Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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Open Access
Women Farmers Contribution To Sustainable Agriculture in The Tribal Region of Bihar, India
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Niva Bara; Obdulia F. Sison
Niva Bara, university of the Philippines at los Bahos, October, December, 1995.Women farmers contribution to sustainable Agriculture in the Tribel Region of Bihar, India. Major Professor : Dr. Blanda R Sumayao. The study examined women farmers contribution to sustainable Agriculture as influenced by certain factor namely personal characteristics (age, education, farming experience and environmental awareness) social- economic factors (farm characteristics, size of farm family labour and credit accessibility) and institutional factors( source of agriculture information, organizational affiliation, contact with change agent and extension exposure). Sustainable agriculture was studied in the context of ecological soundness, economic viability, social justice and humaneness. A total of 288 women farmers from different farming groups in the tribal villages of Bihar, India were the respondents of the study. Different survey techniques using informal and formal interviews, group discussions, meetings and audio tapes were triangulated to obtain the specific information needed. Number crunchers in statistics (NCS) and statically package of social science(SPSS) computer software were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the respondent personal characteristics and the socio-economic and institutional factors as well as their contribution to sustainable agriculture. Correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to determine the factor affecting women’s contribution to sustainable agriculture. Mean age of the respondents was 38 years and the majority (82%) had no formal education. Those with formal education had a mean eduction level of 1.42 years.Sixty-eight percent had 15-34 years farming experience and their principal occupation was crop farming. Results showed that almost all of the women (99%) contributed highly to sustainable agriculture .This could be traced to their many years of using indigenous farming practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, use of organic farm manure ,green manuring, terracing, traditional seed varieties ,indigenous crop protection measures and traditional postharvest techniques which to scientists are ecologically and economically sound. The women perceived their indigenous farming practices as economically viable because these ensured their food fuel and fodder for the whole year while using low external inputs. Further more this farm practices in the area where socially just and women since they ensure social equinity cooperation and consideration for gender issue when the community. woman farmers in the area had equal access to natural and physical resource ed like forest product water and agriculture farm implement .They were also giving and receiving assistance from each other in the form of quality seeds, agriculture and labour, They worked as a grower while undertaking farm activity like transplanting when and harvesting farming acitivity where well synchronized and the women where able to reduce operation cost as well as minimized the pest and disease infestation. Correlation and analysis indicated that environmental awareness and organizational affiliation affected contribution to sustainable agricultural at high level of significance organizational affiliation was however inversely co related with contribution to sustainable agricultural credit accessibility and radio listing were significance and 5% level. Step wise regration analysis indicates that among the independent variable only environmental awareness. organizational affiliation and extension exposures had highly significant detect on women’s contribution to sustainable agriculture.
Open Access
Farmers' Strategies to Cope With Marginal Environment in the Plateau Region of Bihar, India
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Veleria Larra; Obdulia F. Sison
