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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT GROWING ENVIRONMENTS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Ajay Kumar Mahto; Kamleshwar KumarThe present study was conducted during Rabi, 2018-2019 at Western section Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand with 35 genotypes of chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] obtained from different geographic regions to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance, path analysis and the stability analysis. The results of the analysis of variance for the fourteen characters in thirty five genotypes of chickpea revealed highly significant differences. High heritability coupled with comparatively high genetic advance observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight (g) and protein content (%) indicating the predominance of additive gene action. The character association studies revealed that days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive correlation. Hence, the simultaneous selection of these traits will improve the seed yield. The present findings showed the phenotypic stability of thirty five promising selections of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under three different dates of sowing environments viz., 31st October 2018 (E1), 14th November 2018 (E2), and 29th November 2018 (E3) during Rabi 2018-19 have been estimated as per Eberhart and Russell model (1966). The results revealed that, a wide range of variation was observed among the thirty five genotypes with GCV and PCV with respect to number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per plant, wilt incidence, survival percentage, germination percentage, plant height, infestation of pod borer, protein content, yield per plant, 100-seed weight, number of pods per plant were more variable characters. The characters like studied high genotypic and phenotypic variance were recorded for 100- seed weight, protein content, days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, day to maturity, plant height, grain yield per plant, wilt incidence, germination percentage, number of pods per plant and survival percentage. However low phenotypic variance with number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, and infestation of pod borer whereas, genotypic variance were low for number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod and infestation of pod borer recorded. An estimate of high heritability were recorded for 100-seed weight, days to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, protein content, days to maturity, grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant. However, it was moderate for germination percentage, plant height, while the same was lowest for number of seeds per pod, survival percentage, wilt incidence and infestation of pod borer. High to moderate genetic advance were recorded for protein content, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight , days to first flowering , days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, wilt incidence, number of primary branches per plant, grain yield per plant and survival percentage. While it was low for infestation of pod borer, germination percentage and plant height which, may be due to additive gene effect and selection would be rewarding for these traits. The protein recovery was significantly higher (24.06%) in F3-5/F9 than the population mean as well as all the checks over the environments. The protein content recovered from the genotypes at the highest protein content was registered by the genotype PAO2616R-3062. In general protein, recovery was maximum on 31st Oct.2018 and 14th Nov. 2018 in comparison to 29th Nov.2018. Out of thirty five, two genotypes (PAO2716R-3167 and BIRSA CHANA-3) showed resistant reaction against the wilt incidence across the environments and only one genotype resistant to the infestation of pod borer is KWR-108. Considering all three environments PAO3616R-13780, PAO4116R-1036, PAO2616R-3072, BAUG-103 and PAO2616R-3062 are best genotypes over the environments and PAO2616R-3072, 3040, PAO4116R-1036, PAO2616R-3071 and PAO2616R-3062 in the first environment (E1) specific genotypes. In second (E2)) environment specific genotypes are PAO3616R-13780, PAO4116R-1001, GG-02, PAO3216R-9527 and PAO2716R-3167 and third environment (E3) specific genotypes are PAO3616R-13780, BAUG-103, PAO4116R-1036, 1031 and PAO2616R-3072 high yield performance under a wide range of environments. G x E interaction analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the characters over the environments. Significant linear component of G x E interaction for all the characters except number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight under the study suggested that the genotypes differed for their linear response to the environments. Considering all the stability parameters, seven genotypes namely PAO3216R-9559, PAO2616R-3072, PAO2716R-3167, PAO4116R-13898, BIRSA CHANA-3, KWR-108 and F3-5/F9 were identified as stable genotypes with higher GRAIN yield along with most of the yield attributing characters over population mean and both the checks under a wide range of environments. Among these seven stable genotypes, PAO3216R-9559 was identified as the most stable one.