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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Acid Tolerant Rhizobial Strains For Effective Nodulation in Cultivated Grain Legumes of The Plateau Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) kamleswer Mandal; Dr. A RazaPresent investigation aims to estimate the extent of nodulation in some common grain legumes and native rhizobial population in acidic upland and medium lands under different agro-ecological zones of the plateau region. An effort has also been made to screen acid and related stress (low P and high Al levels) tolerant isolates in liquid medium vis-a-vis to evaluate their survival and infectiveness on homologous host in respective rhizosphere in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house conditions. Selected isolates were also evaluated for their influence on effective nodulation and productivity of homologous host in combination with two levels of nitrogen (0. 20 kg N ha¹) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg P:Os ha¹) under unlimed and limed series in acid alfisol. Nodulation status of cultivated grain legumes grown during kharif and rahi seasons under natural conditions (without microbial and fertilizer inputs) examined at different locations viz., Ranchi, east Singhbhum (Darisai) and Dumka districts, in general revealed poor to moderate nodulation. It was further supported by low native rhizobial population in soils of RAC Farm (Ranchi), Darisai (east Singhbhum) and Dumka Farms (Dumka) which ranged from 6.2 to 733.2 x 102 g¹ soil. (estimated by MPN technique). Forty rhizobial isolates of cultivated grain legumes belonging to Rhizobian and Bradyrhizobium spp. were isolated and subjected to different physiological tests and screened for specificity and efficiency on homologous hosts under house conditions following Leonard Jar Technique (Vicent, green 1970). Fifteen isolates belonging to fast growing rhizobia (exhibiting moderate to good growth within 72 hrs.(on CR YEMA) of pea, lentil and chickpea produced acidity of varying intensity, while 25 isolates of soybean, black and green grams, groundnut and pigeonpea showing moderate to good growth after 72 hrs.made the media alkaline. Isolates exhibited wide variability in tolerance when allowed to grow in stress imposed liquid medium viz., acidity (pH 5.1) low P (5 µM KH,PO) and high Al (50 µM AI K (SO4)2. About 50 per cent (8 out of 15) isolates belonging to winter legumes were found sensitive to different stresses. Isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea; BRL1, BRL4 of lentil; BRG3, BRG4 of chickpea showed tolerance to acidity and low P while BRP3, BRP1, BRL1, BRL2 and BRG1 and BRG2 were tolerant to high Al. Only three isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea and BRL1 of lentil were identified tolerant to all the three stresses. In contrast most of the isolates of summer legumes showed tolerance to acidity and low P. however, more than 50 per cent isolates were sensitive to high Al level. Isolates BDS1, BDKS3 of soybean; BRM1, BDKM4 of green gram; BRU5, BDKU2 of black gram; BRGn1, BRGn2 of groundnut and BRA1, BDA2 of pigeonpea showed better adaptability to high Al Imposition of high Al was identified as the most potent stress among the three stresses affecting survival of the isolates in liquid medium. Eight acid and related stress tolerant isolates (BRP1, BRP3, BRLI, BRL2 BDKS3, BDS1, BRM1 and BDKM4) incorporated with streptomycin resistance marker (Str) were evaluated for survival (in rhizosphere), adhesion (on rhizosphere), effective nodulation and dry matter production by homologous host in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house. Results indicated a better survival of the isolates in the rhizosphere of pH 5.5 compared to lower pH 4.6. BRP3, BRL2, BDS1 and BDKM4 isolates of pea. lentil, soybean and green gram rhizobia respectively were found superior on account of better survival in the rhizosphere, increased adhesion on roots and in inducing effective nodulation and dry mater production by the homologous hosts.ThesisItem Open Access Efficiency of Some Compacted Rock Phosphates As Source of P For Crops in Acid of Soil Chotanagpur Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Binay Kumar Agrawal; Dr. R.P. SinghPhosphorus is needed to improve the soil fertility for crop production in large areas of our country. High cost of conventional, water soluble P fertilizers often restricts their use by resource poor farmers. It is thus necessary to seek alternative P fertilizers that are both agronomically and economically effective in crop production. Finely ground phosphate rock (PR) has been tested and used for direct application on acid soils of the country as a low cost alternative. However, direct application of PR with low reactivity does not give satisfactory results. Partial acidulation of PR or compaction of PR with water soluble P fertilizers represents a means of producing agronomically effective P sources from indigenous PR sources that may otherwise be unsuited for use as a fertilizer. With this background the present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives 1. Chemical characterization of compacted PR. 2. Reactivity of compacted PR. 3. Effect of organic manuring and soil reaction on P use efficiency from compacted PR. 4. Multi-location field trials to evaluate the efficiency of compacted PR as a P source for crops. 