Lakra, valeria, University of the Philippines los Banos, March 1996 , Farmers’ strategies to cope with Marginal Environment in the Plateau Region of Bihar, India. Major professor : Dr. Virginia R.Cardenas. This study identified and described farming strategies as well as reason for adopting various far farming technique in responses to marginal environment in Hazaribagh, Bihar, India. Household interviews were conducted among 300 respondents using formal interview for one – half of them and structured informal interviews for the other half .Descriptive statistics was used to summarize socio economic and bio physical factors, farming system and effects of the strategies adopted, while bivariate and cannocial correlations were used to exmine the degree of relationships among the variable. Majority of the respondents were small and marginal farmers.They described their farmlands as: flat (100% of the respondents) and gently sloping (97%) less than 25% of land being drought affected (76%) more than 75% of land needing the irrigation (83%) and about 50% of land being affected by pest and diseases (63%). Farming strategies to cope with such environment were several. Farmers used cropping system, such as rotational cropping, mixed cropping and sequential cropping for varying primary reasons. During the rainy season, majority of the farmers chose to plant pulses, oil seeds, millets, rice and fiber crop in unfavourable lands with low soil fertility, while rice, maize, vegetables were planted in favourable lands. Traditional varieties of short duration crops were chosen for a good crop yield .Crop –livestock integration was a highly profitable enterprise for farm household. Farm yard manure was used in both unfavourable and favourable lands to improve the soil fertility and land productivity. Crop rotation in unbunded land rotating different varieties of a crop in bunded lands were considered the best strategies to improve soil fertily .In order to overcome water insufficiency effects during a cropping season, farmers used local varieties of crops that had tolerance to drought or those which could avoid it by maturing before drought set in. Indigenous practices as well as chemical pesticide were used to control pests and diseases. Farmers were also engaged in land-sharing. Off-farm and non- farm activities in order to increase their income. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that all the bio- physical factors were significantly related to cropping system, while socio- economic factors were significantly related to cropping systems, and income augmentation strategies. Canonical correlation showed highly significant relationship between different groups of variables, rejecting all the null hypotheses. It can be concluded that these farming strategies were need- based farming for subsistence. The strategies adopted by the respondents were found not only meeting subsistence needs but also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Open Access
Genetic Studies in Pea
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Amrendra Kumar; B.P.Jain
The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to assess the yield potential of the genotypeswith respect to its variability of the genotypes and single cross hybrid combination and also screening of the genotypes against powdery mildew disease. Analysis of variance for 36 genotypes for two years revealed highly significant differences for all the characters under study. Out of 36 geno types only 12 genotypes recorded higher pod yield per plant and were considered to be high yielder. Highest pod yield per plot was recorded in NDVP 9(1.48 Kg) closely followed by Selection 82 (1.45 Kg) and JP 585 (1.34 Kg). The pod yield per plant was maximum in genotype IP 3 (127.71 g) followed by PMR 20 (122.40 g) Ajad Pea (121 19g) and JP 829 (119.00 g). High heritability estimates (in broad sense) alongwith genetic advance were observed for plant height, pod yield per plant, grain yield per plot and days to 50 per cent flowering and fruiting. Pod yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with pod thickness, green grain weight (10 pod) and pod breadth. Grain yield per plot had highly significant and positive correlation with pod yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Shelling percentage (dry pod) had positive and significant correlation with pod yield per plot, grain yield per plant and per plot Plant height had significantly negative correlation with days to flowering and fruiting Out of 36 genotypes, only 12 genotypes were found moderately susceptible and rest were rated as susceptible to highly susceptible in reaction against powdery mildew disease. Genetic divergence analysis of 36 genotypes for 19 characters indicated that some were quite close to each other and others were quite diverse. All these genotypes were grouped into 13 cluster groups (Wilks's). As genetically diverse parents often produce maximum heterosis. offer a better chance of isolating transgressive segregants. Accordingly. 8 diver gent parents viz. Arka Ajeet. Bonneville. Ajad Pea VL 3. PMR 20. KS 136. JP 829 and VP 7802 were selected for diallel mating (without reciprocal).
