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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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2013 - 20196
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Subject: Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION SOURCES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICTS FOR TRANSFER OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TECHNO
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Kumari, Shobha; Pandey, Alok Kumar
    Since most of respondents were educated up to primary level and low level of literacy is one of the main cause of non utilization of ICT, therefore strong policy should be formulated for enhancing educational level of the community to enhance the access to ICTs. Awareness and access of ICT should be increased amongst people as ICT is an important media to increase the knowledge level of people. Mass media has been very instrumental in increasing the awareness of farmers towards different social issues but has a very limited impact on A.H sector. The level of interaction of the people to different types of mass media should be increased as for example more organization of KisanMela, KisanGoshthi, circulation of Newspapers, Magazines and increased internet literacy among the people. Significant difference was found between Near the block and Away from the block respondents as T value was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for various parameters which were important indicator of their knowledge. So effective plans and schemes might be made to increase the radius and extent of people oriented extension programme by the government to make it more far reaching. Knowledge level of adoption of various animal husbandry practices is still dissatisfactory (Medium or Low), which means that the agriculture and animal husbandry practices should be made on more scientific lines for which farmer should avail proper knowledge and training.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CONSTRAINTS IN ADOPTION OF CROSSBREEDING PROGRAMME BY DAIRY FARMERS IN BUDGAM DISTRICT OF KASHMIR VALLEY
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) HAI, ABDUL; Oraon, J.
    Improvement in Livestock production implies the shift from traditional to new scientific methods of production. The government of India laid emphasis on implementing programmes for enhancing the productivity of livestock through genetic improvement, development of feed and fodder and providing health cover. Important programmes initiated by the Government are Key Village Scheme, Intensive Cattle Development Projects, Operation Flood Programme and the Technology Mission. However, the efforts have not made the expected headway in improving the productivity of livestock substantially. Cross breeding of Indigenous stock with exotic breeds has been able to restore the genetic potentiality to a great extent. The cross breeding programme was introduced in India in the beginning of the 20th century in order to increase milk production through rapid improvements of indigenous germ plasm. The cross breeding programme has brought tremendous improvement in grading up our indigenous cattle. But there are some problems in the way of carrying out this programme. Therefore, keeping the above facts in mind the present investigation entitled, “Constraints in Adoption of Crossbreeding Programme by Dairy Farmers in Budgam District of Kashmir Valley” has been undertaken with the following objectives. 1. To Study the socio-personal and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. 2. To study the existing communication patterns for transfer of livestock production technologies among farmers in selected areas of Budgam District. 3. To ascertain the extent of use of different communication media by extension workers and preference of these media by dairy farmers. 4. To analyse the problems associated with the use of selected communication media as perceived by extension workers. 5. To study the performance of A. I. in cattle. 6. To study personal, socio-economic, communicational and situational factors, influencing the attitude and suitability of dairy farmers towards crossbreeding programme in cattle. 7. To assess the major gynecological problems in crossbreed cattle. 8. To find out the problems faced in crossbreeding programme by the dairy farmers and Veterinarians/Scientists. The present study was conducted in eight blocks of the Budgam district purposively selected for the study. From the each block one village was selected randomly for the study. From each of the village 30 dairy farmers who were having problems in adoption of cross breeding programme were selected. A total 240 dairy farmers as respondents were interviewed personally to record the data. The respondents of category 02nd comprises of 30 extension workers working in the Department of Animal Husbandry Kashmir (Veterinarians/Para-Vets) SKUAST-K Scientists and NGO Personnel working in the Budgam District. The data, was collected with the help of interview schedule and statistically analysed by the coefficient of correlation method to know relationship between dependent and independent variables of the study. The constraints perceived by the dairy farmers and Veterinarians/scientists were measured on three point continuum scale