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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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1995 - 19973
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Subject: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry × End date: 1997 × Start date: 1993 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Flyash on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Certain Crops and Tree Species and Its Impact on Soil Health
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arvind Kumar; A.K.Sarkar
    Fly ash is chemically an amorphous ferro alumino silicate and is an important pollutant in the industrial areas. Bulk of the flyash generated by steel & thermal power plants are used in making bricks, road making and in cement refractory product. Fly ash contains many nutrients essential for plant growth, which could be made use of in increasing crop productivity. but the results have been inconsistent over the ears only recently some valuable information have been generated at this University, through green house experiments with soybean and rice. The present research work is an extension of these studies with field, pot culture and laboratory experiments. The objectives of the present investigation were: 1. Characterization of fly ash obtained from different sources. 2. Yield and uptake of trace metals by cereal and pulse crops grown in flyash amended soils. 3. Influence of flyash on trace metal availability in acid soils. 4. Growth parameters and trace metal content of tree species grown in flyash amended soils. The salient results obtained may be summarized: 1. Properties of flyash varied with the source. Bokaro fly ash was moderately acidic in reaction. IC and ++ exch. Ca++ were high. Flyash was rich in total macro- and micro-nutrients except nitrogen. High available P, K and s and DTPA extractable micro nutrients were found in fly aah samples. content of Pb, Ni and co in Elyash were considerably higher than that in soils. 2. Grain yield of rice, wheat and soybean was higher in 8 to 16% fly ash amended soil compared to soil alone. At recommended level of NPK, flyash favourably influenced crop yields. 3. soils amended with flyash upto 16% level increased the availability of cationic micronutrients in soil and its uptake by crop plants. 4. In onion, flyash increased plant height, total soluble salts and bulb weight at 100 t ha-1 level. Fly ash application increased available B in soil & content in onion bulbs. 5. Growth of tree species such as subabul, chalundi, Karanj, Black siris, shisham and Gamhar in soils alended with 20% flyash was superior than soil alone. Leguminous tree species performed better in this regard. 6. Absorption and translocation of trace metals differed considerably among tree species grown in flyash amended soiled among trace metals higher Ni (2 to 4 mg kg), Pb (2 to 5 mg kg-¹) and Co (6 to 14 mg kg) content in leaves of tree species is a matter of concern. Two tree species, chalundi and Karanj performed better than others at 50% flyash (w/w) level. 7. Flyash addition in acid soil had considerable residual effect as judged by crop yield and uptake of trece metals. It is concluded that: 1. Fly ash upto 16% level can be effectively utilized for increasing crop yield and availability of soil nutrients. Co-application of fertilizers and organic manures is highly beneficial. 2. Fly ash addition enriches soil trace metal availability. 3. Fly ash application at 100 t ha-1 increases plant height of onion with increase in content of boron in onion bulbs and available boron in acid soil. 4. Leguminous tree species can be successfully grown upto 20% £ly ash level. 5. monitoring of trace metals (esp. Ni & Co) in crops and tree species grown in flyash dumps is essential to avoid contamination of soil-plant-animal food chain.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Fertility Variations in an Alfisol As Influenced By Continuous cropping and Fertilizer Use
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Mukesh Kumar; K.P.Singh
    There is little doubt that achieving self-sufficiency in food grain production will continue to be the major thurst of Indian agriculture in the next two decades. But, this increased production has been offset mainly by a parallel growth in population resulting in only marginal increases in per capita availability of food grains. It is now It is now recognized that a positive inter relationship exists between fertilizer consumption and food grain production. But, sustaining soil fertility demands a more rational and balanced use of plant nutrients. In intensive agriculture, where nutrient turnover in soil-plant system is large, integrated use of organics and inorganics has shown excellent results in a wide variety of soils. Long term monitoring of soil fertility have shown a gradual decline with emergence of secondary and micro-nutrient deficiencies with unfavourable soil physical and biological environments. On the above background, it was considered pertinent to study "Fertility variations in an Alfisols as influenced by continuous cropping and fertilizer use" in Long Term Fert. Expt. of I.C.A.R. at Ranchi Centre. Soil samples from each plot were collected before sowing of wheat and after harvest of wheat (1993-94) and before sowing of wheat (1994-95) and analyzed for different soil properties and forms of nutrients in soil. Grain