Open Access
In Vitro Maturation and In Vitro Fertilization of Caprine oocytes and its transfer in Black Bengal Goats
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Debashis Chakraborty; J.N.Pandey
A large number of embryos can be produced by IVM-IVF technique using abattoir ovaries for research and commercial purpose at a very low cost. The technique involves collection, maturation, fertilization and early embryonic development in suitable media. Oocytes were retrieved from the follicles of goat ovaries collected from slaughter house. The maximum retrieval of cocytes (72.70%) was obtained by dissection technique followed by 61.89% through aspiration and 53.31% through puncture technique. Highest retrieval (38.53%) of good quality pocytes was found through puncture technique followed by dissection (32.42%) and aspiration (25.74%) technique. The fair quality of oocytes were retrieved maximum through aspiration technique (52.23%) followed by dissection (46.93%) and puncture (41.40%) technique. The number of retrieved oocytes/ovary were 5.41 +0.33, 4.54 + 0.14 and 4.09 + 0.80 by dissection, aspiration and puncture technique respectively. Oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 + 10% EDS (medium 1) and TCM - 199 + 10% EDS + 10 IU/ml each of PMSG and HCG (medium 2). Maturation upto metaphase - II indicated a significantly higher proportion of oocytes 65.56% reaching metaphase II in medium 2 compared to 53.79% at the same stage in medium 1. Oocytes from larger follicles have better chance of embryonic development than their smaller counterpart. The incubation time
Open Access
Response of Groundnut Cultivars to Lime, Phosphorus and Spacing under Rained Condition
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Md.Parwaiz Alam; A.Rafey
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop contributing 60% of the total edible oil production in India. Two sets of field experiments i.e. (1) "Effect of inter and intrarow spacings on pod yield of new evolved groundnut cultivar and (ii) "Effect of lime, phosphorus and cultivars the yield of groundnut" were conducted at University Farm, Ranchi for two consecutive years during Kharif season of 1994 and on 1995. The first set of experiment was conducted in split plot design with two cultivars (BG-3 and Birsa bold-1) in main plot and interrow (30, 40 and 50 cm), intrarow (10, 15 and 20 cm) spacing in sub-plots with three replication. Fertilizer application @ 28 kg N, 40 kg Pals and 30 kg Kao hat was given to each treatment. The second set of experiment was also conducted in split plot design with two cultivars (BG-3 and Birsa bold-1) in main plot and levels of lime (2 and 3 q hat) and phosphorus (8, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg Pals ha) in sub-plots with three replication. Besides this, 20 kg N and 40 kg ko ha was given as a basal to each treatment. Results of the experiment first showed that pod yield of groundnut was significantly influenced by inter and intrarow spacings while cultivars did not differ significantly with each other. Pooled analysis of data showed that pod yield of groundnut at 40 cm (2178.61 kg ha) was 9.28 and 14.36% higher than that under 30 (1996.27 kg ha) and 50 cm (1897.91 kg ha) interrow spacing respectively. Intrarow spacing of 15 ce produced maximum pod yield (2350.80 kg ha) which was 19.91 and 34.80% higher than that under 10 cm (1960.52 kg ha) and 20 cm (1743.88 kg ha), respectively. The increase in yield was due to mare yield attributing characters viz., number of mean filled pod per plant, number of kernels per pod and 100 kernel weight at 40 ca and 15 ca inter and intrarow spacing respectively, Cultivar BG-3 showed its superiority over Birsa bold-1 with respect to nueber of sean effective pegs per plant, number of sean filled pod per plant and number of kernels per pod but reverse was found in case of 100 kernel weight. Leaf area index increased upto 60 DAS and then declined. 