i.e. fully agree, agree and not agree with scores 2, 1 and o respectively. The gynaecological problems were measured on answering “yes” and “no” scored as 1 and 0 respectively. Findings of the study indicate that majority of the dairy farmers were middle aged (45.41%), educated upto primary and middle level (47.91%), having low social participation (38.75%), belonging to Joint family system (71.25%), with large size families (77.50%), having farming as primary occupation (51.67%), marginal and small farmers (64.16%) possessing 6-9 livestock (53.75%) and belonging to medium socioeconomic status group (51.67%). Majority of the respondents (58.75%) never took part in any training programme, (59.17%) in demonstration, (87%) respondents were radio listeners and (95.41%) T.V. viewers and only (21.66%) extension literature readers. Extension workers were still using group discussion, T.V. and radio as medium of communication. Majority of the respondents considered neighbour’s and relatives as most potent interpersonal communication media, T.V. and Radio among mass media. Untimely and inadequate farm telecast and untimely broadcast were the main Problems associated with T.V. and Radio. Regarding posters lack of Professional artists in the organization was considered as main hurdle with posters and high cost/unavailability with extension literature. Inconvenience to farmers to attend training and demonstration, paucity of time and lack of transport facilities as foremost problem with farm visit. Findings of the study indicate that age, education, social participation, socio-economic status, utilization of communication sources and availability of critical input are significantly correlated with attitude towards crossbreeding programme and its suitability of livestock owners. The repeat breeding, dystokia, uterine infection and anestrous were major gynaecological problems perceived by the livestock owners. The major constraints perceived by dairy farmers in crossbreeding programme were high rearing and high cost of Cross bred Animals, Higher Feed and fodder requirement of CB Animals, non-availability of green fodder round the year, susceptible to diseases, unusefulness of male calves, non-availability of cross breed heifers in the open market, non-availability of veterinary services, lack of co-operative dairies in the villages and unsatisfactory results of A.I. The major constraints perceived by veterinarians/scientists in crossbreeding programme were difficult to make door to door services, non co-operation from dairy farmers during follow – up in crossbreeding programme, non supply of good quality semen, lack of interest of dairy farmers towards C.B.P., lack of funds allocated on extension activities by state dept. and also sometimes congenital problems as it is difficult to treat due to costly medicine. The more is needed for educating the dairy farmers about advantages of cross breeding. The communication media should be improved by arranging the exhibitions and calf rallies and mobile veterinary clinics should be started to cover the large area for providing better A.I. services in the remote areas are the major implications of the study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON STATUS AND CONSTRAINTS OF GOAT REARING IN AND AROUND OF RANCHI DISTRICT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) KUMARI, NEHA; Oraon, J.
    In Jharkhand the rural families are dependent on natural resources like land, water, livestock and forests for generating employment and for their livelihood. Among the livestock, goats play a significant role and are well distributed among landless and marginal land holders. Keeping in view the importance of goat in the economic upliftment of poor farmers of Jharkhand state and particularly in Ranchi district, the present study is planned to have an exhaustive study of the existing goat farming practice of goat farmer of Ranchi district and also to fill the gap between the existing practices and the recommendation scientific practices. OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the socio-personal and socio-economic characteristics of respondent. 2. To study the existing goat farming practices of goat farmer viz. breeding, feeding, management & disease control. 3. To study the knowledge level of farmers about improved goat farming practices. 4. To study the adoption of improved goat farming practices. 5. To study the relationship between socio-personal and socioeconomic variables with adoption & knowledge by the respondent. 6. Constraints experienced by farmers in goat farming. Out of the 24 blocks of Ranchi district, three blocks namely, Kanke, Ormanjhi, and Ratu were selected randomly for the study. 2 10 farmers having at least two or more goat from each village were selected randomly. Thus 50 farmers each from one block were selected and finally a total of 150 farmers were selected randomly for the present study The data was collected on the pre-structured interview schedule by personal interview method from all the selected respondents. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF INFORMATION MEDIA ON LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT OF LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN RANCHI DISTRICT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2016) Kumari, Anu; Oraon, J.
