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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, Pathology and Immunity to E, tenella Infection in Poultry(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kujur, Jyoti Kiran; Deb, A.R.Stresroak was found to be a good protector as well as growth promoter without any side effect. The effectiveness of the drug were found to depend on the dose of infection. 66 Further studies are needed to determine the dose of the drug which can give maximum protection during infection and treatment under laboratory and farm conditionThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROPHYLACTIC EFFECT OF COW URINE AGAINST THE G.I. NEMATODE AND ECTOPARASITIC INFECTION IN GOATS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kant, Niraj; Deb, A. R.The present experiment was conducted to find out the status and impact of gastro intestinal nematode and ectoparasitic infestation in goats to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cow-urine against natural infection of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and ectoparasitic infestation in goats by observing the treatment effects followed by EPG, numbers of ectoparasite count, haemato-biochemical parameters and subsequently their body weight changes and the results obtained have been summarized as follows: (A) Gastrointestinal nematodes: The overall prevalence of G.I. nematode in goats of Ranchi and its surrounding was observed to be 42.38 per cent. The common G.I. nematodes infecting goats were Strongyloides spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus spp., Osteriagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp. and Trichuris spp. Age wise prevalence of G.I. nematode infection on the basis of faecal sample and G.I. tract a non significant difference was observed among them. Sex wise prevalence of G.I. nematode infection on the basis of faecal sample, it was found that female goats had more (51.90%) susceptible than male goats (38.39%). And on the basis of G.I. tract female had also more (41.00%) susceptible than male (36.00%). Breed wise prevalence of G.I. nematode infection on the basis of faecal sample in goats indicated Black Bengal goats (56.40%) were more susceptible to infection than Beetal (39.00%), jamunapari (38.00%), and Barbari (26.00%). Prevalence on the basis of breed wise G.I. tract infection, it was also observed Black Bengal goats (43.33%) were more susceptible to infection than Beetal (40.00%), jamunapari (28.00%), and Barbari (18.00%). There was a non significant difference observed in the prevalence of G.I. nematode infection in goat reared on different managemental system. The efficacy of cow urine in G.I. nematode infected goats was assessed by applying EPG method reveal significant differences in different groups of goats. The haematological parameters of experimental group of goats during G.I. nematodes infection and treatment with cow urine was found that Hb (g%) and PCV (%) in blood samples of treated goats was significantly higher than infected untreated control group. The differential leucocytes count (%) of experimental goats during G.I. nematodiasis and treated with cow urine, it was found that monocyte and basophil percent remain unchanged. The lymphocyte percent was changed significantly in all groups. But neutrophil and eosinophil increased significantly in control group whereas eosinophil decreased significantly in both treated groups. The biochemical value of experimental goats during G.I. nematodiasis and treated with cow urine, it was observed that S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T level decreased significantly in both treated groups. But Serum glucose level increased significantly in both treated groups whereas it was decreased significantly in infective control group of goats. The goats having G.I. nematodiasis and treated with cow urine + mineral mixture and only cow urine showed higher body weight gain compare to infected untreated control group of goats. (B) Ectoparasitic infestation: The overall prevalence of lice, mites and ticks in goats of Ranchi and its surrounding was observed to be 32.20 per cent. The common ectoparasite infecting goats were Lice - Bovicola caprae and Linognathus stenopsis. Tick - Boophilus microplus. Mite - Sarcoptes scabiei. Age wise prevalence study indicated that the animals above 24 months were significantly more (38.27%) infected than up to 12-24 months (21.31%) and 0-12 months (20.37%) of age group of goat. Sex wise prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in females were found to be more (33.07%) susceptible than male goats (29.09). A non significant difference was observed to ectoparasitic infestation among the different breeds of goats. The cow urine spray in infected goats, the efficacy percent was observed in lice and ticks (42.39%) and mites (32.90%). There was significantly decrease in infected goats, the haemato-biochemical (Hb, PCV and Serum glucose) constituents before treatment (0 day) in goats infected with lice, ticks and mites where as the values were found to be significantly increases on 30th days post treatment observation. The differential leucocytes count (%) of experimental goats during ectoparasitic infestation and treated with cow urine, it was found that monocyte and basophil percent remain unchanged. The lymphocyte percent was changed significantly in treated groups of goat but neutrophil and eosinophil increased significantly in control group infected with ectoparasite whereas eosinophil decreased significantly in treated group. Effect of cow urine on larvae of Musca spp. was observed, all larvae died after 6 hrs of treatment whereas it had no effect on eggs. The larvae come out from the eggs during treatment period. From the above results it could be concluded that long term treatment with cow urine in G.I. nematodiasis and ectoparasitic infestation in goats was found to limit the infection to a certain degree. It may also have hepatoprotective effect on goats.