹2,62,633/ha), net return (₹1,75,174/ha) were recorded maximum under pigeon pea + sweet corn intercropping system with application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen which was found significantly superior over all other combinations except pigeon pea + sweet corn intercropping grown with 50% recommended dose of nitrogen + two spray of nano urea. However, maximum B:C ratio (3.03) was found with the application of 50% recommended dose of nitrogen + two spray of nano urea which was comparable to 100% recommended dose of nitrogen under pigeon pea + sweet corn intercropping system. Maximum LER (1.81) was registered under pigeon pea + sweet corn which was significantly superior over pigeon pea + baby corn intercropping system. Regarding nitrogen use efficiency, maximum partial factor productivity (52.5 kg economic yield/kg N applied), agronomic efficiency (24.1 kg economic yield increase/kg N applied), apparent recovery efficiency (115.4%), economic nutrient use efficiency (3.2 kg economic yield/₹ invested in nitrogen) and partial nutrient balance (1.43kg N uptake/kg N applied) were obtained with 50% recommended dose of nitrogen + two spray of nano urea and minimum with 100% recommended dose of nitrogen. After two crop cycles, a marginal improvement in soil organic carbon (4.86 g/kg) and available nitrogen (206.1 kg/ha) was recorded with 100% recommended dose of nitrogen whereas, increase in microbial population of bacteria (30.58 ×106 cfu/g of soil) and actinomycetes (9.17 ×106 cfu/g of soil) in soil was found with 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen + two spray of nano urea as compared to their initial values. Based on two years of experimentation, it may be concluded that pigeon pea intercropped with sweet corn (1:1 in additive series) is a promising intercropping system which can be grown either with 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen or with 50 % recommended dose of nitrogen + two spray of nano urea for harnessing high productivity, nutritional quality, profitability and maintaining soil health under rainfed acid lateritic condition of Jharkhand.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the performance of Pig- Fish farming under Farm and Village conditions(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Neemani Kujur; C.M .PrasadThe body weight gain of pigs were significantly lower in village condition than farm condition. It is therefore suggested that feeding and general manage mental conditions under village condition should be improved. The pigs cannot be successfully raised only on grazing, rather the pigs should be provided with some concentrates besides vegetable/kitchen wastes as per availability in the area. The pond soil was deficient in pH, organic carbon percentage, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The level of these nutrients were lower than the favourable range for fish culture. As such the pond soil should be enriched by supplementation of organic or inorganic fertilizers for optimum fish production. Introduction of pig manure have improved the nutrient contents in the pond soil more specially under village condition earlier because there is no application of manure The pond water indicated increase in pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, alkalinity, conductivity, plankton concentration and dissolved organic matter by supplementation of pig manure in the ponds which were favourable for fish culture.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management In Forage- Food Crop Sequences(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Arvind Kumar; N. K. PrasadThe experiment was conducted at fodder farm, B.A.U., Ranchi to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in forage food crop sequences. It was carried out since 1989-1990 and the detail observation of the last 3year (1997-98 to 1999-2000) were recorded and interpreted. The Treatments comprised of two sequences Viz. rice –berseem and rice –oats in main- plot and 4 integrated nutrients Management ha-1 viz. 100% recommended level of NPK in both season,75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in Kharif, 75% recommended level of NPK + 10t FYM in Rabi and 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in both season (Kharif + Rabi) in Sub –Plots and replicated thrice. The gross plot size of 4.0m X 2.5 m was Kept. Line sowing of each crop was done at 25cm apart. The soil of the experimental plots was silt loam in texture (sand 38.25, silt50.95, clay 10.83%. It was low in organic carbon (0.52),available N (216Kgha-1 ) P (12.2 Kg ha-1 ) and medium in K (141.6 Kg ha-1 with Ph 5.9. The results of last three years of investigation revealed that the rice as a succeeding crop to berseem produced higher rice yield when both the crops were fed with 75 % recommended level of NPK plus 10 t FYM ha-1. Application of 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1c in both the season also recorded the maximum forage yield in oats which was followed by oats forage yield received at 100% recommended level of NPK. Alike to oats forage, berseem has also produced the maximum quantity of forage yield under the same treatment. Berseem has significantly recorded a better enrichment in available Soil N during all the years as well as integrated application nutrient has also accounted for higher enhancement in soil N. However, the maximum available soil P was recorded when the sequences were taken at 100% NPK applied through chemical fertilizers. Maximum available soil K was also recorded after the harvest of Kharif as well as Rabi, component grown entirely on chemical sources of nutrients. Rice harvested after berssem removed higher quantity of NPK as compared to rice harvested after oats. Among forage components, gave higher NPK yield as compared to oats. However, rice sequence as a whole removed the maximum quantity of NPK. The balance sheet of nutrients further indicated maximum recovery of these three nutrient under cereal- cereal sequence as compared to cereal – legume. A definite enhancement in N and P status of soil to its initial level was noticed but the trend was reversed in case of K build up which suggested some additional application of K in these crops. Rice –oats sequence has utilized the NPK in a better way than rice berseem sequence. While sequence having forage legume has evaluated for higher N uptake efficiency as compared to sequence having forage cereal. A better utilization of N was accounted under the system having cereal grain and forage components. P uptake efficiency was neither influenced by the cropping sequences nor fertility treatments. Rice- oat sequence has shown better utilization of P than rice –berseem. Rice –oat sequence has computed for higher K uptake efficiency than rice berseem whereas different in utilization efficiency was not recorded under either of the sequence or fertility management. Both the sequence were found equally remunerative but the crop grown in presence of 75% NPK + 10t FYM ha-1 in both the season has given significantly the maximum net return (Rs31,659 ha-1 yr-1). Though rice –oat sequence consistently and significantly accounted for higher overall net return to rupee investment but rice –berseem sequence was more remunerative due to higher over all net return (Rs 33,415ha-1yr-1) and the same has also enriched the soil in a better way as compared to cereal –cereal sequence. The maximum energy output recorded under rice –oats sequence as compared to rice berseem sequence. Fretility build up under rice –berseem as well as rice –oats sequence fertility with 75% recommended dose of NPK + 10 t FYM in both the season appeared to be more stable. The same was also true in case of net return during the different years of investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of Genotypes Against High Temperature Stress in Wheat(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Chandrashekher Mahto; Sohan ramWheat is an important cereal crop of the world, next to rice. In India this crop is grown in Rabi season. A lot of research work have been done in the field of production breeding and we have achieved almost plateau in this crop. But there is a vast scope of research in the field of stress breeding for various stress environments. The present investigation thus aims in breeding for wheat in high temperature stress condition. Breeding wheat varieties for stable yield under high temperature condition has become a subject of major interest. Various mechanisms imparting heat resistance like escape, endurance, avoidance and tolerance etc. have been put forward by various workers. Testing of performance of genotypes under stress conditions is a very useful technique in breeding programs mainly because it allows a direct estimate of heat susceptibility of individual genotypes. Breeding for heat tolerance to increase crop production in high Temperate Zone worldwide is impeded by lack of suitable screening technique. Therefore, there is a need to identify a plant trait, which is directly related to heat tolerance and can be quickly measured for use as a screening parameter. Ion leakage, one of such parameter to screen out for various crops. Keeping all these fact in consideration the present research problem was carried out in Randomized block design, two sets of sowing-normal and late, creating, two different thermal environments for two years at Ranchi Agricultural farm from 1997 to 1999. For the present study 20 genotypes/varieties, obtained from AIRCRP on wheat were used with an objective to identify varieties suitable for high temperature with better stability.ThesisItem Open Access Weed Management in Wheat Based Intercropping System(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Nargis Kumari; K. PrasadAmong the factors responsible for drastic reduction in grain yield, weed occupies top most position. Weed is a serious problem in general and during rabi season particular. The problem have intensified due to increase in irrigation facilities, fertilizer use and adoption of high yielding cultivars and changed agrotechniques. Recently, there has been a rapid growing interest in adopting intercropping system as a most potential tool for enhancing the crop production over space and time. The yield advantages through intercropping over sole cropping are achieved not by means of costly inputs but by simple expedient of growing crops together. Weed management research in India has been mostly confined to sole cropping and the information pertaining to weed control in intercropping is rather meagre, specially in winter crops. Wheat crop often suffers from severe weed competition. Keeping the above fact in mind, a field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Five cropping systems (viz. sole wheat (20 cm), sole linseed (25 cm), sole sunflower (60 cm), wheat+ sunflower (3:1) and wheat + linseed (3:1) were kept in main plot and five weed management practices were kept in sub-plots [Weedy control, Weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS). Pendimethalin (1.5 kg a.i. ha" pre-emergence), Isoproturon (1.5 kg a.i. ha post emergence) and Pendimethalin + isoproturon (1.0 kg a.i. ha pre-emergence + 1.0 kg a.i. har¹ post-emergence). The results revealed that intercropping of wheat either with sunflower or linseed in 3:1 rows ratio proved superior to their sole cropping in respect of yield attributes, yield and economic advantages. Intercropping of wheat with sunflower in 3:1 rows ratio produced significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (8605.67, 9272.76 and 8939.15 kg ha) in respective years and on pooled basis. Wheat + sunflower (3:1) intercropping system recorded lesser competitive ratio (0.58 and 0.53) and higher value of relative crowding coefficient (10.21 and 15.29) in respective years. Negative value of aggressivity (-0.41 and -0.44) were obtained in wheat + sunflower (3:1) intercropping system, which indicates that the wheat was dominated by the sunflower in the system. Wheat + sunflower intercropping system in 3:1 rows ratio