    Livestock is an integral part of Indian economy and play a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to rural population, especially to resource poor, small, medium and landless labourers. It provides additional source of income to rural population. It contributes about 4.2% of the GDP and 25.6% of the agricultural GDP in the country. But even after years of independence we are facing a lot of gap between demand, supply and availability of milk, meat and eggs. Researchers have proven that the prime reason is the lack of awareness about recommended practices. The improvement in livestock implies a shift from traditional to new scientific methods of production by developing superior technologies for mass adoption of livestock owners. Hence a media is required for mass adoption of livestock owners. Mass media brings significant changes to agriculture and livestock’s and helps in increasing productivity and enhancing livelihoods .Various mass media consisting of electronic media, print media, folk media and visual media are proved to be the most powerful opinion marker in this information age. Radio is the fastest, cheapest and powerful mass medium having reach up to the unreached mainly because of low cost and its ability to be present and used everywhere cutting the barrier of literacy and distance . Researchers proved that it is one of the most effective media in promoting agriculture and development in rural area particularly for delivery of quick information. Side by side television is an audio visual aid used for mass communication. It is a fact that people retain 50 percent or more through TV where both hearing and seeing is employed. The use of television as a powerful communication medium has no doubt to fascinate the agriculture educators to harness its potential for reaching far across the nation. Printed media are those communication techniques that rely principally on combination of printed words and pictures. Mass media plays a triple role in informing, entertaining and educating the masses. But education component is overshadowed by the other two. Politics, current affairs and entertainment have lion share in mass media coverage learning inadequate space and time for animal husbandry practices and agriculture does not enjoy the back up of farming industry. Therefore keeping the above facts in mind, the present investigation entitled “Impact of information media for livelihood support of livestock farmers in Ranchi District” was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. To study the socio personal and socio economic characteristics of respondents. 2. To study the existing communication pattern and extent of usage of different communication media by the respondents and extension workers. 3. To study the relationship of knowledge and adoption of information media. 4. To study the discrepancies with the use of selected communication media on livestock farmers. 5. To study the impact communication media on livelihood support of livestock farmers in Ranchi district of Jharkhand The present study was conducted in four blocks of Ranchi district of Jharkhand with a total of 160 respondents. Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group ranging 31 to 50 years. Education up to primary and middle school were prevalent. Most of them had a medium family education status, belonged to joint family and were mostly backward caste. The economy of livestock farmers was that of subsistence type and farming formed the primary source of livelihood. Primary occupation was found to be agriculture followed by service and labourer respectively. Majority of livestock farmers (37.50%) had a land holding of 1-2 hectares with 55 percent of them having a medium livestock possession. A major of them had a monthly income of Rs.2000-3000 and almost 55 percent of them were having a medium herd size. Among mass media majority of the respondents considered radio and TV as the most important and effective source of mass communication. The newspaper and farm magazines were confined to 80 and 50 percent of the respondents respectively while more than 90 percent were having access to fairs and folk songs respectively. Regarding the mode of procurement of various mass media, the farmers mostly purchased the electronic and print media. The source of motivation was self by the majority of farmers, while extension workers played a major role in motivating the farmers for purchase of farm magazines. While radio, newspaper and farm magazine was listened and read mostly alone, TV was seen mostly with family members (55%). Almost all the mass media, programmes and articles were preserved by simply memorizing by majority of the respondents. Regarding the use of communication media by extension workers, group discussion was ranked first followed by television, radio, farm visit, newspaper etc .Charts, poster and slide shows were rarely used by the extension workers. With respect to the preference of communication sources among field functionaries, most of them agreed to have preferred B.V.O / V.A.S followed by university scientist. Regarding the knowledge level about improved animal husbandry practices, maximum knowledge was found on breeding practices followed by knowledge on managemental practices, disease control and feeding practices respectively. Regarding adoption level, medium level of adoption was found in dairy husbandry practices (61.75%), medium level of adoption in goat rearing practices (60.65%), medium level in pig rearing practices (51.85%) and medium level in poultry rearing practices (48.75%). The correlation coefficient between