30 ca interrow spacing gave higher LAI value compared to 48 and 50 ca interrow spacing at 30 DAS, but at 60 and 90 DAS groundnut spaced at 48 ce interrow apart gave highest LAI compared to other. Groundnut spaced at 15 ce intrarow spacing gave higher LAI value at entire growth stages compared to 10 and 20 cm. Number of effective nodules per plant was also found maximu in 40 ca interrow spacing and 15 ca intrarow spacing throughout its growth stages. Maximus nitrogen content in pod (2.6 to 2.63 %) and hauln (1.50%) were recorded at 5e interrow spacing during both the years of investigations, Total ca uptake of nitrogen by groundnut plant was max (95.75 and 92.27 kg ha) during 1994 and 1995, respectively at 40 interrow spacing comapred to 30 and 50 cm sparing, while, at co ca Intrarow spacing maximus total uptake (105.42 and 101.54 kg 15 ha, respectively) was recorded. Maximum oil yield was recorded at 40 ca interrow spacing (45.49 and 45.48 %) and 15 ca intra spacing (45.91 and 45.92%) during 1994 and 1995, respectively. Maximum net return (Rs. 13988.95 ha) and benefit cost ration (1.91) was recorded by cultivar BG-3 spaced at 48 x 15 cm over rest of treatment combinations. maximum lime Results of second set of experiment revealed that pooled pod yield (2319.35 kg ha) was recorded at 3 q hat which was significantly superior to lime. Application of 80 kg phosphorus ha significantly produced maximum pooled pod yield (2598.20 kg ha) over 8, 20 and 40 kg Po kg ha. Pooled pod yield was maximum (2215.66 kg ha) Birsa bold-i and in was at par with BG-3 (2183.96 kg ha). Interaction between levels of lime and phosphorus on pooled pad yield showed that maximum pooled pod yield (2756.91 kg ha) of groundnut Has recorded at 80 kg Pals ha and 3 q lime ha Hauls yield also followed the similar trend. Favourable effeats of applications of 3 q lime and 80 kg Pal ha reflected to increase yield attributing characters characters. The cultivar 86-3 produced higher number effective pegs per plant, number of filled pod were also and growth 01 mean per plant and number of Kernels per pod than Birsa bold-1 while plant height and 100 Kernel weight were higher in Birsa bold-1. Application of 3 line has showed higher content of nitrogen in pod varied from 2.81 to 2.79 % and 1.64 to 1.67 % in haulm content in pod and haule were found and 8.24 phosphorus and 0.18%, respectively. Similarly application of 80 kg Pals ha gave higher phosphorus content in pod and haule compared to 3,20,40 and 6 kg Palle ha. Total uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by pod and hauls were also higher (111.40 to 115.25 kg nitrogen has and 11.01 to 11.28 kg phosphorus ha) at 3 q lize ha over no lise, while application of Beko Pale ha gave higher nitrogen uptake (123.21 to 132.35 kg ha N) and phosphorus uptake (12.96 to 13.22 kg ha Pale) over 8, 20, 40 and 6 ko Pom ha content in kernel showed increasing trend due to application of lime 30 ha and ko Pole has over their lower levels. Birse held-1 produced higher oil percentage (46.24 to 46.30)and protein content (22.14 to 22.23%) compared to 8-3 during bath the years. Application of 3 q line har gave a net return of Re 9150.55 to Rs. 10275.83 ha and benefitscast ratio of 1.0 1.28 over appiscation to m1ime application in both the years. Similarly of 100 kg Palle ha earned higher net return
Open Access
Studies on bacillus Enterotoxins and their Pathogenesis
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Malik Mehboob Willayat; K.G.Narayan
1. Six varieties of rice collected from north, south, east and west of Ranchi city were found contaminated to an extent of 50.00, 56.25, 81.25, 87.50, 100.00 and 100.00 percent, respectively, for Sonachur, Rice King, Mansuri, Parmal, Gandevta and Bundu. 2. Percentage of sample bearing heat resistant strains (100°C, 20 minutes) was 7.29 indicating that cooked rice may not be sterile always as is presumed. 3. The biotyping of the isolates revealed that the rice was contaminated with biotypes 7(28.94%), 6( 23,68 %), 5(18,42%) and 2(13.15%). This would help to understand the epidemiology of food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus. 4. Most of the isolates from rice (65.78%) did not ferment xylose and the findings are in accordance with the European reports. 5. The field isolates varied in production of the type of enterotoxins. 45.83 percent isolates produced both emetic as well as diarrhoeal type enterotoxins compared to 33.33 and 20.80 percent producing only emetic and diarrhoeal enterotoxins, respectively. 6. Shake-Cultures incubated at 30-32°C for 5-12 hours was ideal for optimal production of diarrhoeal enterotoxin as tested by VPR and MLT. 7. Bacillus cereus metabolites viz. phospholipase C, hemolysins and the lethal toxins when separated by gel filtration and other Methods did produces VPR or MLT in Vivo but Produced strong in Vitro lecithinovitelline reaction and hemolysis.