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROPHYLAXIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CATTLE VACCINATED WITH Bm95 AND LOCAL Boophilus microplus IMMUNOGENS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Pal, Vijendra Kumar; Deb, A. R.The Bm95 recombinant tick vaccine was found to protect the cattle from severe B.microplus tick infestation for a period of about 6 months but the crude BmWEAg vaccinated animals appeared to be protected only up to 2-3 months. Hence, the Bm95 recombinant vaccine may be used as a routine tick vaccine in cattle with repetition at 6 month interval. The larval antigen (BmWEAg) has been found to show encouraging and promising results and its efficacy could be increased by purification.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PARASITES OF GOAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTROL OF CESTODE INFECTION, IN AND AROUND RANCHI(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Singh, Santosh kumar; Deb, A.R.Goat rearing is the most common practice which is gaining popularity day by day in the tribal belt of Jharkhand. During last decade it has been observed that among different areas of live-stock sector, the goatry is coming up with a faster pace. The people who have been engaged in animal husbandry practices are showing their inclination and interest towards goat rearing. The weaker section people of the society are mainly associated with this occupation. Now a day the goat rearing is profitable due to demand of meat, milk, and hide and fiber production. One can also exploit it for other diversified purposes like commercial antiserum production etc. Considering the liking and advantages being taken by the poor rural people from the goat husbandry, several small and large scale goat improvement projects have been launched in the country during the recent past two decades by the government and non-government organizations. But the proper progress in the mission is still insignificant because of the improper and inadequate attention being given towards the health hazards affecting goats during their intensive and semi-intensive rearing. As per livestock census 2003, total goat population of India is 124.36 million. Out of which Jharkhand has 5.03 million goat populations which is 4.05% of India and 11.58 of eastern India goat population. Goat is one of the important animals kept under intensive and mixed farming which is prone to various diseases. The parasites are the common causes of mortality and morbidity in them. The effort can be facilitated by improving health status of goats through early diagnosis of disease occurrence, suitable treatment and implementation 2 of required prophylactic and control measures against various types of parasitic diseases prevalent in goats. The knowledge of prevalence of various parasitic infections in goats represents the most urgent need for control measures of different health hazards. Parasites normally do not cause immediate death of the host but morbidity is high which ultimately affects production (Sahai et al., 1994). Most loss due to parasitic infection occurs due to impairment of growth and production rather than to death It is not possible to estimate the severity of the infection and hence the production loss, by clinical signs, which may indeed be absent or in most cases, by the use of diagnostic tests. Infestation of ecto and endo parasites in goat are of great economic importance and are responsible for undermining health and production of goat due to blood loss, itching enormous. Detailed information on the prevalence of various ecto and endo parasites of goat in Jharkhand. Among the various parasitic infections in goats, cestodes play an important role in causing heavy morbidity in goats. Therefore, the present study was conducted to know the prevalence of various species of ecto and endo parasites infesting goat in and around Ranchi. Pathogenesis, hematological alterations and control measures with chemicals and herbal compounds against cestode infection were evaluated. Prevalence of common G.I parasites viz. Haemonchus infecting goats in and around Ranchi was obseved (viz. Haemonchus spp. Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., 3 Paramphistomum spp., Monezia spp. and Eimeria spp.). The overall prevalence of G.I parasite was reduced as 87.14%. Goats between the age group of six to twelve months had highest percentage of infection i.e. 92.66 per cent. Goats were more susceptible to G.I parasites (94.23%) in rainy season. Female goats were more susceptible to G.I parasites infection (91.03%). Prevalence of common ecto-parasites in goats was 24.64%. The most common ecto-parasites were Sarcoptes scabiei and linognathus spp. In goats of above twelve month of age group, the prevalence of ecto-parasite was highest (31%). Female goats were more susceptible to ecto-parasitic infection (27.71%). Goats were more susceptible to ecto-parasitic infection (38.59%) in summer season. The status of E.P.G in cestode infected goats after treatment in different groups was observed. Based on EPG Praziquantel treated group showed better drug effectiveness to that of Helmex and cow urine. No marked changes in Hb%, PCV%, TEC(x106/cumm),TLC(x103/cumm), Moncyte(%) and Basophil(%) was recorded in all infected non treated groups as well as treated groups. Minor changes were found in eosinophils count (%) between infected-treated groups and infected non-treated groups of goats. Infected non-treated group showed more eosinophilic count. No major change was recorded in blood-glucose concentration in all infected -treated as well as infecteduntreated groups of goats. Out of the three drugs tested for anti-parasitic antihelminthic efficacy only Praziquintel was found to be highly effective, rest of the two agent viz. Helmex and cow 4 urine were found ineffective, hence on the basis of above observation it is concluded that Praziquintal may be recommended for antihelminthic use in goats.