the knowledge and adoption level was found to be significantly high indicating positive correlation between knowledge and adoption of animal husbandry practices. The major constraints perceived in effective utilization of radio programme was difficulty in making use of the theoretical information given Among the twelve given constraints regarding television programme, most of the respondents perceived non participation of farmers in problem solving as the major constraints followed by power problem and lack of prior information on topics discussed as the constraints in effective utilization of television programme. The major constraint perceived in print media is the lack of result oriented news .This was followed by lack of field based news and newspaper not properly arriving in time. The impact of mass media was seen in economical and socio cultural aspect. Regarding economic impact majority of the respondents agreed to have increased their income due to timely market information given. As per the savings 65 percent of them have started saving regularly in commercial bank or in any SHG.The significant impact of mass media on investment was seen on increase income in animal health care. The farm information by various information media has resulted in improved efficiency of labour. The overall economic impact has been seen in case of savings followed by income, maintenance of credit worthiness, investment and employment opportunities. The social impact in respect to family system was seen in majority of the respondents giving importance to family planning. Regarding educational impact major of the respondents started sending their children regularly to school.The overall social impact was seen in case of health and sanitation with a followed by education, leadership , food habit and family system . Studies have proved that mass media have poor image and are perceived as less credible source of information by farmers, however, the findings on the attitude of farmers towards media (including traditional media) have revealed that majority of the farmers have favourable attitude towards media. It is a healthy sign of bringing desirable change in farmer’s perception of media for their development. So, there is an urgent need to sensitize the farmers and media personnel for improving the image and credibility of media. Therefore, every possible effort should be made for bringing about desirable change in the behaviour of farmers in order to get systematic information from audience about different aspects of farm radio and TV programmes, farm magazines and newspapers. A systematically planned and carefully conducted studies are needed because audience response is very useful for bringing continuous improvement in the methodology of media interventions and message contents. So team comprising extensionists, scientists, representatives of farmers and media personnel should be constituted and given the responsibility to obtain, analyse, interpret and report information regularly to media organization, agricultural universities/institutions, farmer’s organizations and extension agencies including various developmental departments operating at district level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TRAINING PROGRAMMES IMPARTED BY KVKs IN SOUTH CHOTANAGPUR DIVISION
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2016) ANAND, MITHUN KUMAR; Oraon, J.
    Animal husbandry and agriculture are the backbone of Indian rural economy. The progress of the nation, therefore, is linked with the advancement in these two sectors and scientific education of farmers and rural people. Thus, their potentials must be thoroughly explored and they need to be equipped with new emerging animal husbandry practices alongwith dairy technologies. Training is assuming increasing importance as a crucial input for development in all walks of life. It is obviously because human constitute the most precious resource for development in any field be it agriculture, animal husbandry health, education etc. Farm science centres (Krishi Vigyan Kendras), as innovative educational institutes, light house, have been established following the recommendations of NCA by ICAR as one of their TOT projects to impart need based, skill oriented, vocational training to the practising farmers, farm women, rural youth, fisherman and extension personnel in animal husbandry and allied sectors. Besides training, on farm research, conducting demonstrations and verification trials are the additional functions of KVKs. The KVKs of Ranchi and Lohardaga are involved in these tasks and are regularly organising training progamme for rural people on the scientific way of rearing the livestock. These are playing important role in transformation of rural livelihood by regularly sending the farmers for training on scientific livestock rearing and dairy farming to these Kendras for improving their skill, enhancing their knowledge and adoption level and also to get self employed. Training is the process by which the desired knowledge, attitude, skill and ideas are inculcated, fasten and reinforced by organism. This study was undertaken in order to assess and know the effectiveness of the training programmes on animal husbandry imparted by KVKs and offer suggestions for better transfer of scientific knowledge and new techniques; how the rural people can use it for their benefits. The following specific objectives were framed for the study: 1. To study the socio-personal & socio-economic characteristics of respondents. 2. To study the knowledge level of respondent through animal husbandry training of KVKs. To study the socio-personal & socio-economic characteristics of respondents. 