1. Chemical characterization of compacted PR : The chemical analysis of compacted PR (CPR) revealed that the total P content varied from 7.5 to 11.4 per cent with water solubility ranging from 10.0 to 33.9 per cent of total P whereas citrate soluble P varied from 0.25 to 5.76 per cent of total P. Water soluble as well as citrate soluble P were very low in phosphate rock. S content in compacted PR varied from 1.29 to 7.28 per cent while Ca, Mg, K and Fe content were present in the range of 25.1 to 32.6, 2.88 to 4.92, 0.84 to 1.51 and 0.2 to 0.34 per cent, respectively. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu were present in fairly low amounts in both PR and CPR. 2. Reactivity of compacted PR : Three successive extractions of compacted PR with 2% citric acid released more P than by Ammonium citrate and water. 22.8 to 47.8 per cent of total P in the phosphate rock was extracted by water whereas 31.2 to 52.9 and 49.7 to 63.6 per cent were extracted by NH. citrate and citric acids, respectively in three successive extractions. 3. Effect of organic manuring and soil reaction on P use Efficiency from compacted PR : In pot culture studies, it was found that as a source of P, compacted PR was significantly superior to PR in terms of dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by soybean crop. Land situation and organic matter was found significant in affecting dry matter yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient status of post harvest soil. All possible interaction between P-source, land situation and organic matter was found non-significant in affecting yield, uptake and nutrient status of post harvest soil. 4. Multilocation field trials to evaluate efficiency of compacted PR as P source for crop : At Ranchi, in kharif non-significant resource was recorded during first year while in second year significant response was observed in terms of grain yield and nutrient uptake (Ca, P and S). Soybean grain yield was highest (13.8 q/ha) in SSP treated plot which was at par with JPR(B)+ SSP (13.1 q/ha). In Rabi significant response was observed during both the years. Grain yield and nutrient uptake of wheat with compacted PR were significantly higher than either JPR(A) or JPR(B). Among the different compacted PR materials, grain yield of wheat followed the order: JPR(B) + SSP > JPR(A) + SSP > JPR(B) + MAP > JPR(A) + MAP > JPR(B)+MAP+S > JPR(A) + MAP + S. At Dumka and Darisai, crops grown were groundnut-wheat. Significant response to P application was recorded in terms of yield and uptake during both the years. Among compacted PR materials during kharif, JPR(A) + MAP produced highest pod yield (27.0 q/ha) at Dumka while at Darisal it was JPR(A) + SSP (15.2 q/ha). During Rabi JPR(A) + SSP (32.6 q/ha) at Dumka and JPR(B) + SSP (20.8 q/ha) at Darisai produced higher grain yield of wheat. Significant increase in available P and S status of post harvest soils with use of compacted PR treated plots were recorded at all the three locations. No significant change in exchangeable Ca and organic carbon levels was observed in phosphate rock or compacted PR treated plots.ThesisItem Open Access Status And Response Of Sulphur To Groundnut-Wheat Cropping System In Upland Soils Of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Arun Nath Puran; Surendra SinghIn order to delineate plant available sulphur in soils of Ranchi district, altogether, 250 status surface soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected from the cluster of 13 villages of the farmers field in Khunti and Angara blocks. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 1998-99 to study the direct and residual effect of S levels on crops yield, S content, S uptake, oil content and protein content. Groundnut (AK 12-24) was grown for direct effect of S while wheat (HD 2402) after groundnut was grown as succeeding crop in groundnut-wheat cropping system. Analysis of the soils of the farmer's field reveal an acidic rection (4.3 to 6.6) poor organic carbon content (0.03 to 0.87 %), low content of plant available sulphur and coarse texture Available sulphur (0.15% CaCl2) in these farmer's field soils ranged from 2.30 to 39.1 and 1.32 to 56.7 mg kg 1 soil in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. The magnitude of S deficiency in these soils was rated to be low as 41.9 and 28.3 per cent in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. Positive correlation of available sulphur was noticed with organic carbon, silt and clay. Soil pH and sand had negative correlation with available sulphur. Results of field experiments indicated that direct response of groundnut to S was evident upto 30 kg. S ha ¹. Further increase in the S level beyond 30 