and straw samples of soybean and wheat crops were analysed for uptake of plant nutrients. Total uptake of N.P.K. 9 and Zn by soybean wheat sequence was highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment. This was similar to that in 100% NPK+11me plots but significantly higher than 100% NPK plots. In N and NP plots, plant nutrient uptake values were low. Oranic manuring and liming, along with recommended levels of NPK fertilizers improved physical conditions of soil. Imbalanced use of plant nutrients N (PX) (K) resulted in decreased, geometric mean diameter and available soil moisture content in soil. Among the soil nitrogen forms, Amino-N. Serine+Threonine N and Hexose-N in soil showed higher levels in NPX+FYM plot compared to those in NPK and NPK+lime plot. Bulk of the total sulphur in soil was in organically bound form. 0.15% CaCl₂ ext. 5 in soil was highest in 100% N (S) PK+W plot followed by that in 100% NPK + FYM plot. In N and NP treated plots, water soulbe, exchangeable and IN HNO3 ext. X content were considerably lower compared to NPK, NPK+FYM and NPK+Lime plots. DTPA-Zinc in soil showed decline with lime application. NPK+FYM plots maintained higher available zinc contents in soil compared to N, NP, NPK, NPK+Lime plots.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Behaviour of Some Phosphatic Fertilizers In An Alfisol Of Ranchi And Response Of Crops To Applied Phosphorus
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Kumar Shailendra Mohan; A.K.Sarkar
    The importance of phosphorus in maintenance of s011 fertility and crop productivity is well known in view of the fact that about 2/3rd of Indian soils respond to P application (Hasan 1994). But nearly 80 per cent of the applied P remains unutilized by the current crop and may be utilized by crops grown in a sequence. The relative amounts of soil P fractions in soil can help to find out the transformation of added fertilizer P (Peterson & Corey 1966). But ultimately the soil fertilizer P reaction products to formed in soil govern the supply of P from soil to plant (Lindsay et al. 1982) In view of the growing interest in high analysis P fertilizers such as Ammonium polyphosphate and rockphosphate as source of P in acid soils and lack of knowledge on soil-fertilizer P reaction products, a detailed laboratory as well as field experimentation was done. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive year (1990-91 & 1991-92) with two crop sequences i.e. Soybean-Wheat and Blackgram-Barley. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for available P (soil), total P (plant) and inorganic P fractions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out to see the contribution of soil P fractions towards yield and plant P uptake. In the laboratory incubation studies were conducted to isolate the reaction products of P fertilizers i e. APP. TSP and DAP with upland and lowland soils of Ranchi. Dumka and Chianki. With the help of X-ray diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy, the reaction products were identified. Field experiments indicate that P sources such as APP and MRP SSP (3:1) applied @ 60 kg P O ha were 25 superior for both soybean and blackgram. Total uptake by soybean-wheat sequence was highest (12.84 kg/ha) with APP applied @ 60 kg P O ha. Slow rate of 25 hydrolysis of APP in acid soils and lower P fixation of added P with APP have resulted in better crop utilization of added P with this source. Nodulation behavior was better with MRP+SBP as P source compared to others. Interestingly, the residual effect of P with APP was apparent only at higher added P level ( 60 kg p2o5 ha-1) while at lower p rate ( 30Kg p2o5ha-1) MRP + ssp resulted in the highest grain yield of barley . Higher availability of p in soil (Bray P1 and Bray P2) was recorded with application of p through fertilizers such as MRP+ssp and DAP . Fractionation of soils after two years of Soybean-Wheat cropping reveal the dominance of different inorganic P fractions as Ca-P>Fe-P>Al-P> Reductant Sol-P> Saloid-P. APP and MRP+ SSP as P source interacted with active Al in soil resulting in increase in Al-P forms. MRP application resulted in an increase in Fe-P over the unfertilised plot. Rise in Ca-P compared to unfertilised plot was observed in DAP and MRP+ SSP treated plots. In case of Blackgram-Barley segunce increase in Ca-P forms with different P sources was most pronounced. Regression analysis clearly indicate inoragnie P fractions together contributed to available P status of soil with high prediction values (95% in case of Bray P. 69.5% in case of Bray P and 81.2% in case of olsen P). The predominant reaction products of different p fertilisers with upload and lowland soils identified were as follows: APP – Fe4(P2O7)3 Amorphous compounds struvite caHPO4 2H2o ,AlPO4.2H2O DAP –CaHPO4.2H2O, NH4MgPO4.6H2O, AlPO4 .2H2O, TSP- CaHPO4.2H2O. (MnFe)H2(PO4)2.4H2O, (Na.Ca)FeMn2(PO4)3 Some recommendation based on these studies are— 1. 60KgP2O5ha-1 as MRP +SSP (3.1) or APP and MRP + SSP in enhancing P uptake in Blackgram –Barly sequence. 2. SSP as P Source was inferior to App and MRP+ SSP in enhancing P uptake in Blackgram- Barley sequence 3. At Lower level of P fertilizer use (30kg P2O5ha-1) MRP+SSP (3.1 ratio )maintained optimum available P status in soil. 4. In acidic soils of Chotanagpur, dominant soil fertilizer P reaction products are Struvite. Strengite, Fe4 (p2O7)3 and Brushite.