3. To study the knowledge level of respondent through animal husbandry training of KVKs. 4. To assess the improvements in attitudes & skills of respondents towards training in animal husbandry. 5. To study the adoption of respondents after training programmes of KVKs. 6. To study the relationship of socio-personal and communication related variables with training effectiveness. 7. To study the Constraints experienced by the trainees in animal husbandry. The present study was carried out in purposively selected South Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand. There are five districts in this division. Each district has one KVKs. Out of these five KVKs, two are promoted by NGOs, two are organized by BAU (Ranchi) and remaining one is operated by ICAR. One KVK, each from NGOs and BAU was randomly selected for study i.e Ranchi and Lohardaga respectively. Three blocks from each identified district were selected randomly. Thus total 6 blocks were selected for the research study. The selected blocks were Kanke, Ormanjhi and Bundu from Ranchi whereas, Lohardaga, Kisko and Senha from Lohardaga. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. The 16 selected villages were Boreya, Nagri, Anandi, Pundag, Labga, Kanchi, Harmu, Kutmu, Kocha, Hisri, Senha , Chitri . From each selected village, 15 respondents were selected. Thus, the total 180 respondents from 2 districts (90 from each) were selected randomly for the study. The data was collected personally through a well structured and pretested interview schedule supported with personal observation and guided field walks. The data thus collected was compiled, tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis viz., frequency, percentage, chi square test, correlation coefficient were used for proper interpretation of data. SALIENT FINDINGS 1. Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs belonged to middle age group 78% and 66% respectively. 2. Regarding education level majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs were educated upto primary school level 27% and 28% respectively. 3. Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs belonged to nuclear family that was 58% and 54% respectively. 4. Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs had medium sized family i.e. 42% and 45% respectively. 5. Most of the respondents of Ranchi KVKs had medium level of extension contact that was 60%. Whereas, most of respondents from Lohardaga KVKs had low level of extension contact that was 50%. 6. Most of the respondents of Ranchi KVKs had medium level of Mass-media exposure that was 57%. Whereas, most of respondents from Lohardaga KVKs had low level of Mass-media exposure that was 53%. 7. The maximum percentage of the respondents in Ranchi KVKs were marginal farmers that was 46% whereas the majority of respondents in Lohardaga KVKs were small farmers that was 38%. 8. Most of the respondents of both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs were fell into low socio-economic status 54% and 60% respectively. 9. Majority of the respondents (50%) of Ranchi KVKs were having medium herd strength of livestock. .Whereas, in Lohardaga KVKs majority of the respondents (67.78%) were having small herd size of livestock. 10. Majority of the respondents of Ranchi KVKs fell in income group of Rs. 3000-4000 per month, whereas majority of the respondents of Lohardaga KVKs fell in income group of Rs 2000-3000. 11. Majority of the respondents (42%) Ranchi KVKs village fell in low knowledge level whereas in case of Lohardaga KVKs villages majority of the respondents(46%) fell in medium knowledge level about improved A.H. practices. 12. A large number of the respondents of both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs had favourable attitude towards animal husbandry 38% and 40% respectively. 13. Skill improvement in animal husbandry practices: a) Majority of respondents 52.22% and 57.78%, irrespective of their KVK areas had medium level of skill about heat detection of Ranchi and Lohardaga respectively. b) Majority of respondents from Ranchi KVKs (56.67%) and from Lohardaga KVKs (65.56%), had medium level of skill about preparation of balanced ration. c) Majority of respondents from Ranchi KVKs (71.12%) and from Lohardaga KVKs (56.67%), had medium level of skill in care and feeding of newborn. d) Majority of respondents 56.67% and 80%, irrespective of their KVK areas had medium level of skill in preventive measures against diseases of Ranchi and Lohardaga respectively. 14. Adoption of improved animal husbandry practices: a) Adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices: Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs villages fell in medium adoption level 63% and 50% respectively. b) Adoption of improved goat rearing practices: Majority of the respondents (46%) in Ranchi KVKs villages fell in medium adoption level whereas, in case of Lohardaga KVKs majority of the respondents (42%) fell in high adoption level. c) Adoption of improved pig rearing practices: Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs villages fell in medium adoption level 47% and 57% respectively. d) Adoption of improved poultry rearing practices: Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs villages fell in medium adoption level 57% and 53% respectively. 15. Majority of the respondents in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs villages fell in medium level of training effectiveness 81% and 79% respectively. 