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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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1994 - 19974
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Author: Sanjay Kumar × End date: 1997 × Start date: 1993 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Economy in Legume Wheat Sequences
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Sanjay Kumar; N.K. Prasad
    Title: "Soil fertility and nitrogen economy in legume-wheat sequences" With a theme to slash-down the application of nitrogen nutrient through chemical fertilizer in a crop and cropping sequence, exploitation of biological source of nitrogen, and maintaining the soil health for a sustainable crop production is a call of the day. As per 1991-92 fertilizer census, 18% short in nitrogenous fertilizers was reported. Even during 1996-97 a marked fall in (21%) production of nitrogenous fertilizers was reported in comparison to 1995-96. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to assess the contribution of legumes as a biological source of nitrogen for a stable wheat production. In the present studies, five cropping sequences, (main plot, viz: soybean-wheat, cowpea-wheat, blackgram-wheat, stylo-wheat and rice-wheat) and five nitrogen levels (sub-plot, viz: No N25, N50 N75 and N100% of the recommended dose for wheat), thus altogether twentyfive treatments were put in split plot design and replicated thrice, during 1993-94 and 1994-95. The soil of the experimental plots were Silt Loam in texture (Sand, 37.72; Silt 51.10, Clay 11.18% respectively). It was low in Organic Carbon, available N, P and medium in K with PH 6.1. The results of two years of investigation revealed that legumes in general and blackgram in particular significantly contributed towards yield and yield contributing characters in wheat. Accordingly blackgram as a preceding crop to wheat significantly produced maximum grain yield (31.32 qha") of wheat. Wheat yield obtained at 75% recommended dose of nitrogen was statistically tantamount to wheat yield received in presence of 100% Na Introduction of legumes, further enhanced the O/C (%), available N, P and K in general and blackgram in particular enriched the soil fertility in a better way over rest of the legumes. These fertility indices contributed about 95.75 to 96.84 % towards wheat yield during the respective years. The cropping sequences, comprised of legumes also harvested the maximum amount of N, P and K nutrients. Thus, soybean-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of N and P while stylo-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of K. Although, wheat grown after blackgram harvested the maximum N and P but soybean being a more proteinous component gave higher yield of nitrogen, which resulted in overall higher harvest of nitrogen by soybean-wheat sequence. Accordingly, better biomass production by stylo resulted in higher removal of K by stylo-wheat sequence. Increasing trend in N-levels also increased the nutrients removal by different cropping sequences, however, under all the situations, the interaction of cropping sequences and N-levels was not significant The balance-sheet of the fate of nutrients further revealed that under all the legumes based cropping sequences, a positive gain in nitrogen nutrients while fixation of phosphorus under all, the sequences and further gain of potassium were accounted. Though wheat after blackgram produced significantly higher yield over rest of the sequences however, in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat accounted for significantly maximum yield (68.59 qha ¹) due to higher biomass production, and cost of green forage yield of stylo, while application of 75% N accounted for statistically similar wheat equivalent yield (55.32 qha) to 100% N (57.20 qha"). Although, wheat after blackgram produced more protein but soybean-wheat sequence as a whole resulted in significantly higher protein harvest over rest of the sequences (718.42 Kg.ha 1), 75% of N further recorded on par protein yield to what was recorded at 100% N. Stylo-wheat sequencedue to higher biomass production resulted in the maximum production of energy which was closely followed by the energy produced by blackgram-wheat sequence. Application of 75% N resulted in higher energy productivity than it was recorded in presence of 100% N Grain yield of wheat under all the different sequences gave a linear response to nitrogen application. The wheat yield above 75% N was found to be static. Among the sequences, blackgram-wheat accounted for better yield of wheat at each level of nitrogen. Stylo-wheat sequence was more remunerative since, it accounted for maximum net return (Rs. 12,850.00 ha) as well as maximum net return to per rupee investment (1.13). Income received at 75 and 100% N was statistically equal. Performance of wheat grown after legume under 75% nitrogen was more stable since, this accounted for more grain yield over the sequence mean with regression coefficient nearer to unity (bi 1.0) and deviation from regression line resulted to zoro (0). The stability of soil nitrogen status after the completion of two years of experimentation revealed that fertility left over by legume-wheat sequence under 75 % N was more stable. Thus, wheat after blackgram under 75% nitrogen produced maximum wheat yield but in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat sequence resulted in more remunerative sequence over rest of the sequences which also accounted for higher energy production and net return to per rupee investment. Blackgram-wheat sequence was more stable in terms of wheat yield and nitrogen build-up in the soil system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Integrated Effect of Organic Sources and Inorganic Nitrogen Levels on Transplanted Rice (oryza Sativa L)
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Sanjay Kumar; I.P.Sharma