recorded maximum nitrogen uptake (92.70 and 102.70 kg ha), net return (Rs.41722.52 and 48214.15 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (4.87 and 5.47) in respective years than sole cropping of either of the crops. The effect of manual weeding at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing was comparable with combined use of pendimethalin as pre-emergence + isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.l. ha in reducing weed density and weed dry matter. Weeding thrice (20, 40 and 60 DAS) produced maximum wheat equivalent yield (6017.18, 6701.15 and 6359.17 kg ha-¹) in respective years and on pooled basis, which was comparable with combined use of herbicides. Pre emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha recorded minimum competitive ratio (0.42) in 1997-98, whereas in 1999-2000 minimum competitive ratio was recorded under weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS). Combined application of pendimethalin, pre-emergence + isoproturon, post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha¹ in wheat intercropped either with sunflower or linseed gave minimum value of aggresivity (-0.40 and -0.41) in respective years, whereas maximum value of relative crowding coefficient was recorded under combined application of pendimethalin as pre-emergence+ isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha¹¹ in 1997-98 and under weeded plots in 1999-2000. Weeding at 20. 40 and 60 days after sowing recorded maximum nitrogen uptake by crops (82.47 and 89.23 kg ha) in respective years which was comparable with post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha¹ and combined use of herbicides. Manual weeding (thrice) at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing recorded highest gross return in both the years while combined use of pendimethalin as pre emergence + isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha recorded highest net return (25783.14 and 30638.23 Rs ha') and benefit: cost ratio (3.42 and 3.87) in respective years.ThesisItem Open Access Acid Tolerant Rhizobial Strains For Effective Nodulation in Cultivated Grain Legumes of The Plateau Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) kamleswer Mandal; Dr. A RazaPresent investigation aims to estimate the extent of nodulation in some common grain legumes and native rhizobial population in acidic upland and medium lands under different agro-ecological zones of the plateau region. An effort has also been made to screen acid and related stress (low P and high Al levels) tolerant isolates in liquid medium vis-a-vis to evaluate their survival and infectiveness on homologous host in respective rhizosphere in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house conditions. Selected isolates were also evaluated for their influence on effective nodulation and productivity of homologous host in combination with two levels of nitrogen (0. 20 kg N ha¹) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg P:Os ha¹) under unlimed and limed series in acid alfisol. Nodulation status of cultivated grain legumes grown during kharif and rahi seasons under natural conditions (without microbial and fertilizer inputs) examined at different locations viz., Ranchi, east Singhbhum (Darisai) and Dumka districts, in general revealed poor to moderate nodulation. It was further supported by low native rhizobial population in soils of RAC Farm (Ranchi), Darisai (east Singhbhum) and Dumka Farms (Dumka) which ranged from 6.2 to 733.2 x 102 g¹ soil. (estimated by MPN technique). Forty rhizobial isolates of cultivated grain legumes belonging to Rhizobian and Bradyrhizobium spp. were isolated and subjected to different physiological tests and screened for specificity and efficiency on homologous hosts under house conditions following Leonard Jar Technique (Vicent, green 1970). Fifteen isolates belonging to fast growing rhizobia (exhibiting moderate to good growth within 72 hrs.(on CR YEMA) of pea, lentil and chickpea produced acidity of varying intensity, while 25 isolates of soybean, black and green grams, groundnut and pigeonpea showing moderate to good growth after 72 hrs.made the media alkaline. Isolates exhibited wide variability in tolerance when allowed to grow in stress imposed liquid medium viz., acidity (pH 5.1) low P (5 µM KH,PO) and high Al (50 µM AI K (SO4)2. About 50 per cent (8 out of 15) isolates belonging to winter legumes were found sensitive to different stresses. Isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea; BRL1, BRL4 of lentil; BRG3, BRG4 of chickpea showed tolerance to acidity and low P while BRP3, BRP1, BRL1, BRL2 and BRG1 and BRG2 were tolerant to high Al. Only three isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea and BRL1 of lentil were identified tolerant to all the three stresses. In contrast most of the isolates of summer legumes showed tolerance to acidity and low P. however, more than 50 per cent isolates were sensitive to high Al level. Isolates BDS1, BDKS3 of soybean; BRM1, BDKM4 of green gram; BRU5, BDKU2 of black gram; BRGn1, BRGn2 of groundnut and BRA1, BDA2 of pigeonpea showed better adaptability to high Al Imposition of high Al was identified as the most potent stress among the three stresses affecting survival of the isolates in liquid medium. Eight acid and related stress tolerant isolates (BRP1, BRP3, BRLI, BRL2 BDKS3, BDS1, BRM1 and BDKM4) incorporated with streptomycin resistance marker (Str) were evaluated for survival (in rhizosphere), adhesion (on rhizosphere), effective nodulation and dry matter production by homologous host in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house. Results indicated a better survival of the isolates in the rhizosphere of pH 5.5 compared to lower pH 4.6. BRP3, BRL2, BDS1 and BDKM4 isolates of pea. lentil, soybean and green gram rhizobia respectively were found superior on account of better survival in the rhizosphere, increased adhesion on roots and in inducing effective nodulation and dry mater production by the homologous hosts.