16. Training effectiveness had highly significant and positive relationship with extension contact, income, knowledge level of improved animal husbandry practices, skill about animal husbandry and adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. However, it had significant and positive relationship with education, mass-media exposure, socio-economic status and attitude towards training programmes. 17. Constraints experienced by the farmers in A.H. a) Constraints in adoption of IDHP I. Breeding: Non- availability of AI facility was the main constraints in Ranchi (36%) as well as Lohardaga (32%) KVKs villages. II. Feeding : Concentrate ingredients feed were costly was the main constraints in Ranchi KVKs (39%) whereas in Lohardaga KVKs villages the main constraints was unavailability of concentrates mixture (42%). III. Management: lack of knowledge about IDHP was the main constraints in both Ranchi and Lohardaga KVKs villages 31% and 34% respectively. IV. Disease control: High cost of veterinary medicine was the main constraints in Ranchi KVKs villages (37%) whereas in Lohardaga KVKs the main constraints was Non availability of veterinary dispensary in the village (71%). b) Constraints in adoption of improved poultry practices : Non-availability of night-shelter (37%) was the main constraints in Ranchi KVKs villages whereas in case of Lohardaga KVKs villages high cost of feed (34.00%) was the main constraints c) Constraints in adoption of improved pig rearing practices: High cost of concentrate (34%) was the main constraints in Ranchi KVKs villages whereas in case of lohardaga KVKs villages lack of deworming facilities (32%) was the main constraints. d) Constraints in adoption of improved goat rearing practices: Lack of space (46%) was the main constraints in Ranchi KVKs village whereas in case of Lohardaga KVKs lack of knowledge about spraying of sheds (48%) was the main constraints. CONCLUSIONS 1. Most of the farmers who were imparted training on animal husbandry in South Chotanagpur division were found belonging to the middle age group of 31-50 years; they mainly belonged to nuclear family having medium family size of 6 to 9 members and family education level upto primary school. Most of them were marginal farmer having 0.1-2.5 acres of land and had medium level of extension contacts, mass media exposure. The income of most of the trainees was Rs 3000-4000 per month with having low socio-economic status. It can be therefore, concluded that the rural people with these socio- economic characteristics and background constitute a bulk amongst trainees of KVKs and therefore, importance need to be given to this group for human resource development and they may be crucial for rural transformation. Mass media channels and extension agent’s potential need to be fully exploited for ensuring their better participation in training programmes. 2. Training imparted to rural people on animal husbandry through KVKs has helped marginally to enhance livestock farming, milk productivity, annual net income and in generating employment opportunities in the family. So the vocational trainings are of significant importance as an intervention for sustaining their livelihood by adopting improved animal husbandry practices and new technologies. Farmers need to be encouraged for taking up such vocations on scientific lines which to a great extent will help in having self employment. Thus mobilizing and fully exploiting their potential for such a vocation is of significant importance. 3. There had been considerable gain in knowledge, positive change in attitude and improvement in skill in all relevant areas of animal husbandry after acquiring training on livestock rearing by rural people from the studied institute based KVKs. This has not only helped in having better technical competency but also in pursuing and establishing livestock enterprise independently. KVKs to this extent are playing pivotal role which need to be promoted, however, efforts are to be intensified for better impact. An intellectual investment on training needs to be encouraged. KVK, Ranchi’s and Lohardaga’s efforts to this effect need to be replicated elsewhere for better results. Concerted efforts are further to be made through follow-up programmes after training so as to enhance the adoption rate of animal husbandry technologies to derive benefits of development by the trainees. 4. The training effectiveness of moderate extent suggests for appropriate strategies and approaches to be followed by KVKs to improve upon for better delivery. Thus, scope exists to improve upon and to take up correct measures for enhancing training effectiveness. 5. To be more fruitful and also to derive the advantages of training programmes of KVKs, constraints faced by the trainees are to be removed which will lead to higher training effectiveness. It appears that service delivery is of significant importance for making training programmes more successful. Thus, importance is to be attached to provide production requisites or inputs soon after their training and constantly pursue follow-up programme which to be a great extent will help in mobilizing trainees, their resources and establishing livestock enterprise of their own. IMPLICATIONS 1. The background information of trainees with socio- economic, socio- psychological and communication traits should form a base for deciding and framing out the training programmes for them. This will provide an insight and help organizers to select right, interested and needy farmers for appropriate training programmes and also in deriving benefits, taking advantage and in creating impact in the operational area of Krishi Vigyan Kendras. 