    A field investigation was carried out to study the integrated effect of organic sources and inorganic nitrogen levels on transplanted rice (IR-36) under wet land condition during the kharif season of 1994 at BAU Farm, Ranchi. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Each replication consisted of nine treatments. Combination of 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-¹) and three sources of organic nitrogen (FYM @ 5t ha-¹, BGA @ 10kg ha-¹ and karanj cake @ 600kg ha-¹). The treatment combination was T₁ - 0 kg N ha-¹ 5 t FYM ha-¹, 7₂-50 kg N ha-¹ + St FYN ha-¹, T3-100 kg N ha-¹ + 5 t FYN ha-¹, T₁-0 kg N ha-¹. -1 10 kg BGA ha ¹. T-50 kg N ha-¹ +10 kg BGA ha-¹, T-100 kg N 1+ 10 kg BGA ha-¹, T₂-0 kg N ha-¹ 600 kg karanj cake ha-¹, Tg- 50 kg N ha-¹ + 600 kg karanj cake ha-¹, T- 100 kg N ha-¹ 600 kg karanj cake ha¹. 50 kg P₂05 and 50 kg K₂0 per hectare were applied as basal dose. N, P and K were applied form of Urea, SSP and MOP. The soil of the experimental site was loamy in texture, low to medium in fertility status and slightly acidic in reaction (pH- 6.2). It is evident from the data that inorganic nitrogen levels influenced significantly the height of rice plant, number of leaves per hill, number of effective tillers par hill, dry matter par hill, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle and thousand grain weights. Effect of different organic sources of nitrogen was statistically at par. A close perusal of the experimental finding clearly indicated that when 100 kg N ha-¹ was applied in soil, it recorded the maximum grain yield. But maximum not profit was obtained when 100 kg N ha-¹ + 10 kg BGA ha-¹ was applied in soil (Rs.5190.33 not return ha-¹) followed by treatment receiving 100 kg N ha-¹ + 5 t FYM ha-¹ (Rs.5011.22 ha-¹ not return). The benefit : cost ratio was maximum (1.74) when 100 kg N ha-¹ + 10 kg BGA ha-¹ was applied followed by treatment receiving 100 kg N ha-¹ + 5 t FYM ha-¹ (1.66). Nutrient status of soil after harvesting of crops 1.e organic carbon, available N and P content of soil was found to increase in different treatment from initial value whereas K contents of soil slightly decreased from initial value. Moreover, all these results are of a single year and hence, for the confirmation of result, the investigation needs to be repeated.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    P solubilizers in soil plant ecosystems of chotanagpur plateau and their soil phosphorus
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Sanjay Kumar; A Raza
    The present investigation was undertaken with a view to isolate and identify efficient phosphate solubili zing microflora from varied soil-plant ecosystems prevalent in the plateau region vis-a-vis to examine the efficacy of the selected isolates to solubilize added insoluble inorga nic phosphates (MAP, ALPO) and native P in soils of upland and lowland toposequences. Results indicated presence of P-solubilizing microorganisms in the rhizosphere of various cultivated as well as wild plant species occuring in this region as nine bacterial and three fungal P-solubilizing strains were iso lated from rhizospheric soils of different locations. A wide variations occurred in the extent of P solubilization through bacteria and fungi. The amount of P released as citrate soluble P was considerably higher com pared to water soluble P and available P at different incu bation periods. The forms of P in liquid media with MRP (1.0% P₂05 basis) were generally higher than those used at 2.5% P205 basis. similar trend was noted in case of AlPO4 with selected bacterial and fungal species. The release of P at 15 days of incubation in liquid media was highest which declined with passage of time.Both inoculation and P sources significantly influenced the availability of P in soil. wailability of P in lowl and soil in aitrate soluble forms was higher than the corresponding upland soil. Based on solubilization of Ce,(PO4)2 in liquid and HRP and AlPO in liquid as well as in soil, isolates PSB and PSB₂ of bacteria and PS2₁ of fungi were identified as the most efficient phosphate solubilizers, however, fungal isolates showed overall superiority.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Potassium on Potato and Potato-Wheat Intercropping System
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Sanjay Kumar; K.Roy
    Potassium is one of the three primary nutrients essential for plant growth. The farmers, with general belief that the soil is rich in potassium, apply only nitrogen and phosphorus to the crop. This sometimes results in high depletion of soil potassium in the field and causes an adverse effect on further production. Depletion of soil potassium is generally seen more in intensive cropping system, which is very much essential for increasing the production of food grains to feed the increasing population of our country. Therefore, the present studies on effect of potassium levels on potato and potato+wheat intercropping system were conducted in medium land situation of Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi in Rabi season of 1992-93. The soil was light textured, medium in depth and moderately acidic [pH 5.6J. It was medium in organic carbon [0.59 per cent) and contained 207, 46.2 and 240 kilogram per hectare of available nitrogen, phosphate and potash, respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design [RBD] with six levels of potassium, viz.,0,50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kilogram of potash per hectare applied to the main crop of potato alongwith 120 kilogram of nitrogen and 100 kilogram of phosphate per hectare and two cropping system i.e potato alone and potato+wheat intercropping. The maximum potato tuber yield was observed with 100 kilogram of potash applied to the potato. This treatment was also effective in producing more number and weight of total tubers per plant than the other treatments included in the experiment. The higher yield of potato tuber was mainly due to the production of seed size (30-50 g) and small size [below 30 g) tubers both in number and weight in this treatment. Number and weight of large size tubers [above 50 g] increased with increasing levels of potassium. The percentage increase in yield with 100 kilogram potash applied per hectare was 40 and 18 over no potash and 50 kilogram of potash per hectare. There was no reduction in yield of potato when it was intercropped with wheat. The potato yield equivalent was also found be more at 100 kilogram level of potash and in potato+ wheat intercropping system than all other levels of potash and sole crop of potato. Net return, benefit:cost ratio and return per rupee invested at 100 kilogram of potash level and in potato wheat intercropping system were higher than all other levels of potash and sole crop of potato. With respect to wheat yield It was higher at 150 kilogram of potash applied to potato. Nutrient removal by the crops was maximum in the treatments getting 100 kilogram of potash per hectare and in potato intercropping system. Soil depletion in terms of available soil potassium was more pronounced at o and 50 kilogram level of potash and in potato+wheat intercropping system. Available soil potassium was at initial level when sole crop of potato received 100 kilogram of potash per hectare but it reduced when wheat was intercropped with potato indicating that some additional amount of potash should be needed to maintain the soil fertility at least at initial level when some intercrops like wheat are to be grown with main crop of potato.