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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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2013 - 20195
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Therapeutic efficacy of Coriandrum sativum in Bovine Sub-clinical mastitis
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) kumar, Piyush; Sahay, Swati
    The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence, epidemiological risk factors, diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy of Coriandrum sativum in sub-clinical mastitis of lactating cows in and around Ranchi district of Jharkhand. A total of 112 lactating cows and 444 quarter samples were screened on the basis of Mastrip, MWST, CMT, SFMT and were confirmed by SCC and cultural examination. Data regarding infected quarter, herd size, parity, stage of lactation, age, milk yield, housing system and managemental practices were recorded during sampling. The overall prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis on cow basis was 53.57% and that on quarter basis was recorded as 16.89%. The prevalence of SCM in left fore, left hind, right fore and right hind quarters was 15.17%, 20.00%, 14.41% and 18.02% respectively. Herd wise prevalence of SCM in organized and unorganized herds on cow basis was 49.32% and 61.54%% which on quarter basis was 14.04% and 22.37% respectively. Parity wise prevalence of SCM in Ist, IInd, IIIrd and >IIIrd lactation was 40.00, 48.15, 62.07 and 61.29 percent respectively on cow basis, while the same was recorded as 12.00, 17.59, 18.10 and 19.17 percent respectively on quarter basis. Prevalence of SCM with regards to early, mid and late stage of lactation (animal wise) was penned as 75.60, 48.64 and 32.35 percent, whereas 20.24, 15.75 and 14.07 pecent respectively on quarter basis. It was found 58.97%, 76.31% and 22.85% prevalent in cows of 8 years of age respectively whereas that in quarters were noted as 19.09%, 21.15% and 9.56% respectively. The prevalence of SCM was found increased with increase in milk yield. It was recorded 34.21% in cows with low yield (15lts) cows. Similarly the prevalence was 13.81, 16.88 and 20.29 percent respectively on quarter basis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA AND ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA IN THE TREATMENT OF PARVO VIRAL INFECTION OF PUPS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Shweta Xaxa, Lovelin; Kumar, Praveen
    Synergistically two herbal drugs Centella asiatica and Andrographis Paniculata in group T3 showed better therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant property than all the treatment groups used in this experiment.  Andrographis paniculata alone also showed the better antioxidant property in comparison to Vit E and Selenium and Centella asiatica on 7th day of treatment. T3> T1> T4>T2  It seems that Andrographis paniculata is playing a dominant role in the synergistic combination and also alone as antioxidant and gave the better therapeutic efficacy.  In the field condition where there is lack of facility of proper treatment, combination of Centella asiatica and Andrographis paniculata may be used as an antistress and antioxidant agent for early recovery in disease condition. FUTURE PROSPECTS  Further studies on the two herb Centella asiatica and Andrographis paniculata can be done for evaluating phytoconstituents responsible for medicinal property of the herb in treatment in gastroenteritis.  Extensive epidemiological studies on canine parvo virus should be conducted in and around Ranchi.  Studies on use of antioxidants in the treatment of gastroenteritis.  There is a need to formulate poly herbal drugs as antistress and antioxidants for early recovery from disease.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on effect of chlorpromazine alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin on bovine Staphylococcal mastitis
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2017) KUMAR, AJIT; Kumar, Abhishek
    The present study was undertaken to assess the in-vitro antimicrobial effect of chlorpromazine on Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of bovine Staphylococcal mastitis alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin. In-vitro antibacterial activity of chlorpromazine alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin were determined by Disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus of mastitic milk. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorpromazine was also determined by tube dilution method. A total of 991 quarters from 254 cows which were reported/ presented with the history of either change in the taste of milk and/ or reduction of milk yield in the individual quarter and/ or any other clinical abnormality of milk were screened. The mastitis positive cases were detected through CMT, WST and SCC. Out of 991 quarters examined, 106 quarters found positive for mastitis. Among such positive cases Staphylococcus aureus were identified, through culture on blood agar and mannitol salt agar as well as through tube catalase test, tube coagulase test and Grams’ staining. Further such indentified Staphylococcus aureus were confirmed by ‘HiMedia Staph Kit’. A total of 60 Staphylococcus aureus infected quarters were randomly divided into three equal groups (Group-A, Group-B and Group-C) containing 20 animals in each group. The animals of Group-A was treated with 2ml chlorpromazine mixed with 18ml distilled water IMM, the animals of Group-B was treated with 250mg ciprofloxacin mixed with 20ml distilled water and the animals of Group-C was treated with combination of both drug diluted in 18ml distilled water by intramammary route for 7 days. Treatment was assessed on the basis of CMT, WST, DLC and on SCC. In-vitro antibacterial activities of chlorpromazine were tested and compared with antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin. Result showed that chlorpromazine had good antibacterial activity (21.42mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. Chlorpromazine in combination with ciprofloxacin gave synergistic effect with maximum zone of inhibition (40.38mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of chlorpromazine against Staphylococcus aureus was found 50μg/ml. Prevalence of mastitis on the basis of cow and quarters were found 35.43% and 10.70% respectively. The prevalence of mastitis was highest in Left fore quarter (15.73%) followed by Right fore (9.60%), Right hind (8.87%) and Left hind (8.57%). A highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in Left fore quarter i.e. 9.274% followed by Right fore, Right hind and Left hind with 6.40%, 5.645% and 2.857% respectively was noted quarter wise prevalence. Microbiological study revealed higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (56.60%) followed by coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp. (13.21%) and other micro-organisms (30.19%). Increased CMT score on 0 day showed declining trend on subsequent day of treatment and from 4th day onwards it found negative for mastitis in Group-A while in Group-B and Group-C it was negative on 5th day onwards. Increased WST score on 0 day showed declining trend in all the treatment groups, however on 3rd day onwards WST score found negative for mastitis in Group-A & Group-B and in Group-C it was negative frm 4th day onwards. Before treatment SCC in Group-A i.e. treated with chlorpromazine was 34.378±4.60, in Group-B i.e. treated with ciprofloxacin it was 35.067±3.69 and in Group-C it was 41.344±4.26. Following subsequent day of treatment it decreases significantly (P<0.01). It was observed that on 7th day somatic cell count found negative for mastitis in Group-C i.e. treated with combination of CPZ and CIP while in Group-A and B it showed positive on the basis of mean somatic cell count. Increased neutrophil percent count on 0 day showed declining trend in all the treated groups, however on 5th day onwards it was found found negative for mastitis in all the treated groups. Before treatment lymphocyte percent count in Group-A i.e. treated with chlorpromazine was 10.94±0.32, in Group-B i.e. treated with ciprofloxacin it was 10.66±0.38 and in Group-C it was 10.61±0.29 on 0 day. Following subsequent days of treatment it increases significantly (P<0.01) towards normalcy in all treatment groups. Macrophage percent count before treatment in Group-A i.e. treated with chlorpromazine was 37.47±1.03. In Group-B i.e. treated with ciprofloxacin it was 37.94±0.40 and in Group-C it was 36.44±1.08. Following subsequent days of treatment it increases significantly (P<0.01) to normal value. It was observed that on 2nd day onwards the macrophage percent count showed towards normalcy in Group-A and C while in Group-B it showed normalcy on 3rd day onwards. Before treatment epithelial cells percent count in Group-A i.e. treated with chlorpromazine was 12.00±0.79, in Group-B i.e. treated with ciprofloxacin it was 11.24±0.50 and in Group-C it was 14.28±1.18. Following subsequent days of treatment it significantly (P<0.01) increases towards normalcy. It was observed that on 5th day onwards epithelial cells percent count found towards normalcy in each groups. Increased pH on 0 day showed declining trend on subsequent day of treatment and on 4th day onwards it found towards normalcy for mastitis in Group-A and Group-C while in Group-B it was towards normalcy on 5th day onwards. On the basis of SCC, result showed that recovery from mastitis starts on 2nd day onwards in Group-A where it starts from day 3 and 4 onwards in Group-C and Group-B respectively. Further maximum numbers of recovery (90%) was more in Group-C compared to Group-A & B where similar results (80%) were obtained on 7th day of treatment. Individual variation in reoccurrence of mastitis were noted on 14th and 21st day in different treatment group however non-significant variation in chance of reoccurrence was found between different groups on SCC basis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AMELIORATIVE EFFICACY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF KALMEGH (Andrographis paniculata) ALONE AND AS AN ADJUNCT TO DIALYSIS IN MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FAILURE IN DOGS
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) SOREN, POONAM; Kumar, Praveen
     There were significant decrease in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine gamma glutamil transferase and neutrophil level after treatment. Summary and Conclusion Ameliorative Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) Alone And As An Adjunct To Dialysis In Management Of Renal Failure In Dogs 136  Acute renal failure (ARF) cases treated with peritoneal dialysis along with Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/Kg and fluid therapy group T2 gave better result, followed by groups T3, T4 and T1 on 7th day of treatment.  Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/kg body weight with fluid therapy (T1) also revealed similar result on 15th day of treatment.  In the conditions where there is lack of facilities of peritoneal dialysis and other equipment, extract of Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/kg can be given orally for ARF cases.  Urine gamma glutamil transferase and ultrasonography may be used as one of the important diagnostic aid for diagnosis of renal failure cases even in the early stage of ARF. Future Prospects  Further studies for the management of renal failure are advocated with special reference to haemodialysis.  Further studies can also be undertaken for the evaluation of phytochemicals responsible for the renal rejuvenation property in Andrographis paniculata.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TREATMENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS WITH APPROPRIATE ANTIMICROBIALS BASED ON IN-VITRO SENSITIVITY TEST AND ACRIDINE ORANGE PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION TEST
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) KUMAR, ABHISHEK; Haque, S.