kg S ha 1, straw and pod yield of groundnut decreased. In case of residual response of applied S levels to wheat, straw. and grain yields were maximum with 45 kg S ha level. Anincrease of 4.2 q hal of groundnut pod and 4.53 q hal of wheat grain were obtained due to S application. Application of 30 and 45 kg S ha resulted significantly higher S content in groundnut and wheat over control. S uptake by the crops were also influenced considerably with application of S levels. Total S uptake by groundnut was higher than that with wheat. Oil content and oil yield of groundnut due to S application varied from 44.3 to 51.6 per cent and 500 to 787 kg ha-1, respectively. On the other hand protein content and protein yield ranged considerably from 25.5 to 27.3 per cent and 282 to 384 kg ha, respectively. Apparent S utilization of added S levels in groundnut and wheat ranged from 18. 18 to 23.43 and 10.02 to 12.43 per cent, respectively. The crop response in term of kg grain kg ¹ applied S varied from 8.13 to 14.00 in groundnut and 10.07 to 13.83 in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of Residual P by Crops Grown in An Alfisol of Chotanagpur Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Janardan Prasad; Dr. N.K. Rana. Bulk of the residual in neid soil unavailable Lime or organic manure application plant- help maintain high amount of phosphorus in plant available form in such soils. 2. Residual value of single large application of rockphosphate in acid soil was comparable to direct effect of DAP for at least sir crops grown continuously. 3. Soils initially high in available Pean withstand P- depletion due to cropping better than soila with lot medium available status.ThesisItem Open Access Status and Form of Magnesium in Some Major Soil Series of Chotanagpur And Santhal Paraganas Region And Response of Crop to its Application(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Suresh Lal; A. K. SarkarMagnesium is an essential plant nutrient. In order to assess the Mg status of soils of Bihar plateau four catena were selected consisting of eight soil series (Umendanda. Debatoli, Jorsol-2, Bandhdi, Pusaro, Karya, Dumka and Lakshmipur). Soil analysis reveal that >60 per cent soils of Jorsol-2 series were deficient in exchangeable Mg. This was followed by soils of Umendanda sereis. The rest of the soil series were fairly adequate in exchangeable Mg content. Profile studies reveal that exchangeable Mg increased with depth of profile while total Mg was highest in the third layer (0.30-0.45 m depth). The highest total Ca accumulation was below the surface layer (0.15-0.30 m depth) but exchangeable Ca was in the third layer (0.30-0.45 m). Organic matter accumulation was higher on the surface and decreased in subsoil. Exchangeable K was almost similar throughout the profiles. To the effect of Mg application on the yield, nutrient content and uptake by crops, two sets of field experiments were laid out on Ranchi catena with groundnut wheat and soybean-potato crop rotation. The treatments consisted of three levels of Mg (10, 20, 30 kg Mg ha'') cach through MgO and MgSO, 7HO, presence and absence of FYM, one FYM alone and a control (NPK alone), replicated thrice in randomized block design. Results indicate that the yield, Mg concentration and Mg uptake increased with Mg application.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of ice growing Environment of Bihar plateau Using Remote Sensing And Gis Methodology A Case Study of Part of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Ramesh Kumar; M. A. MohsineRice is the most important staple food in Indian dietary. Tribal people of Chotanagpur plateau too prefer rice over other food crops, hence, the rice is popularly and predominantly being grown in this region as a rainfed crop. Low productivity of rice crop, in this region is due to several land, soil and climatic constraints. One of the shortcomings in proper planning and execution of production programmes has been the delineation and characterization of the rice growing ecosystems and sub ecosystems in this region. Accurate delineation of rice ecosystems/ sub ecosystems so as to have an in depth knowledge of spatial distribution and temporal variations in climate, hydrology, land, soil, and limitations causing the low productivity of the land is an essential component of better planning and management of rice production in this region. Remote sensing and GIS based methodology has been found, now a days, to be the most advanced, accurate and reliable technology for delineation and characterization of rice ecosystems/sub ecosystems as this accounts for the temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the differentiating parameters and their interactions with crop management. Remotely sensed data coupled with ground truth provides the information on most of the biophysical parameters (land use, soil, drainage, slope etc.) which are required for rainfed rice environment classification. Keeping, in view, this need the present investigation was planned and carried out for the part of