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN SMALL RUMINANTS AND PIGS IN AND AROUND RANCHI.(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Bachan, Madhurendra; Deb, A.R.Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is prevalent worldwide. All the stages of lifecycle of T. gondii, viz. tachyzoites, bradyzoites and sporulated oocysts are potentially infective. Information on prevalence of toxoplasmosis in animals and man is scanty from India. Since there is no information available on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among the economically important farm animals from the Jharkhand state, the present study was undertaken with the objective of studying the seroprevalence of T. gondii in small ruminants and pigs. In order to accomplish the objective, ELISA was laboratory standardized using standard reagents. A native protein based antigen was prepared from the purified tachyzoites of T. gondii, whole tachyzoite lysate antigen (WTLA) and was used in the indirect ELISA for screening the Toxoplasma-specific IgG molecules present in the sera. The serodetection potential of the native WTLA based ELISA was further compared with a recombinant surface antigen 1(SAG1) protein based ELISA. The serum samples were collected randomly from the target animals maintained either as free range management system in rural house holds as well as from the organized Government farms of Ranchi and Chatra districts of Jharkhand state. While collecting the samples, the age, sex and breed of the animals were recorded for drawing correlations with the prevalence of toxoplasmosis, if existing. A total number of 240 pig serum samples were collected from organized farm and slaughter house. The recombinant surface antigen1 based ELISA was superior in detection of the T. gondii specific IgG antibodies in 44.58 % of the serum samples tested over the crude whole tachyzoite lysate antigen (WTLA) which could detect the same in 40% of the samples. The prevalence of the disease was found more in the samples collected from slaughter houses i.e., 53.75% and 23.75% than that of farm i.e., 26.25% and 48.12% by rSAG1 and WTLA based ELISA, respectively. Sera samples were collected from Muzaffarnagari, Shahabadi and Chotangpuri breeds of sheep from Chatra and Ranchi districts of Jharkhand. The rSAG1 showed diagnostic superiority over the native WTLA. Out of 444 samples analyzed, 188 samples (42.34%) were found positive by rSAG1 ELISA, whereas 131 samples (29.5%) were positive with whole tachyzoites lysate ELISA. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was studied in the Beetal and Black Bengal breeds of goats reared in the organized farm of RVC, Ranchi and Chatra as well as from the village conditions of Chatra and Ranchi districts of Uttarakhand. A total number of 445 serum samples were collected of which 120 samples were collected from Chatra farm maintaining Beetal breed of goats and 65 samples were collected from Instructional farm of small ruminants, Ranchi maintaining Black Bengal breed of goats. Rest 260 samples were collected from Black Bengal goats reared at village conditions. The rSAG1 ELISA was superior in detection the toxoplasma specific IgG molecules and could detect 42.47% of the total serum samples as positive, whereas whole tachyzoites lysate ELISA could detect 29.44% of the samples as positive. The Toxoplasma gondii specific polypeptides were resolved in the molecular range of 73.0 to 11 KDa in a 6-15% gradient SDS-PAGE under denaturing condition. The major polypeptides detected were in the molecular range of 73, 64, 55, 49, 40, 38, 37, 30, 25, 14 and 11 KDa. To identify immunodominant protein in whole tachyzoite antigen lysate of T. gondii western blotting was performed. The proteins in the molecular range of 73, 64, 49, 40, 37, 30 and 25 KDa showed immunoreactivity against goat serum collected from field, whereas 55, 49, 37, 25 KDa band shown a good immunoreactivity against sheep serum collected from field. The ELISA based detection method applied in the present study involving pig, sheep and goat population reared either as free range husbandry system or in organized farms generated important data on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis at Jharkhand region. A high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among several food animals warrants for adoption of control measures to prevent transmission to susceptible humans.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP, IMMUNITY AND CONTROL OF Eimeria spp. INFECTION IN FOWL (Gallus gallus) OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Kishor, Birendra; Deb, A. R.The studies were conducted on the prevalence, immunization and therapeutic control of Eimeria species infections in fowls. The results obtained have been discussed earlier in detail, the same have been summarized as follows: 1. A total of 2100 faecal samples and 1490 intestinal samples from birds were examined during the present investigation and 1216 faecal samples (57.095%) and 687 intestinal scrapings (46.107%) were found positive for the Eimeria species infections. 