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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF VIABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL TRADES FOR FARM WOMEN IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Hansdah, Barma; Bara, NivaThe findings of the study provide relevant information related to socio-economic and entrepreneurial characteristics of woman entrepreneurs and also general information regarding their enterprises. The study also revealed the motivational factors and perception of woman entrepreneurs about the business environment. It is evident from the study that the women were good managers and getting support from their family members and extension organizations. Based on the findings it can be concluded that entrepreneurial income of farm woman was also crucial for improving their position, self esteem, self confidence, self development and decision making power in the family, as well as giving them the means for survival when the family support system breaks down. The woman entrepreneurs under the study reported a number of constraints which could be removed by appropriate measures. It may be concluded that there is need to encourage viable entrepreneurial activities like poultry, vegetable cultivation, mushroom cultivation, dairy, goatry, tailoring and pickle making. by mitigating constraints for grater economic independence by conducting need-based training and providing initial inputs through SHGs. Intensive technical guidance and essential extension services should be rendered for entrepreneurship development apart from strengthening the institutional and infrastructural facilities.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis CAUSING WILT OF LENTIL(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Murmu, Hari Pada; Akhtar, JameelLentil (Lens culinaris M.) is an important pulse crop grown in Jharkhand state. Wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis is responsible for significant reduction in plant stand and yield across the state. Survey was carried out at different locations in Sahebganj, Garhwa and Ranchi districts of Jharkhand during, 2008-09 and 2009-10 and the disease was noticed in all locations with severity varying from 5.36- 36.33%. The disease appeared at all growth stages. But observations revealed that major loss occurs due to wilting at flowering / pod formation stage. Out of 12 isolates isolated from different locations, only three isolates viz., Folsbj 3, Fol-grw 3 and Fol-rnc 5 had some variation in their morphological and cultural characters. Bioassay revealed that more or less all the three isolates were equally sensitivity to fungicides and bioagents. Though there was morphological variation, but host differential characterization revealed that all the three isolates belong to same race. Physiological study revealed that the pathogens’ growth and development is greatly influenced below or above 27±1°C. Among fungicides, carbendazim as seed treatment at 2.0 g/kg seed proved best in minimizing wilt of lentil. Among bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum as seed treatment at 5.0 g/kg seed proved best in minimizing wilt of lentil. Organic amendments viz., neem cake, karanj cake, mustard cake and Trichoderma precolonized FYM revealed that except Trichoderma precolonized FYM @ 0.2 kg/m2 there was no significant reduction in wilt in any organic amendment. Among all the treatments, integration of carbendazim as seed treatment @ 2.0g/kg seed alongwith soil application of Trichoderma pre-colonized FYM @ 0.2 kg/m2 gave best result. Out of 38 genotypes, only four genotypes including LL 985, VL 133, VL 515 and VL 517 were identified as resistant donors. Experimental findings suggest that if carbendazim as seed treatment is used alongwith Trichoderma pre-colonized FYM, this disease can be managed easily even in moderately susceptible cultivars. Moreover, it will help in reducing the use of fungicide and improving soil health thereby environment eco-friendly.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF DESI AND “T&D” PIG(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Guru, Tej Narayan; SINGH, L. B.The “T&D” pig is a synthetic pig of cross of Tamworth (exotic breed) and Desi (indigenous breed) found in the entire area of Jharkhand and Bihar and has been replacing Desi pig since more than 15 years. The “T&D” pig has similarities as well as differences with the Desi, yet it has no identity of its own on molecular basis. The present study was undertaken on Molecular characterization of “T&D” and Desi pig populations using genetic analysis of RAPD variation with 10 random primers. DNA was extracted from 50 blood samples each for “T&D” and Desi pig (total of 100 samples). Genomic DNA was isolated and purified from white blood cells using Proteinase K digestion and standard phenol: chloroform extraction method. Agarose gel electrophoresis for checking the quality of isolated genomic DNA samples were