Ranchi District covered under Survey of India toposheet no. 73 E/7. Digital satellite data (IRS IB, LISS II), for summer and Kharif seasons, 1996 procured from NRSA, Hyderabad were processed at Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Nagpur using EAST PACE ver. 6.0.1 (image processing software package) and ARC/INFO ver. 7.1.1 (GIS package). Thematic maps (1:50,000 scale) on soils, land use/land cover, slope, drainage etc. were generated based on which the rice ecosystems and sub ecosystems were delineated. Auxiliary database on soil characteristics, climate, factors limiting low rice productivity and condition socio-economic etc. were used to characterize the delineated ecosystems and sub ecosystems and ground truthings were used to validate these delineations. The study area has been delineated into two main ecosystems i) Rainfed upland and ii) Rainfed lowland which have been further delineated into four distinct subecosystems, namely rainfed upland with short growing season (11400.7 ha) under rainfed upland ecosystem and shallow favorable/drought prone (19504.4 ha), shallow favourable (3716.8 ha), and shallow submergence prone (717.6 ha) under rainfed lowland ecosystem. Area other than rice crops (other crops, forest, waste lands, fallow lands etc.) has been grouped as not suitable for rice (29104.2 ha). Altogether 10 soil mapping units have been identified to exist in these sub ecosystems under 3 soil orders and 7 soil families.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Sulphur and Its Interaction with Nitrogen on Yield, Oil Content and Nutrients Uptake by Linseed in Soil of Darasai Farm (Singhbhum)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Hemant Kumar; Surendra SinghStatus of soil available Sulphur (0.15% Cac12 extractable) in Zonal Research Station, Darisai (Singhbhum) was delineated. Available Sulphur in soils varied from 3.2 to 68.27 mg kg-¹. Considering 10 mg kg-¹ (0.15% CaCl₂ extractable) available sulphur as low. 52 per cent soils were rates to be deficient in Sulphur. Analysis of soils of Darisai reveals to that soils were coarse in textrue (Sandy loam to Sandy Clay), acidic In reaction (pH 4.4 - 5.9) and low to organic carbon content (0.19-073%) Sulphur is an important essential nutrient for oil seed crops. A field experiment with linseed (Linum usititissimum) was conducted during Rabi season of 1997-98 to study the interaction effect of S (0, 20, 30, 40 kgha-¹) and N (0, 15, 30, 45 kgha-1) on crop yield, content and uptake of nutrient (NPKS) and oil content in grain. Interaction effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur was significant on grain and straw yields of the crop over control. Significant increase in grain yield was obtained upto 45 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1 level of application. However application of 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 produced the maximum grain yield. Content of oil and in grain decreased with increasing application of Nitrogen increased with Sulphur levels. No further increase in oil content was obtained beyond 30Kg s ha-1 application. Oil yield was highest 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 and followed the same trend as in case of grain yield Uptake of N and S by Linseed is increased with application of these nutrients. Uptake of P by crop was significant but K uptake was not significant with graded N and S levels. Interaction effect of N and S was significant on yield, oil content and uptake of nutrients (NPKS).ThesisItem Open Access Yield And Trace Metal Concentrations In Abelmoschus esulentus and Colocasia esculenta.In Fly Ash Treated Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Priya Ranjan Kumar; Dr.R.P.SinghAn experiment was planned to characterize obtained from Bokaro for various physico-chemical properties and its possible agricultural and utilization fly ash chemical in two important vegetable crops i.e. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) grown abundantly Chotanagpur soils and Santhal Paraganas region of Bihar. Fly ash of Bokaro steel plant was slightly acidic in reaction and rich in total and available plant nutrients except nitrogen. Higher contents of some heavy metals (Pb, Co and Ni ) were also recorded. Fly ash application upto 8 per cent with recommended level of fertilizer had beneficial effect on yield of Okra (80.45 q ha 1) beyond which there was a decline in yield. Similarly, recommended level cormel yield of Colocasia was higher (7.86 t ha-¹) at 8 per cent fly ash level applied with recommended dose of fertilizer followed by that at 16 per cent fly ash level + ½ recommended NPK (7.25 t ha-¹). Content of trace metals in okra was significantly affected by fly ash additions. Generally, all trace metals studied exhibited higher concentration with increasing levels of fly ash. Pb, Co and Ni varied from 6.47 to 25.68 mg kg-1, 10.45 to 34.56 mg kg-1 and 8.74 to 20.83 mg kg-1, respectively, increase in fly ash application rates ranging from 0 to 16 per cent (W/W) +1/2 recommended NPK. Content of Pb, Co and Ni