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTIVITY STATUS OF CROPS UNDER MICRO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Neha Kumari; Supriya SinghA study on productivity status of crops under Micro Drip Irrigation in Ranchi district of Jharkhand was conducted in two blocks of Ranchi namely, Kanke and Ratu to know about the productivity status of crops, to analyse the problems faced by farmer in MDI system and the measures to improve the productivity of crops under MDI system. The study was carried out under JHIMDI (Jharkhand Horticulture Intensification by Micro-Drip Irrigation project) funded by JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and run by JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society. Kanke and Ratu blocks of Ranchi district were selected purposively for study and collection of primary data like name, place, vegetables grown, market reach of the farmers etc. Thus, altogether 200 farmers were taken under study for data collection and analysis from each block who were involved in vegetable cultivation using Micro-Drip Irrigation (MDI) technique (considering the land holding to be 25 decimal on Micro drip irrigation system for each farmer). Based on the survey results, it was found that 74% of the respondents were literate, annual income of 51% of the farmers ranged between Rs. 30,000-50,000/-, 67% belonged to nuclear family, cost of production among 60% of the respondents ranged between Rs. 5,000 - 10,000/, 72% of the respondents were having vegetables spoilage due to insect pest attack. The study also revealed that during the season, post harvest losses in tomato which is about 59%. It was concluded that cucumber and tomato was considered most profitable vegetables in MDI. Furthermore, proper training and information related to insect pest attack should be provided to the farmers, and also special attention needs to be given on the marketing, which help them in getting better price for their produce and thus the farmer and farming of the state be benefited.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of NAA and Ethrel on flowering and fruit characteristics of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Queen(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Kumari, Usha; Jha, K.K.Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is an important monocotyledonous fruit plant produces the only edible fruit in plants of the family Bromeliaceae and is one of the most important commercial fruits of the world. Flowering is one of the most important processes in plant ontogeny, consisting of the transition from vegetative growth to generative development that ultimately allows reproduction. Onset of flowering in pineapples is marked by the appearance of a small red inflorescence in the centre of the plant rosette and vibrant red coloration in the base of the youngest (smallest and located around the central meristem) leaves. A major limitation that affects pineapple growers is the phenomenon of natural flowering. Natural flowering of pineapple is a serious problem because it disrupts fruiting schedules, decreases harvesting efficiency, increases costs and may reduce the percentage of marketable fruit. In order to avoid uneven natural flowering, forcing of pineapple is commonly done with NAA, ethylene, ethylene-releasing compounds such as ethephon, and CaC2 or acetylene when the plants are of sufficient size. Forcing synchronizes flowering and produces a sharp ripening peak. Forcing efficiency will be high when forcing is done during the period when natural induction normally occurs. The present investigation entitled “Effect of NAA and Ethrel on flowering and fruit characteristics of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Queen ” was conducted during 2017-2019 and 2018-2020 at the Agri – technology park , Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. The experiments were laid out following factorial Randomized block design with three replications. In this way, the experiments were comprising of total thirty six combinations of twelve growth regulators and their combinations namely, NAA 10ppm (G1), NAA 20ppm (G2), Ethrel 10ppm (G3), Ethrel 30ppm (G4), Ethrel 50ppm (G5), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 10ppm (G6), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G7), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 50ppm (G8), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 10ppm (G9), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G10), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 50ppm (G11) and Control (G12) and three stages of spray i.e. 30 leaves stage (S1), 35 leaves stage (S2) and 40 leaves stage (S3). The results revealed that all the treatments and their combinations had significantly influenced flowering and fruit characteristics of pineapple. Among the different growth regulators and their combinations used in the study, NAA 10ppm (G1) was found superior to enhance fruit length(11.89cm), fruit girth (27.90cm), fruit weight(833.45g), fruit volume (562.15cc), crown length (25.88cm), crown width (30.70cm) and crown weight (193.17g) which ultimately gave maximum fruit yield (60.01t/ha). Ethrel 30ppm (G4) showed maximum flowering percent (87.31%), minimum days taken for flowering (34.44Days), days for completion of flowering (38.17 Days) and days taken for fruit maturity (141.06Days). NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G7) was found to have better chemical characteristics of fruits with TSS (18.25OBrix), Acidity (0.97%), TSS/Acid ratio (24.69), Reducing sugar (6.47%), Total sugar (10.92 %), phenol content (35.54mg/100g) and β-Carotene content ( 2.79 mg/100g). In case of stage of spray, 40 leaves stage was found to be significantly superior with respect to reproductive growth, yield and quality of fruits. Significantly minimum days to flowering (36.43 Days), days to completion of flowering (39.35 Days) and days to fruit maturity (138.58 Days) were recorded in 40 leaves stage. The maximum values for flowering percent (85.27%), fruit length (11.74cm), fruit girth (27.73cm), fruit weight (835.66g), fruit volume (543.60cc), crown length (23.03cm),crown width(30.37cm),crown weight(193.76g),pulp weight(291.35g),core weight(39.27g),pulp: peel ratio (2.44),pulp :core ratio (15.25), fruit yield (58.80t/ha) were also observed with 40 leaves stage. Spray of growth regulators at 40 leaves stage exhibited maximum values for TSS (16.39OBrix), TSS/Acid ratio (23.72), Ascorbic acid (39.06mg/100g), Reducing sugar (6.48%), Total sugar (10.79%), phenol content (36.75mg/100g), β-Carotene content (2.72mg/100g) and minimum titratable acidity (1.06%).The maximum B:C ratio was observed for the treatment NAA 10ppm at 40 leaves stage (3.00). Therefore, it is recommended that pineapple plants should be sprayed with growth regulators at 40 leaves stage for sustaining higher fruit yield and quality of pineapple fruit. Whereas, on the basis of benefit cost ratio, it could be recommended that pineapple plants should be sprayed with NAA 10 ppm at 40 leaves stage for attaining the maximum production of pineapple fruit.ThesisItem Open Access BREEDING FOR DUAL PURPOSE MAIZE (Zea mays.L) UNDER MOISTURE STRESS CONDITION(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) CHANDRA NARAYAN, SATISH; Chakraborty, M.Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal and fodder crop cultivated across the world. It is a termed as ‟Queen of Cereals” due to its versatile features and multipurpose use. i.e. food and feed. Among the crop and forage plants, it has important role in global food security. But the target of increasing maize production and productivity has been hindered by the global climate changes which create abiotic and biotic stress to the crop. This change in climate is posing problem and risk to the farmers for managing their crops under situations like flood and drought. Losses due to drought in lowland tropics averaged 17% (Edmeades et al., 1992), and it reached up to 60% in severely drought-affected regions/seasons (Rosen and Scott, 1992). Due to waterlogging problem caused by high water table or poor drainage caused maize crop losses upto 15% in South and South-East Asia (Rathore et al., 1996, Chen et al., 2014). . The present experiments were conducted for better understanding and characterization of traits for location specific responses under flood and drought situations. Experiments were conducted under three situations, normal irrigated, excessive moisture and drought stress to identify the parents and selection of suitable hybrids with significant traits. Hybrids were also evaluated for their responses against diseases and insect pests. Among hundred genotypes twenty six parent materials were selected on the basis of per cent change under three situations viz normal irrigated 2017, waterlogged kharif 2017 and drought (rabi 2017-18 in (rainout shelter).These twenty six selected genotypes were used as female parents to make crosses (kharif 2018) with three testers HKI1532, BAUIM2 and HKI577 in line x testers mating design. Total one hundred twelve experimental materials consisted of seventy eight single cross hybrids, three testers ,twenty six parents and five checks were planted in maize research farm during kharif 2019 and evaluated under water regimes ( waterlogging for seven days at 10 days after sowing(10DAS),30days after sowing(30DAS) and 50days after sowing(50DAS) along with control plot in RBD replicated two times. However mild (50Kpa) and severe(70Kpa) drought was imposed from flowering to grain filling stage under rainout shelter in unreplicated single line plots during rabi 2018-19 season. The experiment of disease and pests were carried out during kharif 2019 in maize research farm. The experiments were conducted in W section and maize research farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. The experimental materials were found significantly different with each other for most of the characters under different situations. Under normal irrigated condition all the genotypes performed with their maximum values for all the traits. Under waterlogging stress condition most of the characters like plant height (PH), ear height(EH), numbers of leaves per plant(LPP), number of dry leaves(DL),cob girth(CG), cob length(CL), number of kernels per cob(K/C), number of kernels per row (K/R),grain yield per plot(GY/Plot), 100 seed weight (TW), number of ears per plant(NEP), leaf area index(LAI), leaf relative water content(LRWC), green fodder weight(GFW), dry