done by diluting the DNA samples in ratio of 1:10. This was followed by Polymerase chain reaction. PCR technique was used to amplify the chosen marker. For this, optimization of PCR technique was followed by Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified product of DNA. The amplified product were statistically analyzed to measure the between and within population diversity. The genetic diversity within and between population was analyzed as the observed and expected number of alleles and Shannon‟s information Index using popgene software. Ewan‟s Watterson test was performed to test the neutrality for RAPD markers, the statistics F (sum of square of allelic frequency ) and limit (upper and lower) at 95% confidence region for the test were calculated using the algorithm by mainly using 100 simulated samples and implemented in popgene software package. In order to quantify the percentage of molecular variance due to differences among the difference among different populations and significance was tested by a non-random permutation approach using AMOVA programme included in Arleqin software package. Migration rate which showed the gene flow per generation was also found out. A dendrogram by UPGMA method was constructed. The result can be summarized as follows- 1. The gene or allele frequency for allele „0‟ ranged from 0 (SIGMA09-3) to 0.9583 (SIGMA07-1) for “T&D” pigs and from 0.234 (SIGMA09-3) to 0.9787(SIGMA09- 1) for Desi where as for allele „1‟ it ranged from 0.0417 (SIGMA07-1) to 1 (SIGMA09-3) for “T&D” and from 0.0213(SIGMA09-1) to 0.766 (SIGMA09-3) for Desi pig. 2. Mean Shannon's information index measures the level of diversity which was 0.5343 for “T&D” and 0.6227 for Desi one. It is moderately higher. “T&D” showed lower level of diversity than Desi one. 3. Nei's Gene diversity value (h) also known as average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.0 to 0.5 with overall mean 0.3625 in “T&D” pig and 0.0416 to 0.4991 with overall mean 0.4359 in Desi pig. “T&D” pig showed lower level of heterozygosity within breed and also compared to Desi pig. It indicated that there is heterozygosity deficit in both the population having more deficient in “T&D” pigs. 4. Polymorphic information content (PIC) had the exactly same trend as the Nei's Gene diversity. 5. All measures of genetic variations i.e. observed number of alleles, Shannon's Information indicating high polymorphism across the loci, suggesting suitability of these markers for genetic diversity studies in pig. 6. Taking into consideration, the genetic diversity within sample (Hs ) and overall gene diversity (Ht) it was found that mean Hs was 0.3992 which is lesser that mean Ht i.e. 0.4338. Genetic diversity in “T&D” pig is moderately lower than the Desi pig. 7. Mean Gst value (population subdivision index) is low (0.0798) and mean Nm (gene flow) is high (5.7643) which showed the prominent gene flow between the two breeds. The “T&D” pig is a synthesized population involving an exotic Tamworth and Desi pig population, the higher gene flow is not an alarming condition. 8. Similarly Nei‟s standard genetic distance based on allele frequency represented a low degree of genetic divergence among the two pig breed showing lower level of genetic variation between the populations. 9. A phylogenetic tree (Dendrograme) was built based on Nei‟s standard genetic distance. The tree showed that there was clear clustering or grouping corresponding to both the groups with some intermixing trend. 10. In neutrality test for selected primers (or loci), Locus SIGMA08-1 in “T&D” pig and the locus SIGMA06-3 in Desi pig were found not neutral or may be linked to some selective traits.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH OF BIOTICALLY DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED FOREST AT RARHA OF RANCHI EAST FOREST DIVISION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kumar, Praveen; Siddiqui, M.H.Forests are valuable natural resource. The goods and services provided by forests are of immense importance. The population explosion in India has resulted drastic change in the environment, habitat as well as on number and variety of species. In India Present forest cover is about 21.02% (690,899 km2) of total geographical area, whereas, in Jharkhand state which is characterized by hill, minerals and tribals, the forest cover is about 29.61% (23,605 km2) of the geographical area of the state. However, this much percentage of the forest is not sufficient to meet the people’s demand as a result the forest wealth is facing lot of problems. Ultimately the forest of the area is also affected due to intensive rate of deforestation or tree removal. Man and his domestic animals are the most important factors affecting forest vegetation, although man has been managing forests on scientific basis principle for the past 100 years or more, yet maximum destruction is cause by man in many part of the world. The present study has been conducted to