in okra did not differ significantly when 16 per cent fly ash was applied with recommended or half of recommended dose of fertilizers. Content of trace element in okra was also influenced by picking time. Contents of all trace metals studied (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni₁) decreased from first to subsequent pickings of okra fruit. In colocasia cormel Pb, Co and Ni concentration varied from 16.42 to 34.50 mg kg-1, 16.14 to 45.12 mg kg-1 and 5.33 to 17.67 mg kg-¹, respectively, with graded level of fly ash application (0-16 % W/W). Content of trace metals in Colocasia leaves followed similar trend as Colocasia cormel, but were considerably lower in Colocasia cormel. Fly ash addition normally resulted in an average in of trace crease of 0.26 unit in pH and electrical conductivity by 0.13 dsm-1 when compared control. Availability of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in soil after harvest of okra and colocasia increased with higher levels of fly ash incorporation in soil. DTPA extractable trace metal contents (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni) in soil after harvest of okra varied from 94 to 249 mg kg-¹, 20.16 to 61.33 mg kg 1, 0.81 to 4.17 mg kg-1, 0.75 to 3.27 mg kg-1, 1.51 to 5.76 mg kg-1, 1.67 to 6.27 mg kg-1 0.30 to 0.68 mg kg-1, respectively with varying fly ash and levels. The lowest value was recorded in control while highest with fly ash additions. Contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in soil increased from 91 to 235 mg kg-1, 27.87 to 65.54 mg kg ¹, 0.65 to 4.12 mg kg-1, 0.61 to 4.29 mg kg-1, 1.62 to 6.20 mg kg-1, 1.75 to 7.20 mg kg-1 and 0.25 to 0.70 mg kg-1, respectively harvest of Colocasia with graded fly ash levels.ThesisItem Open Access Distributing of Iron And Manganese in Some Cultivated And Forest soils of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Suresh Prasad; N.K. RanaTwo soil Profiles; one in cultivated area and another in forest area of Ranchi district were studied. Besides this, some surface soil samples from adjacent areas of each profile and soil samples from two depths viz. 0-20 and 20-40 cms of N, NP, NPK, FYM, L+NPK and control plots of Permanent Manurial Trial were also taken to study the distribution of iron and manganese in the soils. In the profile of forest area, colour was strong brown to dark reddish brown, texture, sandy loam to sandy clay loam and structure was weak medium angular to strong angular blocky. In the profile of cultivated area, colour was yellowish brown to yellowish red, texture sandy clay loam to sandy loam and structure was moderate medium subangular blocky to angular blocky. Mottling s and concretions were also found in the profile. The results of present investigation indicated that in both the profiles there was increasing trend of clay, C:N ratio, pH, CEC, exchangeable bases. base saturation, active and total iron, reducible, active and total manganese, whereas organic carbon, total N, exchange acidity, available iron and manganese showed a decreasing trend down the profile. It was also observed that the values of silt, clay, organic carbon total nitrogen, soil acidity, exchangeable bases, and all forms of iron and manganese were higher in the profile of cultivated area than the profile of forest area. In the surface soils the organic carbon, total N. available forms of iron and manganese were slightly higher in the soils of cultivated area than the forest area whereas total and active iron, and manganese had reverse trend. In the soils of Permanent Manurial Trial plots, the long term effect of cropping and fertilizers use is very clearly expressed on various soil properties. The clay content, organic carbon, CEC, exchangeable bases and pH were highest in FYM plots followed by Lime+NPK plot, indicating the favourable effects of balanced nutrition on various soil properties whereas nitrogenous fertilizer deteriorated the soil properties. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers and FYM increased all the forms of iron over control but liming did not do so. The available forms of iron were more in upper layer than the subsoil whereas active and total iron contents had a reverse trend. Continuous application of N. NP and NPK fertilizers resulted in the depletion of all forms of manganese whereas FYM alone and liming along with fertilizers maintained the status of all the forms of manganese. All forms of manganese were more in the subsoil than surface soil in the treatments of N, NP, NPK, and L+NPK, whereas FYM and control had a reverse trend only in case of available forms of manganese. Correlation study indicated that the available forms of iron and manganese in soil were positively and significantly correlated with exchange acidity and organic carbon content but negatively and significantly correlated with soil pH. Total and active iron, and manganese in soil had a positive and significant relationship with clay, silt+clay, CEC and exch. Ca++ in the surface soils whereas a negative and significant relationship was found with exchange acidity.