Open Access
Effect of Flyash on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Certain Crops and Tree Species and Its Impact on Soil Health
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arvind Kumar; A.K.Sarkar
Fly ash is chemically an amorphous ferro alumino silicate and is an important pollutant in the industrial areas. Bulk of the flyash generated by steel & thermal power plants are used in making bricks, road making and in cement refractory product. Fly ash contains many nutrients essential for plant growth, which could be made use of in increasing crop productivity. but the results have been inconsistent over the ears only recently some valuable information have been generated at this University, through green house experiments with soybean and rice. The present research work is an extension of these studies with field, pot culture and laboratory experiments. The objectives of the present investigation were: 1. Characterization of fly ash obtained from different sources. 2. Yield and uptake of trace metals by cereal and pulse crops grown in flyash amended soils. 3. Influence of flyash on trace metal availability in acid soils. 4. Growth parameters and trace metal content of tree species grown in flyash amended soils. The salient results obtained may be summarized: 1. Properties of flyash varied with the source. Bokaro fly ash was moderately acidic in reaction. IC and ++ exch. Ca++ were high. Flyash was rich in total macro- and micro-nutrients except nitrogen. High available P, K and s and DTPA extractable micro nutrients were found in fly aah samples. content of Pb, Ni and co in Elyash were considerably higher than that in soils. 2. Grain yield of rice, wheat and soybean was higher in 8 to 16% fly ash amended soil compared to soil alone. At recommended level of NPK, flyash favourably influenced crop yields. 3. soils amended with flyash upto 16% level increased the availability of cationic micronutrients in soil and its uptake by crop plants. 4. In onion, flyash increased plant height, total soluble salts and bulb weight at 100 t ha-1 level. Fly ash application increased available B in soil & content in onion bulbs. 5. Growth of tree species such as subabul, chalundi, Karanj, Black siris, shisham and Gamhar in soils alended with 20% flyash was superior than soil alone. Leguminous tree species performed better in this regard. 6. Absorption and translocation of trace metals differed considerably among tree species grown in flyash amended soiled among trace metals higher Ni (2 to 4 mg kg), Pb (2 to 5 mg kg-¹) and Co (6 to 14 mg kg) content in leaves of tree species is a matter of concern. Two tree species, chalundi and Karanj performed better than others at 50% flyash (w/w) level. 7. Flyash addition in acid soil had considerable residual effect as judged by crop yield and uptake of trece metals. It is concluded that: 1. Fly ash upto 16% level can be effectively utilized for increasing crop yield and availability of soil nutrients. Co-application of fertilizers and organic manures is highly beneficial. 2. Fly ash addition enriches soil trace metal availability. 3. Fly ash application at 100 t ha-1 increases plant height of onion with increase in content of boron in onion bulbs and available boron in acid soil. 4. Leguminous tree species can be successfully grown upto 20% £ly ash level. 5. monitoring of trace metals (esp. Ni & Co) in crops and tree species grown in flyash dumps is essential to avoid contamination of soil-plant-animal food chain.
Open Access
Effect of Nitrogen Potassium Planofix And Karanj Cake On The Growth yield Quality of Dwarf Banana (Musa Cavendishii Lamb)
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Rana Lalloo Singh; C. Singh
Studies on the effect of two levels of Nitrogen (200g, 300g), Potassium (100g, 200g), Karanj cake (500g, 1000g) and Planofix (200 ppm, 300 ppm) plant-1 were made on the growth, yield and quality of Banana cv. Cavendishi. Higher dose of Nitrogen, Potassium and Karanj cake showed better effect on growth, yield and quality of Banana on the other hand lower dose of Planofix had given better performance on above characters. The nutrients and chemicals recorded significant yield and quality of fruit either alone or in combination except the combination of karanj cake with other nutrient and chemicals. Maximum yield was recorded in case of 300 g of Nitrogen alongwith 200 ppm of Planofix with minimum yield in control. Similar trend was noted in other combinations.