2. The training effectiveness to a great extent can be enhanced while emphasizing on crucial factors of significant importance such as gain in knowledge, change in attitude and improvement in skills. Thus, it is imperative for KVKs organizers to make concerted efforts to change behavior which in-turn will help in improving and enhancing training effectiveness. 3. The training authorities of KVKs should make concerted efforts to follow-up programme after the training and pursue it further till they establish enterprise of their own. This will aid in creating good impact. 4. The study has generated useful information which may be great help to the academicians, planners, development workers and extension professionals to decide on appropriate training strategies and approaches for benefits of the trainees. SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 1. As the present study was confined to only animal husbandry training programmes imparted by the institute based KVKs, there is a need to conduct similar studies involving KVKs of SAUs and NGOS encompassing different areas on which training is imparted to rural people like agriculture, fishery, horticulture and home science. 2. A separate comparative study should be undertaken to find out the training strategies and methodologies adopted by different KVKs. 3. Further research need to be carried out at different time intervals comprising of varied training courses organised by the KVKs. 4. Studied on training effectiveness of on-and off- campus training programmes conducted by KVKs should be undertaken. Future studies should need to include some more relevant attributes and communication characteristics and study their relationship with each one of the component of training effectiveness independently as well as in totally.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION PATTERN FOR ANIMAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN BIHAR
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2016) Kumar, Pankaj; Oraon, J.
    The present study was taken up with the major objective of assessment of disaster management and livestock risk forecasting pattern in the state department of animal husbandry Government of Bihar. The state of Bihar was purposive selected as it is one of the most disaster prone states of India. Six district were purposively selected out of which three districts i.e. Supaul, Khagaria and Nalanda were flood prone, whereas another three i.e. Jamui, Nawada and Kaimur were drought prone. The sample comprised of thirty livestock owner and three SDAH personnel at execution level and 17 personnel, at planning level from each district thus the total sample 90 livestock owners and 60 AHD personnel each for the study of Drought Prone District as well as Flood Prone Districts. The major variables include socio personal and psychological characteristics of SDAH personnel and livestock owners, resources availability in SDAH, disaster management, livestock risk forecasting pattern, risk and emergency communication, the risk service delivery and the effectiveness of these services as perceived .by the SDAH personnel and livestock owners. The significant findings of the study reveal that there was severe scarcity of manpower as well as trained work force in the SDAH for disaster management, where majority of the personnel had never received any training in disaster management. Financial resources were highly inadequate with no provision of contingency for disaster management. Infrastructural resources were also found to be inadequate, where most of the hospitals and FVDs lacked some of the basic infrastructural facilities which are especially needed during disasters. Though annual contingent plans were prepared by SDAH, they could not be implemented as SDAH not directly received funds for this during the disasters. Further contingent plans gave very little importance to risk communication, for which, no funds were spent. The disaster management cell of SDAH did not have any permanent member and due to short period of service of the members, resulting in inefficient planning and implementation and lack of evaluation. There was no formal system for livestock risk forecasting and risk communication. Only some sporadic efforts were taken for livestock risk forecasting to the personnel of SDAH in FPDs, whereas no such effort was taken in DPDs. Further no livestock risk forecasting was done for livestock owners who are the major target of the SDAH and for whom it is the most important factor for effectively managing the livestock risk during the disasters. Monitoring of feed price and livestock and livestock product market behaviour was not done. Monitoring of fodder availability done sporadically followed no scientific procedure Risk communication was mostly done through interpersonal channels. Though efficiency of risk communication was perceived to be good by most of the personnel of SDAH, but that could reach to only a few of the livestock owners which indicate the poor efficiency of risk communication and biased response of SDAH towards the effectiveness of the services provided by them. Similarly the efficiency of risk service delivery though perceived by most of the personnel of SDAH to be good, that was perceived to be unsatisfactory by most of the livestock owners. No attempt was taken for mobilization of voluntary groups or community to aid in livestock service delivery. Scarcity of man power, lack of telephone in veterinary hospitals financial scarcity, lack of prior planning and lack of collaboration with mass media were perceived (found) to be the