    The present study was aimed at selection of most appropriate antibiotic capable of killing extracellular as well as intracellular phagocytosed bacteria. The study was conducted on 150 cases of bovine mastitis. Milk samples from affected quarters of cows were collected aseptically in a clean and sterilized capped vial. The clinical cases of mastitis were confirmed by different tests. The confirmed clinical samples of mastitis were subjected for identification of mastitis causing organisms by different microbiological tests. In-vitro culture and sensitivity test was carried out on so identified organisms to know the spectrum of sensitive antibiotics for individual cases of mastitis. Among such spectrum of antibiotics, those antibiotics which were capable of killing extra cellular organisms as well as intracellular phagocytosed organisms along with its ability to enhance phagocytosis was further selected with the help of Acridine orange phagocytic assay test for treatment of such mastitic cases. The outcome of treatment was assessed on daily basis by presence or absence of mastitis on the basis of SCC of milk samples collected after treatment. Therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics selected with the help of phagocytic assay was evaluated by comparison with the outcome of mastitis treated with antibiotics showing highest sensitivity with in-vitro culture and sensitivity test. Bacteriological study revealed that incidence of bovine mastitis due to gram positive organism was higher (61.76%) in which Streptocouus aureus mastitis was most prevalent (37.25%). The incidence of bovine mastitis due to gram negative organism was much lower (17.65%) in which E. coli (11.76%) and Pseudomonas spp. (6.86%) were more prevalent. As far as variation in consistency of milk due to mastitis is concerned, in majority of cases milk sample of bovine mastitis showed normal consistency without flakes. Considerable number of samples showed serous or thick consistency in which presence of flakes was a consistent feature. Thick or purulent consistency was more commonly observed in pseudomonas and staphylococcal mastitis. Comparative study of various diagnostic tests revealed SCC as highly sensitive, more specific and had highest efficacy in mastitis diagnosis. The pH of milk samples in majority of cases ranged in between 6.4 to 7.0. Development of significant alkalinity in milk was more prominent in Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal mastitis. Electrical conductivity below normal range was never found with any of the known isolates however it was seen in samples having no isolates. In comparison to gram negative organisms, the gram positive organism predominantly staphylococcus aureus was noticed with higher rise in electrical conductivity. Hence, it was concluded that electrical conductivity can be used in diagnosing staphylococci specially mastitis caused by staphylococcus aureus infection. Higher chloride content was the prominent features of the mastitis causing isolates. Mastitis due to gram positive organism was always noticed with high rise of chloride content in comparison to gram negative organism where slight rise was noted. Hence, it was noted that electrical conductivity can be used in diagnosing of mastitis due to gram positive organism. High somatic cell count was consistently found in milk sample from case of bovine mastitis, suggesting it to be a good marker for mastitis diagnosis. The rise in SCC was most significant in streptococcal mastitis. The most effective antimicrobial agents for both gram positive and gram negative micro-organism was recorded to be Ciprofloxacin, followed by Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, Gentamycin, Amoxicillin+Sulbactam, Ampicillin+Cloxacillin and Ceftiofur sodium in descending order of efficacy. Drug like Ampicillin+Cloxacillin followed by Amoxicillin+Sulbactam, Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Ceftiofur sodium were mostly found to be resistant in nature. The selection of antimicrobials after culture and sensitivity test should be based on its ability to cross blood tissue barrier for mammary parenchyma, have lipophilicity and ability to work in alkaline pH. No specific trend of organism specific leukocyte cell death, phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing ability of different antibiotics was noted as a result of individual animal-phagocytic cell-antibiotic interactions. A variable effect of different antibiotics on percentage leukocyte cell death, intracellular bacterial killing and average phagocytosis was highly noted which warrants use of acridine orange phagocyte function test for appropriate selection of antibiotics. While selecting antibiotics, acridine orange phagocyte function test was able to give suitable antibiotics even for those animals which fail to show bacterial growth during in-vitro culture and sensitivity test due to pre-treatment of animals with antibiotics. Early and complete recovery was noted in animal treated with antibiotics selected on the basis of acridine orange phagocyte function test which showed superiority over in-vitro sensitivity test for selection of appropriate antibiotics. Use of both intramuscular and intramammary route for antibiotic treatment showed better results over use of these routes alone. Treatment will be more fruitful and effective if the antimicrobial enhances the phagocytic potential of phagocytic cells, least toxic to cells and facilitate both intra and extracellular killing of causative agents. Thus, by critically analyzing the various features of bovine mastitis, it could be concluded that inclusion of the parameters in the routine laboratory testing of the milk samples will be of immense help in assessing the severity of infection, presence of causative agents in the milk sample and selection of appropriate antimicrobials for effective treatment as well as assessment of the duration of treatment and fate of disease (mastitis). Thus, the present study has got definite applied value and is highly economical to farmers particularly in case of chronic mastitis and in a situation of sterile culture of mastitic milk samples. The acridine orange phagocyte function test has potential to emerge as an important adjunct test for appropriate selection of antimicrobials even in sterile milk which shows no isolates on the basis of antibiotic sensitivity test. This method of diagnosis is highly economical and specific for selection of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis as this test takes least time.