2. The per cent prevalence of E. tenella (34.24 %), E. necatrix (10.34 %), E. acervulina (0.62%) and mixed infection with E. tenella + E. necatrix (4.91%), E. tenella + E. acervulina (3.09%), E. necatrix +E. acervulina (2.47%) and E. tenella + E. necatrix + E. acervulina (2.34%) were recorded. 3. The fowls of 0-3 months age were found highly susceptible to the different Eimeria species of infections on the basis of faecal sample and intestinal scraping examination. 4. The maximum prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was recorded during monsoon season followed by winter and summer on the basis of faecal sample and intestinal scraping examination. 5. The haemato-biochemical observations showed decrease in haemoglobin and PCV values in infected untreated birds throughout the experimental studies. 6. TLC (%) values were also found increased in infected untreated birds throughout the experimental observations. 7. Lymphocytes (%) significantly found increased in during infection. 8. The marked monocyte (%) population was noted reduced and eosinophils (%) were seen to get increased in the infected untreated birds. 9. Whereas the basophiles (%) were found unchanged in all groups on different days of observations. 10. The neutrophils (%) significantly decreased in infected untreated birds. 11. The total serum protein (g/dL) was found decreased in infected untreated birds. 12. The AST (I.U/dL), ALT (I.U/dL) and the serum glucose (mg/dl) were noted to be significantly increased in infected untreated birds. 13. The x-ray irradiated 32(mAs) group and 12th passaged oocysts inoculated fowls had higher body weight gain. While the infected birds showed reduced body weight gain. 14. The oocyst Per Gram (OPG) was observed to be more in infected untreated birds while the lowest OPG count was observed in 32(mAs) x-ray irradiated oocysts inoculated birds. 15. The cent percent efficacy of neem leaf water extract and Amprolium hydrochloride treated were observed in infected treated birds. 16. The severe lesion score (++++) was observed in infected untreated fowls. 17. The high stimulation index (S.I) value was observed on 31th day in passaged oocysts inoculated fowls. 18. A distinct band of precipitation was observed in Agar Gel Precipitation Test in 12th Passaged birds.ThesisItem Open Access “STATUS AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMICS OF CHOTTANAGPURI SHEEP production”(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Jena, Anurag; Deb, A. R.The studies conducted on the status and control of gastrointestinal helminths and their impact on the economics of Chottanagpuri sheep production has been summarized and concluded as follows: SUMMARY 1. The overall prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep at Ranchi and its localities was 62.55%. 2. The helminths identified were Paramphistomum Spp., Fasciola Spp., Moniezia Spp., Strongyloides Spp., Trichostrongylus Spp., Haemonchus Spp., Trichuris Spp., Oesophagostomum Spp., Ostertagia Spp. and Cooperia Spp. 3. The area-wise prevalence (Husir, Patratoli, RVC Sheep Unit, Bijalia, Agru, Chaildag, Hesal, Chandra, Mayapur, Kutatola and Obaria) of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep showed that highest percentage of infection was recorded in Obaria (78.43%) and lowest in RVC Sheep Unit (32.14%). 4. Sex-wise prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep indicated that females were having more (66.24%) infection than males (56.60%). 5. The age-wise prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep showed that the sheep aged between 3-9 months were having 60.86% degree of infection while 0-3 months and above 9 months were having 66.14% and 53.50 % infection respectively. 6. The seasonal prevalence of G.I. helminths was significantly more in rainy (73.22%) than winter (60.73%) and summer (52.36%) seasons. 7. The Fenbendazole and Ivermectin were 100% effective against G.I. helminthiasis in growing lambs on 10th and 7th day post-treatment EPG observations. 8. The haematological studies (Hb, PCV & TEC) during G.I. helminthiasis and treatment indicated significant return Hb, PCV & TEC value towards normal while the infected animals had slightly decreased Hb, PCV & TEC values. 9. The average weekly body weight (Kg) gain in growing lambs during G.I. helminthiasis and simultaneous treatment indicated significant increase in body weight, where as the increased rate in weight gain of infected lambs was considerably lower. 10. Fenbendazole was also found to be 100% effective against G.I. helminths on 10th day post-treatment EPG observation in pregnant sheep. 11. There was significant improvement in Hb, PCV & TEC values of the pregnant sheep post-treatment. 12. Significantly higher body weight and growth rate up to weaning in lambs born of parasite free pregnant sheep were observed. 13. There was 27.27% mortality up to weaning in lambs born of parasitized pregnant sheep whereas 100% survival was observed in lambs born to parasite free pregnant sheep. 14. In growing lambs, there has been a net body weight gain of 23.15 kg between Fenbendazole treated group and control group, similarly a net body weight gain of 25.05 kg has been found between Ivermectin treated group and control group. 15. Net body weight gain of 28.40 kg has been found in between lambs born of parasite free and parasitized pregnant ewes. 16. Significant margin of profit viz. Rs.1084 and Rs.1158 approx. were obtained in both Fenbendazole and Ivermectin treated groups per each growing lamb respectively and similar, profit of Rs.1340 approx. was obtained up to weaning from the lambs born of parasite free pregnant sheep.