major constraints in FPDs, where as lack of formal instruction for communication, low literacy and lack of prior planning were perceived (found) to be the major constraints in DPDs, in risk communication to livestock owners. For risk service delivery, scarcity of man power was found to be the largest constraint. Further scarcity of medicines, financial scarcity and wastage of time in feed distribution were perceived (found) to be the constraints in FPDs, whereas lack of storage facility and lack of coordination with local leaders were perceived (found) to be the constraints in DPDs. Visit of AHD personnel to the village at regular intervals was the most important need as reported by most of livestock owners, followed by provision of free medicine for treatment during disasters (II), distribution of feed and fodder free of cost (III) and provision of vaccines free of cost (IV). Short term requirements and relief measures were given more importance by the livestock owners. At the same time mitigation measures and long term needs were given importance by very few owners. This clearly indicates the lack of awareness among the livestock owners regarding mitigation and prevention measures. The study revealed that most of the livestock owners were having agriculture as their primary occupation. At the same time the herd size was also too small. The secondary data revealed that most of the cattle population consisted of low productive non-descriptive breeds whereas the cross bred population was less than 30 per cent in the FPDs and less than 10 per cent in the DPDs. Further the density of livestock population, livestock pressure on pasture land and net area sown clearly indicate the impact of drought on livestock sector. The voluntary organizations, NGOs, Public representations and the community need to be mobilized to overcome the scarcity of man power for risk service delivery during disasters. The scope for outsourcing some of the relatively basic livestock services during disasters needs to be explored. The personnel posted in disaster prone districts should be given training for disaster management. A specific course regarding disaster management needs to be included in the curriculum of B.V. Sc. and A.H. Strengthening of VERU, BVC, which is first of its kind in India and its linkages with animal husbandry department needs to be explored urgently for disaster preparedness and mitigation planning and training. Disaster contingency funds should be created at the directorate and under the disposal of each of the DAHOs of the disaster prone districts. The annual budget of the department should have specific allocation of contingency for disaster management .That will provide the department enough discretion for implementation of the contingent plan. Basic infrastructural facilities need to be provided to all the veterinary hospitals and field veterinary dispensaries. (FVDS) in the disaster prone areas. The contingent plans for both flood and drought need to be prepared well in advance with the help of experts. The disaster management planning cell needs to be reformed with more permanent members. A formal system for livestock risk forecasting needs to be established in collaboration with meteorological department, BSDMA, VERU of SAUs and other relevant organizations. Livestock risk forecasting system needs to monitor fodder availability, feed price and livestock and livestock product market behaviour for efficient forecasting of risks. Appropriate scientific methods like leaf area index and GIS technique need to be used for assessment of fodder (pasture) availability. Early warning system, public address system and life saving kits need to be provided to all the hospitals of disaster prone areas along with proper training. The forecasted risk information needs to be communicated to the livestock owners. Mass media and other high fidelity channels need to be used in parallel for efficient communication of risk information to the livestock owners. Further the channels need to be chosen based on the information source use pattern and access to information sources of the livestock owners. Risk communication should be planned with respect to its different aspects. The aim of risk communication should be development of a disaster conscious sub culture within the vulnerable community. In DPDs, where illiteracy was the major problems, the risk information needs to be treated appropriately and broadcasted in local language. The efficiency of risk communication and risk service delivery needs to be evaluated after every disaster. The feedback from livestock owners needs to be given more emphasis in order to improve the efficiency of risk communication and risk service delivery. “Fodder Banks” need to be established in all the disaster prone districts. As disasters don’t occur every year and in equal severity every time, so the fodder bank established by the government agencies may not be economically sustainable. Hence, the scope for public private partnership based contract farming model in collaboration with the NGOs, Dairy cooperative societies or voluntary organizations needs to be explored. Emergencies do not just appear for one day, rather they exist throughout time and have a lifecycle of occurrence, and hence the management strategy of SDAH should maintain the phases of an emergency in order to mitigate, prepare, respond and recover from its effect, i.e. all the four phases of emergency management : Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery should be visualised as having a circular relationship (Emergency Management Cycle) to each other.