assess the effect of biotic disturbances on two forest areas of Rarha Road identified as biotically disturbed and biotically undisturbed sites, which is located in hilly region of Chotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand at distance of 25 km from Ranchi on Ranchi-Patratu. The data was collected by partial sampling techniques taking the randomly distributed sample plots on both the sites in 5 ha area on each type. For collection of data on trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers, separate sample plots of the size 10.00 m X 10.00 m, 5.00m X 5.00m and 1.00 m X 1.00 m are selected, respectively. All the plant species whether it is tree, shrub, herb and climber occurred in a sample plot was recorded with respect to the number and basal area. In case of tree species diameter and height was also measured. Study on species composition of biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites indicted presence of 73 plant species distributed to different families. Out of a total of 19 tree species, 12 species was found at both the sites viz. biotically ii disturbed as well as undisturbed sites, while at of 10 shrub species, 6 shrubby species were common at both sites. Total number of herbaceous species was noticed as 31, out of which, 19 were common at both the sites. Out of 13 climber species, 8 were found at both sites. While remaining 5 climber species was found only at undisturbed site. The maximum value of density, frequency and abundance were found for Sal (Shorea robusta) among ten selected economically important tree species at biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites. Similarly, maximum relative dominance values were found for Sal (Shorea robusta) at both the sites. However, maximum variation, were noticed in case of Palash, Kendu and Semal. Among 8 commonly occurring species at disturbed and undisturbed sites in 7 tree species (Asan, Jamun, Kendu, Mahua, Piar, Palash and Sal) more average diameter at undisturbed site was found. The top diameter at undisturbed site for Asan, Jamun, Kendu, Mahua, Palash and Sal was found greater than disturbed site, while on disturbed site Semal and Piar have shown more diameter. The average height of Sal among ten species was found more at undisturbed site (17.86m) than disturbed site (13.33m). The top height estimated to know site quality of a forest area has indicated at maximum value in case of Jamun (15.50 m), followed by Semal (15.00 m) and minimum in case of Rori (9.75 m) an disturbed site, while at undisturbed site, maximum top height was calculated for Sal (20.41 m) and minimum in case of Kendu (11.50 m). At disturbed site maximum form quotient value has of Kushum (0.99) indicated cylindrical form, while at undisturbed site, Sal bearing on value of 0.90 for form quotient showed cylindrical form. The total volume of Sal was found maximum as compared to all most all the tree species. The total volume of Sal at undisturbed site (268.90 cu.m/ha) was found almost eight time greater than its value at disturbed site (33.17 cu.m/ha). Fair regeneration Sal (36.7%) and Palash (29.5%) at disturbed site, while moderate (59.8%) in Sal and deficient (19.5%) in Palash at undisturbed site is noticed. Other species found at both the sites showed deficient regeneration. iii Physico-Chemical properties of soil in biotically disturbed and undisturbed sites of Rarha forest area has indicated sandy loam soil on both the sites, while percentage of silt and sand was found more at undisturbed site. The soil pH ranged from 6.15 to 6.93 at biotically disturbed site, and 5.27 to 5.90 for undisturbed site. The value of organic carbon (%) was found more at undisturbed sites. The difference of available nitrogen between two sites (undisturbed and disturbed) was highly significant than available phosphorus and available potassium.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NUTRIENT LEVELS AND LIME ON PRODUCTIVITY 0F HYBRID PIGEON PEA (Cajanus Cajan L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Singh, Sudhir Kumar; Kumari, N.In Jharkhand, HYVs of pigeonpea are grown with recommended dose of fertilizer but its yield potential is very low. To increase productivity and production of pigeonpea, hybrid pigeonpea has been introduced. Fertilizer a key component of management influences growth, development and yield of hybrid pigeonpea. A full plant expression in hybrid pigeonpea can be achieved with a proper and well defined fertilizer schedule. Growth and yield determination of hybrid pigeonpea are favorably influenced by a recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur application in adequate amount. Acidity in uplands is a great problem which can be minimized by liming. The application of lime reduces soil acidity (pH increases) which reduces soluble aluminum and manganese to nontoxic levels and creates a suitable environment for Rhizobium bacteria. Hybrid has great yield potential to obtain 35-36 per cent more yield compared to HYVs. For obtaining maximum yield from hybrid pigeonpea, fertilizer dose and lime yet to be decided. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was carried out at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi during kharif season 2009 to study the “Effect of nutrient levels and lime on productivity of hybrid pigeonpea”. The soil was sandy loam in texture, medium acidic in nature (5.8 pH) having organic carbon (0.35%), available nitrogen (232 kg/ha), phosphorus (19.7 kg/ha), potassium (186.4 kg/ha) and sulphur (12.6 kg/ha). The treatment consisted of 3 levels of nutrient (100% RDF, 150% RDF, 200% RDF) and lime (0, 200, 400 kg/ha) were evaluated in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. The Recommended dose of fertilizer was 20 kg N, 40 kg P205, 20 kg K2O and 20 kg S/ha. Application of nutrient (NPKS) markedly improved all the growth and yield attributes, yield (grain & stover), protein content, uptake of nutrients (NPKS) and economics. Among the nutrient levels, 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (40:80:40:40 N:P:K:S kg/ha) significantly increased the growth and yield grain (17.90 q/ha) & stover yield (51.45 q/ha), protein content (22.17% in Grain & 5.40% in Stover), total uptake of N (108.16 kg/ha), P (8.3 kg/ha), K (98.1 kg/ha) and S (25.2 kg/ha) and gross return (Rs/ha 52,477), net return (Rs/ha 36,716) and benefit: cost ratio (2.38) of hybrid pigeonpea. But it was statistically at par with 150% RDF (30:60:30:30 N:P:K:S kg/ha) in terms of growth, yield attribute, yield and economics. Application of 400 kg lime/ha significantly improved the growth, yield attributes and yield (18.28 q/ha Grain & 52.15 q/ha Stover), uptake of N (111.07 kg/ha), P (8.7kg/ha), K (101.86 kg/ha) and S (26.57 kg/ha) as well as economics of hybrid pigeonpea and it was at par with 200 kg lime/ha. On the basis of experimental findings it may be concluded that application of 30:60:30:30, N:P:K:S Kg/ha (150% RDF) and 200kg lime/ha in hybrid pigeonpea improves growth and development of the crop resulting in higher productivity and economic returns and help in maintaining soil health.ThesisItem Open Access REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY AND CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogea L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kujur, Arti Deepshikha; Tirkey, S. K.Reproductive phase and vegetative phase occur simultaneously in groundnut which results in competition for photosynthates and other metabolites. As a consequence only a few flowers convert into mature pods. Bunting and Elsten (1980) reported that first formed flowers could have a better chance of development into pods as they establish relatively more powerful sinks. Eight genotypes of Virginia habit group were grown during kharif season of 2007 under Ranchi conditions to asses the extent and scope of conversion of flowers into mature pods i.e. RE6 (Coffelt et.al., 1989). Total number of flowers produced daily was counted on ten tagged plants in each genotype from the day of appearance of first flower till the cessation of flowering. In order to asses the reproductive efficiency, the number of mature pods formed were counted at maturity. The reproductive efficiency was calculated as the number of mature pods to the total number of flowers produced per plant multiplied by hundred (Coffelt et. al., 1989). BG-3 possessed highest reproductive efficiency followed by BAU-18. Variability, heritability, genetic advance for and correlation between fifteen characters including reproductive efficiency were studied. The differences among the genotypes were highly significant for all the characters studied except number of branches per plant and days to first 10% flowering where the differences were significant and non-significant, respectively. Maximum phenotypic and genotypic variances were recorded for 100-pod weight (878.97 and 877.71, respectively). High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variability were observed for number of flowers produced per plant, number of pods per plant, effective pods per plant, pod yield per plant, pod yield per plot and 100-pod weight, high PCV was also seen for number of branches per plant. High heritability with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of flowers produced per plant, days to first 10% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, effective pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight and reproductive efficiency. High heritability was also observed for flowering span, days to maturity and shelling percentage. Moderate heritability with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was seen for number of branches per plant. The effective pods per plant had the highest phenotypic correlation with number of pods per plant followed by number of flowers produced per plant. Reproductive efficiency showed highly significant positive correlation with effective pods per plant and significant negative