fodder weight (DFW), root length(RL), fresh root weight (FRW), dry root weight (DRW) recorded was decreased in comparison to the control plots except days to 50% tasseling (DT), days to 50% silking (DS), Anthesis-silking intervals (ASI), barrenness percentage(BP) and number of brace roots(NBR) which were increased compare to control plot. Due to effect of waterlogging DT, DS was extended and ASI was prolonged. Maximum per cent reduction was observed under waterlogging at 10DAS , lower reduction at 30DAS and minimum per cent reduction was observed at 50DAS.This result showed that initial vegetative stage (upto 10DAS)was most susceptible to waterlogging and then susceptibility decreased with growth stage i.e. 30DAS and 50DAS. Under Drought stress most of the parameters showed per cent reduction compared to control. Plant height (PH), ear height(EH), numbers of leaves per plant(LPP), number of dry leaves(DL),cob girth(CG), cob length(CL), number of kernels per cob(K/C), number of kernels per row (K/R),grain yield per plot(GY/Plot), 100 seed weight (TW), number of ears per plant(NEP), leaf area index(LAI), leaf relative water content(LRWC), green fodder weight(GFW), dry fodder weight (DFW), root length(RL), fresh root weight (FRW), dry root weight (DRW) was decreased in comparison to the control plot. Due to effect of drought some genotypes was earlier in DT, but DS and ASI were extended similar to waterlogged stress. BP was also increased under drought stress .Maximum per cent reduction was observed under severe(70Kpa) stress in comparison to low (50Kpa) drought condition than its control . Under waterlogging stress hybrids BAU-15-102 X HKI1532, BAU-15-102 X HKI 577, BAU-15-78 -1 X HKI 577, BAU-.15-87 X HKI1532 andBAU-15-178 X HKI1532 were found tolerant in comparison to others for grain purpose while BAU-15-71 X HKI1532, BAU-15-145 X HKI1532 and BAU-15-255 XHKI1532 for green and dry fodder purpose .But ,under drought stress BAU-15-75 X HKI1532, BAU-15-185 X HKI1532 and 52302 X HKI1532 hybrids observed suitable for grain purpose and BAU-15-255 X HKI1532, BAU-15-71 X HKI1532 and BAU-15-145 X HKI1532 for fodder propose. These hybrids may be recommended for cultivation under respective stress situations i.e. waterlogging and drought condition. Hybrids BAU-15-178 X BAUIM2, 52513 X BAUIM2 were found tolerant to TLB and MLB than other hybrids. Minimum loss was observed in hybrids 52082 X HKI1532 (23.7); BAU-15-87 X HKI 577(4.6), BAU-15-87 X HKI 577 and 52216 X HKI1532 by insects pests under study. These selected hybrids with tolerance capacity may be used under the field where disease and insect pests are a major problem. Among the parents inbred HKI1532 is also recommended to be used in future breeding programmes. Under waterlogging and drought stress situation, traits which were found important for improvement in genotypes are PH, EH, ASI, CL, K/C, K/R, GY/Plot, GFW, DFW, BP and TW.ThesisItem Open Access AGROCLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARIBAGH DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND FOR WEATHER BASED CROP PLANNING(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Kumar Gupta, Chandan; Kumar Gupta, Chandan; Wadood, A.; Wadood, A.Rainfed agriculture plays most important role in providing food and livelihood security to the world and India. However, rainfed agriculture is highly dependent on rainfall therefore crop cultivation in these areas continues to be a gamble due to uncertainty of rainfall. Further, global warming is leading to climate change and negative impact on crop production. The number of heavy precipitation events has increased in most of the regions of the world while in some regions it has also decreased. This change in precipitation pattern is altering hydrological systems and agricultural production. Therefore agro-climatic characterization at micro/local geographical scale becomes necessary for better crop planning. With this background, present study characterised agro-climatic condition of Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand at block level for weather based crop planning. The objectives of the study were (a) to characterize agro-climatic condition of Hazaribagh district at block level, (b) to assess the frequency and intensity of drought and length of growing period at block level and (c) to develop suitable crop plans based on soil and climatic condition. To achieve the objectives of the study, 10 representative blocks of the Hazaribagh district were selected for soil sampling and collection of historical weather data from 1983-2017. The representative soil samples of each selected blocks were collected from up land, mid land and low land agricultural filed by ‗V‘ shape digging of soil up to 30 cm depth. Collected soil samples were analysed for important physical (texture, bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water capacity etc.), physico-chemical (pH, Org. C) and chemical parameters (avail N, P and K). Several statistical analyses (using Weather Cock v1.0 software) of collected weather data was done to characterise the agro-climatic condition prevailing over Hazaribagh district. Mann -Kendall test was done for trend analysis of surface atmospheric temperature and rainfall. Rainfall data of the blocks were analysed for weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual distribution, occurance of meteorological and agricultural drought, initial and conditional probabilities, and incomplete gamma probability of rainfall. Soil moisture balance and length of growing period was also detrmined. The result showed that the minimum annual temperature of the district varied from 15.30C to 20.60C (Mean19.50C) while maximum annual temperature varied from 27.40C to 31.10C (mean=29.30C) with 2.8% and 6.5% coefficient of variation respectively in the last 35 years. The maximum annual temperature was found increasing with the rate of 0.03 0C per annum while the minimum annual temperature decreased with 0.08 0C per annum. The average annual rainfall of the district in the last 35 years was 1206 mm with 9.5 to 33.5 % coefficient of variation. The rainfall was found spread over about 59 rainy days with CV of 21%, indicating relatively low variability in number of rainy days over the years. Blocks situated in western part of the district received lowest average annual rainfall while blocks situated in central portion of the district received highest average annual rainfall. Negative trend in annual rainfall was observed in most of the blocks (Barhi, Barkatha, Chauparan, Churchu, Hazaribagh and Katkamsandi blocks) except Bishnugarh, Barkagaon, Ichak and Keredari blocks. It was observed that blocks situated in north part of the district are observing faster rate of decrease in annual rainfall while blocks situated in southern part of district is observing slightly increase in annual rainfall. The length of the growing period (LGP) was observed to be 26 weeks for most of the blocks of Hazaribagh district under upland condition. Under Don III Don II land situation LGP was of 29-31 weeks for all blocks. Low land condition possessed 30-31 weeks of LGP at all blocks. Occurrence of mild drought was found to be a common feature in Hazaribagh district (33%). It was observed that almost all blocks of Hazaribagh district faced long spells of late season agricultural drought and frequent early season drought. Water availability was found surplus in all the land situations during active growing period of Kharif crops. Hence, water deficit does not matter for kharif crops, though it would be of great concern as far as the cultivation of winter season rabi crops. Hence, rainwater harvesting during its plenty and its re-use during its scarcity will be good strategy for ensuring sustainable agriculture in the study areas. In view of the different water related conditions in different land situations, crop diversification would be practicable in uplands as well as in medium lands. Direct seeded rice in upland and direct as well as transplanted rice in medium lands may be replaced, to some extent, with less water requiring crops like maize, oilseeds and pulses. Among all the blocks, upland areas of Katkamsandi and Keredari had fairly low moisture retention capacity therefore less water requiring tropical crops like pigeon pea and finger millet can be grow successfully. During, kharif lowland (Don I) in almost all blocks had very high moisture content with waterlogging therefore it is mainly suitable for paddy cultivation and farmers don‘t have much option for crop diversification or replacement. However, crop diversification can be done in rabi season crops after harvesting of paddy.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of “Landmark Protein” from Rhizobium isolates of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) collected from acidicsoils of the State Of Jharkhand by utilizing immunological approach(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) FATIMA, NOORAIN; Dubey, HimanshuSoil acidity occurs when there is a buildup of acid in soil.Acidic soil in Jharkhand occupies approximately 90 percent area of the land. Most leguminous plant requires neutral or slightly acidic soil for growth, especially when depending on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Pigeon pea is legume, soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.It is reported to contribute approximately 40 kg N ha-1 soil acidity is one of the serious problem which affect growth of Rhizobia in the soil of Jharkhand.Rhizobium is a Gram negative, soil living bacteria. Rhizobium provides organic nitrogenous compound to the plant and plant provide ompound made by photosynthesis, this relation is known as symbiosis Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D electrophoresis) is a powerful and widely usedmethod for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from cells, tissues, or otherbiological samples. This technique sort’s protein according to two independent properties intwo discrete steps: the first-dimension step, isoelectric focusing (IEF), separates proteinsaccording to their isoelectric points (pI); the second-dimension step, SDSpolyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), separates proteins according to their molecular weights. Eachspot on the resulting two-dimensional array corresponds to a single protein species in thesample. MALDI measures the mass of peptides derived from a trypsinized parent protein and generates a list of experimental peptide masses, often referred to as „mass fingerprints‟ During MALDI-TOF