Open Access
Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Economy in Legume Wheat Sequences
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Sanjay Kumar; N.K. Prasad
Title: "Soil fertility and nitrogen economy in legume-wheat sequences" With a theme to slash-down the application of nitrogen nutrient through chemical fertilizer in a crop and cropping sequence, exploitation of biological source of nitrogen, and maintaining the soil health for a sustainable crop production is a call of the day. As per 1991-92 fertilizer census, 18% short in nitrogenous fertilizers was reported. Even during 1996-97 a marked fall in (21%) production of nitrogenous fertilizers was reported in comparison to 1995-96. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to assess the contribution of legumes as a biological source of nitrogen for a stable wheat production. In the present studies, five cropping sequences, (main plot, viz: soybean-wheat, cowpea-wheat, blackgram-wheat, stylo-wheat and rice-wheat) and five nitrogen levels (sub-plot, viz: No N25, N50 N75 and N100% of the recommended dose for wheat), thus altogether twentyfive treatments were put in split plot design and replicated thrice, during 1993-94 and 1994-95. The soil of the experimental plots were Silt Loam in texture (Sand, 37.72; Silt 51.10, Clay 11.18% respectively). It was low in Organic Carbon, available N, P and medium in K with PH 6.1. The results of two years of investigation revealed that legumes in general and blackgram in particular significantly contributed towards yield and yield contributing characters in wheat. Accordingly blackgram as a preceding crop to wheat significantly produced maximum grain yield (31.32 qha") of wheat. Wheat yield obtained at 75% recommended dose of nitrogen was statistically tantamount to wheat yield received in presence of 100% Na Introduction of legumes, further enhanced the O/C (%), available N, P and K in general and blackgram in particular enriched the soil fertility in a better way over rest of the legumes. These fertility indices contributed about 95.75 to 96.84 % towards wheat yield during the respective years. The cropping sequences, comprised of legumes also harvested the maximum amount of N, P and K nutrients. Thus, soybean-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of N and P while stylo-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of K. Although, wheat grown after blackgram harvested the maximum N and P but soybean being a more proteinous component gave higher yield of nitrogen, which resulted in overall higher harvest of nitrogen by soybean-wheat sequence. Accordingly, better biomass production by stylo resulted in higher removal of K by stylo-wheat sequence. Increasing trend in N-levels also increased the nutrients removal by different cropping sequences, however, under all the situations, the interaction of cropping sequences and N-levels was not significant The balance-sheet of the fate of nutrients further revealed that under all the legumes based cropping sequences, a positive gain in nitrogen nutrients while fixation of phosphorus under all, the sequences and further gain of potassium were accounted. Though wheat after blackgram produced significantly higher yield over rest of the sequences however, in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat accounted for significantly maximum yield (68.59 qha ¹) due to higher biomass production, and cost of green forage yield of stylo, while application of 75% N accounted for statistically similar wheat equivalent yield (55.32 qha) to 100% N (57.20 qha"). Although, wheat after blackgram produced more protein but soybean-wheat sequence as a whole resulted in significantly higher protein harvest over rest of the sequences (718.42 Kg.ha 1), 75% of N further recorded on par protein yield to what was recorded at 100% N. Stylo-wheat sequencedue to higher biomass production resulted in the maximum production of energy which was closely followed by the energy produced by blackgram-wheat sequence. Application of 75% N resulted in higher energy productivity than it was recorded in presence of 100% N Grain yield of wheat under all the different sequences gave a linear response to nitrogen application. The wheat yield above 75% N was found to be static. Among the sequences, blackgram-wheat accounted for better yield of wheat at each level of nitrogen. Stylo-wheat sequence was more remunerative since, it accounted for maximum net return (Rs. 12,850.00 ha) as well as maximum net return to per rupee investment (1.13). Income received at 75 and 100% N was statistically equal. Performance of wheat grown after legume under 75% nitrogen was more stable since, this accounted for more grain yield over the sequence mean with regression coefficient nearer to unity (bi 1.0) and deviation from regression line resulted to zoro (0). The stability of soil nitrogen status after the completion of two years of experimentation revealed that fertility left over by legume-wheat sequence under 75 % N was more stable. Thus, wheat after blackgram under 75% nitrogen produced maximum wheat yield but in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat sequence resulted in more remunerative sequence over rest of the sequences which also accounted for higher energy production and net return to per rupee investment. Blackgram-wheat sequence was more stable in terms of wheat yield and nitrogen build-up in the soil system.

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