correlation with 100-kernel weight, both phenotypically and genotypically, whereas, highly significant positive correlation with pod yield per plot, significant positive correlation with yield per plant and highly significant negative correlation with days to maturity, genotypically.ThesisItem Open Access AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVED RICE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) HANSDA, JYOTI; Yadava, M.S.More than 80 % of fresh water is consumed by the agricultural sector. Among the crops, rice consumes 50% of total water used in agriculture & with declining per capita availability of water over the years, there is need to enhance water productivity in rice cultivation. System of rice intensification (SRI) offers an opportunity for reducing demand of water in rice sector. One of the advantages of SRI (System of Rice Intensification) is to use younger seedling and management of weeds by conoweeder which aerates the soil and also incorporates weeds. However, use of younger seedling is difficult due to tenderness of the seedling as well as handling of the seedling. The cono-weeding practice in rice is involved with drudgery and a person needs to walk 40 km to cover an area of one ha in one direction. In order to standardize and economize conoweeding, the present investigation to evaluate the age of seedling and weed management methods under SRI was conducted in factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with factor- 1 (A1-10 days old seedlings, A2-15 days old seedlings), factor- 2 (weed management methods viz. W1-2 times cono-weeding at 10 & 20 DAT, W2-4 times cono-weeding at 10, 20, 30 & 40 DAT, W3-preemergence application of Butachlor @ 1.5 kg. a.i /ha +1HW at 10 DAT, W4- weed free(20,40,60DAT) without cono-weeding and W5- weedy check). Keeping this in view, an experiment entitled “Agronomic management for improved rice productivity under System of Rice Intensification” was carried out in Alfisol under sub-humid agro-climatic condition at Rice Research Farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand) during kharif 2009. Soil of the experimental plot was sandy clay loam with pH 6.2 having available soil N, P & K (210, 8.54 & 215 Kg/ha). Rice hybrid - PA 6444 was transplanted at a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with single seedling/hill. A fertilizer dose @ 125:80:90 kg NPK/ha (including FYM @ 5 t/ha applied 15 days before the transplanting) was applied as per the recommended time and methods. Results revealed that transplanting of 10 days old seedling under SRI recorded significantly higher vegetative growth characters of rice hybrid PA 6444 namely plant height (89.04cm), total no. of tillers per m2 (288), dry matter accumulation in plant (1041.93 g/m2) as compared to 15 days old seedlings. Significant increase in grain yield (60.80 q/ha) was also recorded with 10 days old seedling as compared to 15days old seedlings (56.20 q/ha). Uptake (kg/ha) of N (131.53), P (24.31) & K (123) by the crop was significantly higher with 10 days old seedlings as compared to 15 days old seedlings. Yield attributing characters viz. effective tillers/m2 (284), no. of fertile grain/panicle (158) was significantly higher in the plots transplanted with 10 days old seedlings. However, dry matter production of weeds did not differ significantly with the age of seedling. Weed control efficiency higher in 10 days old seedlings (50.13) as compared to 15 days old seedlings (49.74). However minimum weed index was observed in 10 days old seedlings (8.29 %) than that of 15 days old seedlings (15.23 %). Among the weed management practices, growth characters such as plant height (91.92 cm), total tiller/m2 (318) and dry matter production in plant (1196.8 g/m2) and LAI (4.00) were significantly higher with the treatment 4 times conoweeding. However, this was at par with the treatment 2 times conoweeding except dry matter production. Maximum yield of 64.25 q/ha was recorded with the treatments 4 times cono-weeding which is significantly superior to rest of the treatment except 2 times conoweeding (63.55 q/ha). Uptake (kg/ha) of N (144.42), P (26.81) & K (136.62) by the plant was higher with the treatment having 4 times conoweeding. Minimum dry matter of weeds was recorded with weed free check (38.75 g/m2) followed by the treatment having 4 times cono weeding (82.75 g/m2). Weed control efficiency (%) was highest in weed free (83.03%) followed by 4 times conoweeding (63.72%), Butachlor application (54.38%) and 2 times conoweeding (48.55%), however minimum weed index % was observed in 4 times conoweeding (3.09) followed by 2 times conoweeding (4.14), weed free check (3 HW) without conoweeding (10.41), butachlor application + 1 HW (11.91) and weedy check (29.26). Bacterial activity in soil was unaffected due to age of seedlings. It was significantly higher in 4 times conoweeded plots (75 X 105 cfu/g of soil) compared to 2 times conoweeding (69 x 105 cfu/g of