analysis, the m/z ratio of an ion is measured by determining the time required for it to travel the length of the flight tube A method for the specific histochemical demonstration of antibody in cells and parts of cells is described. It consists of carrying out a two stage immunological reaction on frozen sections of tissues: (a) allowing reaction between antibody in the tissue and dilute antigen applied in vitro, and (b) the detection of those areas where this antigen has been specifically absorbed by means of a precipitin reaction carried out with fluorescein-labelled antibody. Western blotting (or immunoblotting) is a widely used method to detect proteins as well as post translational modification on proteins, using antibody based on probes to obtain specific information about target proteins from complex samples. It can provide semi-quantitative or quantitative data about the target protein in a simple or complex biological sample. The aim of my work is to“Characterization of “Landmark Protein” from Rhizobium isolates of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) collected from acidic-soils of the State Of Jharkhand by utilizing immunological approach” Keeping in mind the above background, the research work was carried out with the following broad objectives: Protein samples processing for SDS-PAGE, for Rhizobium isolates. SDS-PAGE profiling of protein. Generation of antibody profiles by ELISA and Western Blot analysis of proteinsThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF IDENTIFIED MUTANT LINES IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GENOTYPES(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Kumar, Aniket; Verma, NutanSeeds of 262 mutants (M5) and (M6) of soybean variety BSS-2 and 254 mutants (M5 and M6) of RKS-18, procured from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, BAU, Ranchi were sown inkharif2019. The seeds of both the varieties viz. BSS-2 and RKS-18 were exposed to five different doses of gamma rays (50 GY, 100 GY, 150 GY, 200 GY and 400 GY) in the year 2014 and 2015 using Cobalt 60sources in Gamma chamber at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai and their M5 and M6 progenies were used as experimental materials. Polygenic variation in M6 and M7 generation of both BSS-2 and RKS-18 was observed for the characters, plant height, number of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight and yield per plant due to effect of different doses of gamma rays were estimated. Various genetic parameters namely, genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient were studied.In qualitative characters both the varieties responded differently in different doses of Gamma rays. Some of the mutant plants have been found superior to their parent varieties in severalyield contributing characters. In the generation,M6 Mutagenic frequency was found more in medium doses of Gamma rays inboth the varieties while, it was found more in higher doses of Gamma rays inboth the varieties in the generation (M7).Plant height, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and yield per plant displayed low GCV and PCV in both generation of M6 and M7 which indicated little environmental influence on the expression of these characters. In both the generation M6 and M7 possessed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean for the characters viz. plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, days to maturity, 100 seed weight and yield per plant indicating preponderance of additive gene action and thus selection may be effective for these traits. However, except M6 generation of, 200 GY, 400 GY possessed high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percent of mean for the characters viz. days to first floweringand 100 seed weight which indicate preponderance of additive and non additive gene action and 100 GY possessed high genetic advance as percent of mean coupled with moderate heritability for the characters viz. plant height and 100 seed weight which displayed high genetic advance as percent of mean along with moderate heritability. In both the generation M6 and M7 all nine quantitative characters showed positive and highly significant correlation with the character seed yield per plant.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY HUSBANDRY PRACTICES BETWEEN MEMBERS AND NON MEMBERS OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Ranjan Sinha, Gyan Ranjan Sinha; Oroan, JagarnathIndia shares 15% of the livestock of total livestock population in the world, with 50% buffaloes and 20%of world’s cattle. India is the largest producer of milk in the world (>15% share) with 188 mt production in 2019. Growth rate of milk production in our country in 2017-18 was 6.5% with a total value of 6.5 lakh crore. Jharkhand is a milk deficit state. No concerted efforts were taken for dairy development in the state, prior to its separation from Bihar. In year 2001-02 annual milk production in state was 9 lakh metric tons and per capita availability of milk was 98 gm/ day. In the state rural milk trade practices were not established and milk marketing network was not much developed recognizing the scope of cooperative development and viable operation of milk processing plant operated under various dairy cooperatives. With this view Milk Producers Federation Ltd (MILKFED) has been created in 2014 and its management has been given to NDDB. Total milk procurement was 23 thousand litres per day in 2014-15 which has gone up to 1 lakh 25 thousand per day in 2018-19 indicating that the cooperative structure has already started giving its impact. Hitherto meagre studies have been carried out to see the impact of milk cooperative on milk production, and knowledge and adoption of improved technologies by the dairy farmers. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the following objectives:ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL, HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BLACK BENGAL GOAT(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Lata Murmu, Asha; Verma, R.K.Despite having well-developed mechanisms of thermoregulation, animal do not maintain strict homeothermy under extreme climatic condition (Lu, 1989).Harsh environments constitute stressful conditions to animals raised in extreme climatic areas, and as a result, animals develop various adaptive mechanisms that enable them to survive under conditions of extreme heat or extreme cold. The present investigation was therefore proposed to be undertaken with the following title and objectives: The study entitled, “The effect of Meteorological variables on Physiological, Haemato-Biochemical and Oxidative Stress in Black Bengal Goat” was conducted on twelve adult apparently healthy Black Bengal goats with the objective to determine the seasonal variations in different physiological responses, haemato-biochemical constituents and antioxidant status. Twelve Black Bengal does were investigated for their physiological, haematobiochemical and antioxidants profiles during autumn(Oct to Nov) and winter (Dec to Jan) seasons. All Physiological parameters such as rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate measured daily at 6 a.m. and 3 p.m. throughout the study period. Blood samples were collected from the Black Bengal goats atfortnightly interval during experimental period for various biochemical analyses. Meteorological parameters like dry bulb temperature and relative humidity were recorded daily for two times at 6 am and 3 pm for estimation of THI throughout the study period. In addition to that the meteorological data for last one year was also collected for estimation of THI. In the present study, the mean THI found during autumn and winter season was 70.45±0.60 and 57.58±0.91, respectively while the mean THI for last oneyears was 72.09±0.38 during autumn and 62.14±0.28 during winter season. During autumn season, the mean rectal temperature (0F), respiration rate (breaths/min.) and heart rate (beats/min.) were 101.17±0.19, 25.50±0.43and 69.45±1.51 respectively. During winter season, the mean rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate were 98.67±0.29, 22.34±0.21and 67.55±0.88, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) differences were found in between day and season (autumn and winter) for all the physiological parameters during the experimental period. These physiological parameters were directly proportional to the THI. Among the Hematological attributes, the TEC (106/μl), PCV (%), monocyte(%), neutrophil (%) and eosinophil(%)levels were found significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter than during autumn season while the non-significant results were found in Hb(g/dl), Lymphocyte (%) and Basophil(%) level in both the season. Among the biochemical constituents of black bengal goat, the mean concentration of glucose (mg/dl) were significantly (p<0.05) higher during winter than the autumn season. The serum total protein was non significantly differed. Its value decreased during winter in the present study. The serum total protein were found directly proportional to the THI and the glucose level were inversely proportional to the THI. The serum minerals studied in Black Bengal goat showed significant (p<0.05) difference in between the seasons. The serum calcium, inorganic phosphorous and magnesium levels in Black Bengal goat showed variations during both season. The serum calcium (mg/dl), inorganic phosphorous (mg/dl) and magnesium level were significantly (p<0.05) lowers during winter than autumn. The serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium level was directly proportional to the THI. All the antioxidants that studied (SOD, LPO and GPx) showed significant (p<0.05) variations during autumn and winter season. The SOD (IU/ml), LPO (nmol of MDA/ml of packed cells) level higher during winter season than the autumn season whereas GPx(IU/ml)level was lower during winter. Thus the SOD and LPO was inversely proportional to THI and GPx was directly proportional to the THI. The study revealed that some of the parameters studied were visibly drifted from normal values as a result of climate stress during winter season. The results also highlighted drastic variations in the values of some of the constituents in animals. The information obtained is useful in understanding the adaptive physiology of the Black Bengal goats during environmental stress. The data generated may also help to distinguish and discriminate healthy animals from stressed ones under special physiological status of goats.