soil). Dehydrogenase activity was found non significant in both the cases. In economics, 10 days old seedling recorded significantly higher Gross return (57,236 Rs/ha), Net return (41,111 Rs/ha) & B: C ratio (2.57) than that of 15 days old seedling (52,846 Rs/ha, 36,721 Rs/ha & 2.29, respectively). Among weed management methods, 4 times conoweeding recorded maximum gross return (60,591 Rs/ha) being at par with 2 times conoweeding (59,833 Rs/ha) & weed free check (3HW) without conoweeding (55,906 Rs/ha) and significantly superior to other methods. However, 2 times conoweeding recorded maximum net return (44,336 Rs/ha) being at par with 4 times conoweeding (44,097 Rs/ha) & Butachlor application (39,721 Rs/ha) and significantly superior to the others. However, higher B: C ratio was found in 2 times conoweeding (2.86) and was found significantly superior to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Comparison of DNA profiles of in vitro and naturally grown Vanilla planifolia Andr.(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Roy, Swati; Haider, Z. A.Vanilla planifolia Andr. is a tropical commercial spice crop known for its popular flavoring substance called vanillin. Vanilla is the second most expensive spice in the world market, next to saffron. Planting material is conventionally propagated through stem cuttings. This method can perpetuate viral infections. However, through tissue culture a large number of pathogen-free plants can be effectively produced. We report efficient and reproducible tissue culture based mass propagation protocol for elite Vanilla clones collected from different agroclimatic regions. Nodal explant was evaluated for their ability to initiate, maintain and multiply on seven of Murashige and Skoog (MS) based media and four of Knudson C (KC) media. Nodal segment initiated on MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg BAP and 2.0 mg NAA resulted in 90% of bud breaking. Significant difference was observed among selected hormone combinations for rate of shoot multiplication only in MS media. An average number of 3.33 to 10.00 shoots were obtained after 90 days of nodal culture. Among hormone free MS, MS and KC media, hormone free MS media gave 70% rooting in shootlets. More than 85% survival rate was achieved during acclimatization. Further we investigated the RAPD genetic diversity of Vanilla species collected from different agro-climatic regions, their in vitro derived plantlets and plants vegetatively propagated in College of Biotechnology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, employing 10 decamer RAPD primers. The analysis revealed that there is no intraspecefic variation between Vanilla mother plants, suggesting that they belong to same species, Vanilla planifolia. A slight variation was observed in tissue cultured genotype of Kolkata mother plant and plants vegetatively propagated in Ranchi. These results are essential to guide further genetic analysis of Vanilla specimens and availability of this multiplication protocol is a key step towards large scale Vanilla production in India.ThesisItem Open Access Agrobacterium mediated transformation in Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees for quality parameters(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) KAMAL, SWATI; Banerjee, Madhuparnaon P. thyrsiflorus which has not been reported earlier. The total carbohydrate content in hairy roots were also quantified and compared from leaves from mother plant and bacteria infected plant. Aseptic explants for transformation were obtained by inoculating shoot tip of P.thyrsiflorus on MS media supplemented with BAP 5.0 mg/l and AdSO4 50.0 mg/l. Leaves , shoot tips and nodes of in vitro grown plants were used as explants while ATCC 15834 strain of A. rhizogenes Conn was used for transformation. Full loop inocula of A.rhizogenes were grown in YEB (Yeast Extract Beef Extract) medium supplemented with 50 mg/l rifampicin. Optimum growth was observed after 48 h in dark at 28°C. Acclimatization of bacteria culture in MS medium for 4 h was found effective. The explants were treated for different time periods after which those were inoculated in solid MS basal medium and kept at 25 ± 2 °C and 16 h light/ 8 h dark. Successful hairy root induction was observed after 7 days on all 3 explants. Amongst different treatment durations, 225 min was found to be the best for all the three explants. A clear variation in response was observed within different types of explants. Out of three explants, shoot tips were found to be the best with maximum mean percentage of root induction (93.33%) as well as maximum mean number of roots (4.80) per explant. Total carbohydrate content was quantified with anthrone method which revealed that the carbohydrate content was highest (2.9 mg percent) in hairy roots followed by the leaves from bacteria infected plant (2.0 mg percent). However, leaves of mother plant showed comparatively minimum (1.6 mg percent) carbohydrate content.